Perfil de las víctimas mortales por intoxicaciones agudas en Costa Rica del 2012 al 2021 asociadas al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y drogas de abuso: etanol, metanol, benzodiacepinas, anfetaminas, heroína, cocaína y mixto / Profile of fatalities due to acute intoxications in Costa Rica from 2012 to 2021 associated with the consumption of psychoactive substances and drugs of abuse: ethanol, methanol, benzodiazepines, amphetamines, heroin, cocaine and mixed

Resumen Introducción: La mortalidad por intoxicaciones agudas de sustancias psicoactivas representa un problema de salud pública, especialmente en personas jóvenes. El objetivo del estudio fue crear un perfil de las víctimas mortales por intoxicación aguda en Costa Rica entre los años 2012 y 2021 asociado al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y drogas de abuso. Materiales y métodos: Se recopilaron datos de Sección de Patología Forense del Departamento de Medicina Legal en Costa Rica, con los cuales se realizó una revisión de las víctimas mortales por intoxicaciones agudas a partir del 1 de enero de 2012 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2021. La revisión incluyó las siguientes variables: variables epidemiológicas: sexo, edad, nacionalidad, ocupación, estado civil, provincia, consumo frecuente asociado, manera de muerte, tipo de sustancia y lugar de intoxicación. Resultados: De los 456 casos de muertes asociados a intoxicaciones agudas por etanol, metanol, benzodiacepinas, anfetaminas, heroína, cocaína y mixtas; reportados entre el 1 de enero de 2012 y el 31 de diciembre de 2021: el año que más casos reportó fue 2020; 82% de las víctimas fueron hombres y 18% mujeres; las principales edades de las personas reportadas abarcan entre 41 y 60 años. 80% de las personas eran costarricenses; San José fue la provincia con mayor número de casos de intoxicación letal, siendo el domicilio el sitio más frecuente. 14% de las víctimas eran desempleadas; 77% de las personas presentaban algún trastorno de la adicción o consumo frecuente de alguna de las sustancias estudiadas. La mayoría de muertes fueron de manera accidental. Conclusiones: El perfil predominante de las víctimas fue: masculino, entre 41 y 60 años, costarricense, de estado civil indeterminado o soltero, desempleado, que muere de manera accidental, en su domicilio, por intoxicación aguda con alcohol o mixta (alcohol y cocaína).

Abstract Introduction. Mortality from acute poisoning of psychoactive substances represents a public health problem, especially in young adults. The purpose of the study was to create a profile of fatalities due to acute poisoning in Costa Rica between 2012 and 2021 associated with the consumption of psychoactive substances and drugs of abuse. Materials and methods. Data were collected from the Forensic Pathology Section of the Legal Medicine Department in Costa Rica, then a review of fatalities due to acute poisoning was carried out from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2021. The review included the following epidemiological variables: sex, age, nationality, occupation, marital status, province, consumption associated, manner of death, type of substance, and place of intoxication. Results. Out of the 456 reported cases of deaths associated with acute intoxication with ethanol, methanol, benzodiazepines, amphetamines, heroin, cocaine, and mixed substances between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2021: the year with the highest number of cases reported was 2020; 82% of the victims were male, and 18% were female; the main age group of reported victims ranged from 41 to 60 years old. 80% of the victims were Costa Rican, and San Jose was the province with the highest number of lethal intoxication cases, with the home being the most frequent site. 14% of the victims were unemployed, and 77% of the individuals had some addiction disorder or frequent consumption of one of the studied substances. The majority of deaths were accidental. Conclusion. The main profile of the victims was male, between 41 and 60 years old, Costa Rican, of indeterminate or single marital status, unemployed, who died accidentally, at home, due to acute intoxication with alcohol or a mixture of substances (alcohol and cocaine).

Optimization of parameters for obtaining callus, suspension, and root cultures of meadowsweet (filipendula ulmaria) to isolate the largest number of biologically active substances with geroprotective properties

Abstract The study of biologically active substances-secondary metabolites of plants that exhibit geroprotective properties is an actual and popular direction in medicine to prevent early aging. This work aims to select the cultivation parameters for obtaining in vitro cell cultures of meadowsweet containing the largest amount of biologically active substances (BAS) for their further extraction as candidate substances for geroprotectors. To specify the effectiveness of the selected cell culture cultivation parameters, biomass growth for callus and root cultures, growth index, specific growth rate, and viability for suspension cultures was carried out. The study results made it possible to select the nutrient media for the cultivation of cell cultures of meadowsweet. It has been found that the greater the antioxidant activity of the extracts, the greater the antimicrobial properties it exhibits. In this study, cell cultures in vitro and alcohol extracts from the plant Filipendula ulmaria were considered as raw materials rich in candidate substances for geroprotectors. According to the data obtained, the plant is rich in hydroxybenzoic and salicylic acids, spireoside, avicularin, and hyperoside.

Resumo O estudo de substâncias biologicamente ativas metabólitos secundários de plantas que apresentam propriedades geroprotetoras é uma tendência atual e popular no campo da medicina para a prevenção do envelhecimento precoce. O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar os parâmetros de cultivo para obtenção de culturas celulares in vitro de Ulmária contendo a maior quantidade de substâncias biologicamente ativas (SBA), para sua posterior extração como substâncias candidatas a serem geroprotetoras. Para especificar a eficácia dos parâmetros selecionados de cultivo em cultura de células, foi realizada a análise de crescimento de biomassa para culturas de calos e raízes, índice de crescimento, taxa de crescimento específica e viabilidade para culturas em suspensão. Os resultados do estudo possibilitaram a seleção do meio nutriente para o cultivo de células de Ulmária. Verificou-se que, quanto maior a atividade antioxidante dos extratos, maiores eram as propriedades antimicrobianas exibidas. Neste estudo, culturas celulares in vitro e extratos alcoólicos da planta Filipendula ulmaria foram considerados matérias-primas ricas em substâncias candidatas a serem geroprotetoras. De acordo com os dados obtidos, a planta é rica em ácidos hidroxibenzoico e salicílico, espirosídeo, avicularina e hiperosídeo.

Optimization of parameters for obtaining callus, suspension, and root cultures of meadowsweet (filipendula ulmaria) to isolate the largest number of biologically active substances with geroprotective properties / Otimização de parâmetros para obtenção de culturas de calos, suspensão e raiz de Ulmária (Filipendula ulmaria) para isolar o maior número de substâncias biologicamente ativas com propriedades geroprotetoras

The study of biologically active substances-secondary metabolites of plants that exhibit geroprotective properties is an actual and popular direction in medicine to prevent early aging. This work aims to select the cultivation parameters for obtaining in vitro cell cultures of meadowsweet containing the largest amount of biologically active substances (BAS) for their further extraction as candidate substances for geroprotectors. To specify the effectiveness of the selected cell culture cultivation parameters, biomass growth for callus and root cultures, growth index, specific growth rate, and viability for suspension cultures was carried out. The study results made it possible to select the nutrient media for the cultivation of cell cultures of meadowsweet. It has been found that the greater the antioxidant activity of the extracts, the greater the antimicrobial properties it exhibits. In this study, cell cultures in vitro and alcohol extracts from the plant Filipendula ulmaria were considered as raw materials rich in candidate substances for geroprotectors. According to the data obtained, the plant is rich in hydroxybenzoic and salicylic acids, spireoside, avicularin, and hyperoside.

O estudo de substâncias biologicamente ativas - metabólitos secundários de plantas que apresentam propriedades geroprotetoras - é uma tendência atual e popular no campo da medicina para a prevenção do envelhecimento precoce. O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar os parâmetros de cultivo para obtenção de culturas celulares in vitro de Ulmária contendo a maior quantidade de substâncias biologicamente ativas (SBA), para sua posterior extração como substâncias candidatas a serem geroprotetoras. Para especificar a eficácia dos parâmetros selecionados de cultivo em cultura de células, foi realizada a análise de crescimento de biomassa para culturas de calos e raízes, índice de crescimento, taxa de crescimento específica e viabilidade para culturas em suspensão. Os resultados do estudo possibilitaram a seleção do meio nutriente para o cultivo de células de Ulmária. Verificou-se que, quanto maior a atividade antioxidante dos extratos, maiores eram as propriedades antimicrobianas exibidas. Neste estudo, culturas celulares in vitro e extratos alcoólicos da planta Filipendula ulmaria foram considerados matérias-primas ricas em substâncias candidatas a serem geroprotetoras. De acordo com os dados obtidos, a planta é rica em ácidos hidroxibenzoico e salicílico, espirosídeo, avicularina e hiperosídeo.

The regulatory role of the RUS family in plant growth and development / 生物工程学报

The chloroplast genome encodes many key proteins involved in photosynthesis and other metabolic processes, and metabolites synthesized in chloroplasts are essential for normal plant growth and development. Root-UVB (ultraviolet radiation B)-sensitive (RUS) family proteins composed of highly conserved DUF647 domain belong to chloroplast proteins. They play an important role in the regulation of various life activities such as plant morphogenesis, material transport and energy metabolism. This article summarizes the recent advances of the RUS family proteins in the growth and development of plants such as embryonic development, photomorphological construction, VB6 homeostasis, auxin transport and anther development, with the aim to facilitate further study of its molecular regulation mechanism in plant growth and development.

Structural identification of the related substances in phloroglucinol injection by two-dimensional liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry / 药学学报

This study aimed to identify the related substances of phloroglucinol injection by two-dimensional liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2D-LC-Q-TOF/MS). The first-dimensional separation was carried out on an HSS T3 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column by gradient elution using 1.36 g·L-1 potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer solution (pH adjusted to 3.0 with diluted phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile as the mobile phases. The separated components were then trapped in switch valve tube lines respectively and delivered to the second-dimensional desalting gradient elution which was performed with a BDS C18 (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.4 μm) column using 0.1% formic acid and methanol as the mobile phases. After rapid desalting, electrospray-ionization quadrupole time-of-flight high resolution mass spectrometry was used for determining the accurate masses and elemental compositions of the parents and their product ions for both phloroglucinol and its related substance. Structures of the related substances were then figured out by mass spectrometry elucidation, organic reaction mechanism analysis, and/or comparison with reference substances. Under the established analytical conditions, phloroglucinol and its related substances were adequately separated, 17 main related substances were detected and identified in the injection and its stressed samples for the first time. The identification results can provide reference for the quality control of phloroglucinol injection.

Drug use among medical students in São Paulo, Brazil: a cross-sectional study during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Medical students demonstrate higher rates of substance use than other university students and the general population. The challenges imposed by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic raised significant concerns about mental health and substance use. OBJECTIVES: Assess the current prevalence of substance use among medical students at the University of São Paulo and evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on drug consumption. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 275 medical students from the University of São Paulo Medical School (São Paulo, Brazil) in August 2020. METHODS: Substance use (lifetime, previous 12 months, and frequency of use before and during the COVID-19 pandemic) and socioeconomic data were assessed using an online self-administered questionnaire. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. RESULTS: Alcohol was the most consumed substance in their lifetime (95.6%), followed by illicit drugs (61.1%), marijuana (60%), and tobacco (57.5%). The most commonly consumed substances in the previous year were alcohol (82.9%), illicit drugs (44.7%), marijuana (42.5%), and tobacco (36%). Students in the first two academic years consumed fewer substances than those from higher years. There was a decreasing trend in the prevalence of most substances used after the COVID-19 pandemic among sporadic users. However, frequent users maintained their drug use patterns. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of substance use was high in this population and increased from the basic to the clinical cycle. The COVID-19 pandemic may have affected the frequency of drug use and prevalence estimates.

Marco legal para la prevención de procedimientos estéticos con sustancias modelantes / Legal framework for preventing aesthetic procedures with modeling substances i:en

En la actualidad, la alogenosis iatrogénica es una condición reconocida en todo el orbe, especialmente en Latinoamérica, donde es evidente la ausencia de control en la administración de sustancias no reguladas con fines estéticos, lo que ha devenido un problema emergente por la magnitud de las complicaciones, ya que algunos productos, como aceites minerales, hidrocarburos, silicona industrial, generan graves consecuencias, tanto locales como sistémicas, en el organismo. Muchos países aún no han regulado la prohibición de esta práctica, aunque cada día son más las campañas para prevenirla; sin embargo, al mismo tiempo aumenta la incidencia de la enfermedad en todo el mundo por el incremento de estos procedimientos estéticos. Al respecto, en Cuba, el creciente número de afectados por esta causa evidencia vulnerabilidad en el cumplimiento de lo establecido hasta la fecha, por lo que se impone instaurar un marco legal de estricto cumplimiento que regule la inyección de sustancias modelantes con fines estéticos.

Currently, iatrogenic allogenosis is a condition recognized throughout the world, especially in Latin America, where the absence of control in the administration of unregulated substances for aesthetic purposes is evident, which has become an emerging problem due to the magnitude of complications, since some products, such as mineral oils, hydrocarbons, industrial silicone, generate serious consequences, both local and systemic, in the body. Many countries have not yet regulated the prohibition of this practice, although every day there are more campaigns to prevent it. However, at the same time the incidence of the disease increases worldwide due to the increase in these aesthetic procedures. In this regard, in Cuba, the growing number of people affected by this cause shows vulnerability in compliance with what has been established to date, that is why it is necessary to establish a legal framework of strict compliance that regulates the injection of modeling substances for aesthetic purposes.

Influence of Sexual Relationships using Drugs Consumption among Young Citizen in Melitopol, Ukraine

Purpose. The research work is aimed at studying and analyzing the onset of sexual activity and injecting drug use among young people of Melitopol (Zaporizhzhya region), which will make it possible to plan a number of preventive measures in order to prevent deviant behavior. Theoretical basis. The authors focus on the social problems associated with the late informing young people about the possible risks of early sexual relations and the use of drugs. Namely: students, young people, who move to another city or country, thus remaining without parental control. Scientific originality. This study allowed us to see the dynamics of attitudes (2010–2021) to injection drugs of boys and adolescent girls in cities with a population of up to 200 thousand (on the example of Melitopol, Zaporizhia region); track the tendency to awareness and care about your health during early sexual intercourse; plan a number of preventive measures to prevent the above phenomena. Conclusion. Young people between the ages of 13 and 15 put themselves at risk of becoming injecting drug users, getting infected with AIDS virus, Hepatitis B/C: 3,5% of those registered were infected with AIDS virus between the ages of 13 and 18; 28,5% were infected at the age of 18 – 24 years. The consumption of psychoactive substances (surfactants) from the injection form of consumption turned into a form of smoking and taking pills. Priority areas for further research have been identified: to conduct research with an interval of three years; to reach students of higher educational institutions, pupils of city colleges, with the aim of further cooperation with deans of educational institutions for holding lectures, talks, and thematic evenings for students on healthy lifestyles, AIDS virus and the dangers of psychoactive substances consumption.

Psicologia positiva e transtornos relacionados a substâncias psicoativas: uma revisão integrativa / Positive psychology and substance related disorders: an integrative review / Psicología positiva y trastornos relacionados con sustancias: una revisión integrativa

Este estudo busca identificar e analisar os estudos que associam a Psicologia Positiva e seus construtos com os transtornos relacionados ao uso de substâncias psicoativas. Foi feita uma revisão integrativa sobre o tema. De 64 resultados encontrados, 13 artigos foram selecionados para descrição e análise. Identificou-se baixa produção científica sobre o tema, ainda que esteja em expansão. Apenas sete estudos tinham como objetivo principal a relação entre a Psicologia Positiva e o uso de substâncias psicoativas, sendo apenas dois experimentais. Evidenciou-se também a concentração de publicações nos EUA e a falta de estudos brasileiros. Os construtos da Psicologia Positiva mais abordados são a felicidade e a espiritualidade, estando associados a um menor uso de substâncias psicoativas. Fica demonstrado o potencial desse campo de estudo para a prevenção e tratamento desses transtornos, sugerindo-se o aumento da produção cientifica. (AU)

This study aims to identify and analyze studies that associate Positive Psychology and its constructs with disorders related to the use of psychoactive substances. Method: An integrative review on the subject was conducted. Of the 64 results found, 13 articles were selected for description and analysis. Results: Although expanding, a low scientific production on the subject was identified. There were only seven studies focused on the relationship between Positive Psychology and the use of psychoactive substances, and only two were experimental. The concentration of publications in the USA and the lack of Brazilian studies were also evident. The most discussed constructs of Positive Psychology are happiness and spirituality, which are associated with a reduced use of psychoactive substances. Conclusions: This field of study has demonstrated potential for the prevention and treatment of these disorders, suggesting an increase in scientific production. (AU)

Este estudio busca identificar y analizar estudios que asocien la Psicología Positiva y sus constructos con trastornos relacionados con el uso de sustancias psicoactivas. Método: Se realizó una revisión integrativa sobre el tema. De 64 resultados encontrados, 13 artículos fueron seleccionados para su descripción y análisis. Resultados: Se identificó una baja producción científica sobre el tema, aunque se encuentra en expansión. Solo siete estudios tuvieron como objetivo principal la relación entre la Psicología Positiva y el uso de sustancias psicoactivas, de los cuales, solo dos fueron experimentales. También fue evidente la concentración de publicaciones en los EE. UU. y la falta de estudios brasileños. Los constructos más discutidos de la Psicología Positiva son la felicidad y la espiritualidad, asociándose a un menor consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Conclusiones: Se demuestra el potencial de este campo de estudio para la prevención y tratamiento de estos trastornos, sugiriendo un incremento en la producción científica. (AU)

Participación juvenil en la prevención del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Estudio de caso de una escuela saludable (Cali, Colombia) / Youth Participation in the Prevention of the Consumption of Psychoactive Substances. A Case Study across Healthy Schools, Cali-Colombia / Participação juvenil na prevenção do consumo de substâncias psicoativas. Estudo de caso de escola saudável, Cali-Colômbia

Introducción: el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA) en escolares es un fenómeno complejo con múltiples efectos negativos. Desde la perspectiva de los determinantes sociales y la promoción de la salud, la institución educativa (IE) es un agente decisivo para acciones participativas. El objetivo fue identificar factores individuales e institucionales asociados con la participación de estudiantes en una IE pública de Cali (Colombia) para prevenir el consumo de SPA. Materiales y métodos: estudio de caso con enfoque mixto. La aproximación cualitativa implicó un análisis documental para explorar la respuesta y factores institucionales de la IE seleccionada como caso crítico; mientras que para identificar los factores individuales relevantes se desarrolló un componente cuantitativo mediante encuesta a 156 estudiantes (secundaria-media) de esa IE. Resultados: los estudiantes identifican como factor relevante para el consumo de SPA la presión de amigos o compañeros; se evidencia que los espacios y procesos de prevención de mayor aporte son la comunicación con pares. También se reconoce como factor institucional el trabajo curricular desde las áreas para fortalecer la toma de decisiones. Conclusión: en la estrategia de escuelas saludables, es crucial la alianza entre el sector educativo y el sector salud, para dinamizar espacios y procesos de participación dirigidos a prevenir el consumo de SPA. Los estudios de análisis del desarrollo de la estrategia de escuelas saludables son requeridos para generar elementos de reflexión dirigidos al ajuste de las acciones de empoderamiento de los estudiantes y que los procesos de participación juvenil logren la continuidad requerida

Introduction: The consumption of psychoactive substances (PAS) among schoolchildren suggests a complex phenomenon with multiple negative effects. From the perspective of social determinants and health promotion, the educational institution (EI) acts as a decisive agent for participatory actions. The present study aimed to identify individuals and institutional factors associated with the participation of students in an IE public of Cali (Colombia) toward the prevention of the consumption of PAS. Materials and methods: This is a case study with a qualitative and quantitative approach. The former involved a documentary analysis for the exploration of the response and the institutional factors of EI, which were selected as a critical case. Meanwhile, to identify the relevant individual factors, a quantitative component was developed through a survey of 156 students (Secondary­Middle School) of that EI. Results: Students identified pressure from friends or classmates as a relevant factor for PAS consumption, indicating that the spaces and prevention processes with the most significant contribution are communication with peers. The curricular work from the areas to strengthen decision-making is also recognized as an institutional factor. Conclusion: Within the healthy schools' strategy, the alliance between the education and health sectors is of crucial relevance for the promotion of the revitalization of spaces and participation processes aimed at preventing the consumption of PAS. The analysis of studies on the development of healthy schools strategy is thus required to generate elements of reflection directed toward the adjustment of the actions facilitating the empowerment of the students and those referring to youth participation to achieve the required continuity.

Introdução: o consumo de substâncias psicoativas (SPA) em estudantes é um fenômeno complexo com múl- tiplos efeitos negativos. Na perspectiva dos determinantes sociais e da promoção da saúde, a instituição de ensino (IE) é um agente decisivo para ações participativas. O objetivo foi identificar fatores individuais e institucionais associados à participação de alunos em uma IE pública de Cali (Colômbia) para prevenir o consumo de SPA. Materiais e métodos: estudo de caso com abordagem mista. A abordagem qualitativa envolveu uma análise documental para explorar a resposta e os fatores institucionais da IE selecionada como caso crítico; enquanto para identificar os fatores individuais relevantes, desenvolveu-se um com- ponente quantitativo através de um questionário a 156 alunos (ensino médio) daquela IE. Resultados: os alunos identificam a pressão de amigos ou colegas como fator relevante para o consumo de SPA; é evidente que os espaços e processos de prevenção com maior contribuição são a comunicação com os pares. O trabalho curricular das áreas para fortalecer a tomada de decisão também é reconhecido como um fator institucional. Conclusão: na estratégia das escolas saudáveis, a aliança entre o setor da educação e o setor da saúde, assume uma relevância crucial para promover a revitalização de espaços e processos participativos direcionados à prevenção do consumo de SPA. Os estudos de análise do desenvolvimento da estratégia de escolas saudáveis são necessários para gerar elementos de reflexão direcionados ao ajuste das ações de empoderamento dos alunos e que os processos de participação juvenil alcancem a necessária continuidade

Sustancias psicoactivas, alumnos de anatomía y prepandemia COVID-19: prevalencia de uso y comparación de estudios transversales del periodo 2011-2019 / Psychoactive substances, anatomy and pre-pandemic COVID-19 students: prevalence of use and comparison of cross-sectional studies from the period 2011-2019

En estudios preliminares objetivamos alta prevalencia de uso de sustancias psicoactivas (SP) entre alumnos de Anatomía, con mayor impacto entre los recursantes o aquellos con actividades laborales. La causa del uso es multifactorial, pero se destacan factores de riesgo y precipitantes como la carga horaria de la currícula, exigencias de estudio, el distrés por el afrontamiento cadavérico negativo, el nuevo contexto educativo y la cantidad de horas de sueño. El objetivo fue comparar la prevalencia de uso de SP entre las cohortes de 2011-2019, con focalización en los factores determinantes conductuales. Estudio observacional, transversal y comparativo mediante encuesta estandarizada y anónima en 945 alumnos (año 2011= 122; año 2013= 158; año 2015=204; año 2017= 228; año 2019= 233). Se aplicaron parámetros estadísticos, se definió la significación como p -0.84; AA: r> -0.71). En el caso de ansiolíticos benzodiacepínicos, se asoció con falta de sueño y distrés por el afrontamiento negativo al estudio con cadáveres. En las cohortes comparadas por el lapso de 9 años hallamos alta prevalencia de uso de sustancias psicoactivas con tendencia al incremento. Las variables actividad laboral y recursante fueron determinantes para el uso de sustancias, y se asociaron cuestiones relativas a la adaptabilidad universitaria y afrontamiento de estudio negativo con el cadáver; todos con incidencia pedagógica en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje.

SUMMARY: In preliminary studies, we observed a high prevalence of the use of psychoactive substances (PS) among Anatomy students, with a greater impact among recurrent students or those with work activities. The cause of use is multifactorial, but risk and precipitating factors stand out, such as the workload of the curriculum, study demands, distress due to negative cadaveric coping, the new educational context and the number of hours of sleep. The objective was to compare the prevalence of SP use between the 2011-2019 cohorts, with a focus on behavioral determinants. Observational, cross-sectional and comparative study using a standardized and anonymous survey in 945 students (year 2011= 122; year 2013= 158; year 2015=204; year 2017= 228; year 2019= 233). Statistical parameters were applied, significance was defined as p -0.84; AA: r> -0.71). In the case of benzodiazepine anxiolytics, it was associated with lack of sleep and distress due to negative coping with the study with cadavers. In the cohorts compared for a period of 9 years, we found a high prevalence of psychoactive substance use with an increasing trend. The variables work activity and recurrence were determinants for the use of substances, and issues related to university adaptability and negative study coping with the corpse were associated; all with pedagogical impact on the teaching and learning process.

Experiências de pessoas em situação de rua com o uso de substâncias psicoativas: um estudo no contexto do Distrito Federal / Experiences of homeless people with use of psychoactive substances: a study in the context of federal distric / experiencias de personas en situación de calle con el uso de sustancias psicoactivas: un estudio en el contexto del distrito federal

Investigou-se vivências de pessoas em situação de rua que usam/usaram substâncias psicoativas, a partir de um programa de reinserção social e geração de renda, no Distrito Federal. Trata-se de estudo realizado com quatro adultos a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas. As informações foram analisadas pela Análise de Conteúdo, gerando as categorias: caracterização do uso de substâncias psicoativas; experiência com programas para usuários de álcool e outras drogas; história de vida e a situação de rua; projeto social e uso de substâncias psicoativas. Como resultados, evidenciou-se como os participantes se relacionam com substâncias psicoativas, como o projeto social investigado se configura como potencializador para transformação de vidas. Conclui-se que a história de vida dos sujeitos está ligada à situação de rua e uso de substâncias psicoativas, destacando-se o potencial transformador de programas sociais, possibilitadores de desenvolvimento econômico e social, e que modelos baseados em abstinência se mostraram ineficazes como forma de tratamento. (AU)

The experiences of homeless people who use/have used psychoactive substances were investigated, based on a program of social reintegrationand income generation, in the Federal District. This is a study carried out with four adults through semi-structured interviews. The information was analyzed by Content Analysis, generating the following categories: characterization of the use of psychoactive substances; experience with programs for users of alcohol and other drugs; life history and the street situation; social project and use of psychoactive substances. As a result, it was evidenced how the participants relate to psychoactive substances, how the investigated social project is configured as a potentiator for the transformation of lives. It is concluded that the life history of the subjects is linked to the homeless situation and the use of psychoactive substances, highlighting the transforming potential of social programs, enabling economic and social development, and that models based on abstinence proved to be ineffective as a way to of treatment. (AU)

Se indagaron las experiencias de personas en situación de calle que consumen/han utilizado sustancias psicoactivas, a partir de un programa de reinserción social y generación de ingresos, en el Distrito Federal. Se trata de un estudio realizado con cuatro adultos a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas. La información fue analizada por Análisis de Contenido, generando las siguientes categorías: caracterización del uso de sustancias psicoactivas; experiencia con programas para usuarios de alcohol y otras drogas; historia de vida y situación de la calle; proyecto social y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Como resultado, se evidenció cómo los participantes se relacionan con las sustancias psicoactivas, cómo el proyecto social investigado se configura como un potenciador para la transformación de vidas. Se concluye que la historia de vida de los sujetos está vinculada a la situación de calle y al uso de sustancias psicoactivas, destacando el potencial transformador de los programas sociales, viabilizando el desarrollo económico y social, y que los modelos basados en la abstinencia demostraron ser ineficaces como vía de tratamiento. (AU)

Drogas emergentes: detección mediante sensores electroquímicos

La cantidad de nuevas sustancias psicoactivas (NSP) aumenta en el mercado global cada año. El uso de tecnologías para la producción y la comercialización de las sustancias sintéticas y una demanda exigente de efectos psicotrópicos más potentes son algunos de los factores que contribuyen al incremento de una oferta más variada, así como a la cantidad de consumidores de algún tipo de droga. El desarrollo de herramientas analíticas fiables con capacidad de respuesta in situ para una evaluación preliminar contribuye, significativamente, con la generación de información para atender casos de intoxicaciones, aplicar correctamente la legislación de los países e, inclusive, aportar datos reales para una reclasificación más objetiva de las drogas basada en criterios científicos. Los sensores electroquímicos han ganado terreno en áreas de las ciencias forenses como la toxicología. El uso de tecnologías especializadas para crear electrodos miniaturizados con modificaciones, principalmente con materiales nanoestructurados, guía el desarrollo de dispositivos portátiles de fácil manipulación, altamente versátiles y que requieren micro-cantidades de la muestra. Asimismo, algunos sensores electroquímicos presentan parámetros de desempeño -como límites de detección (LOD) de hasta 0,608 pg/mL, sensibilidad y precisión- que son analíticamente comparables, bajo ciertas condiciones, con las metodologías convencionales acopladas con la espectrometría de masas, las cuales muestran LOD del orden de magnitud entre 10-9 g/mL y 10-12 g/mL para la determinación de algunas drogas. Esta revisión se enfoca en la aplicación y comparación analítica de los sensores electroquímicos voltamperométricos para la determinación de bencilpiperazina (BZP), meta-clorofenilpiperazina (mCPP), 25B-NBO-Me, dimetiltriptamina (DMT), mefedrona (4-MMC), 4-metiletcatinona (4-MEC) y fentanilo (FYL) en representación de las drogas emergentes que se pueden conseguir actualmente en el mercado de las sustancias psicoactivas.

The number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is increasing on the drug global market every year. New technologies for the production and marketing of synthetic substances, along with a rigorous demand for more powerful psychotropic effects, are some of the factors that contribute to the increase in a more varied supply, as well as the number of drug users. The development of reliable analytical tools with an on-site response capacity for a preliminary determination contributes significantly to the generation of data for the proper care of situations such as poisoning, the correct application of the country's legislation, and even the provision of objective criteria for the reclassification of the substances. Electrochemical sensors have gained ground in areas of forensic science. The use of specialized technologies to manufacture miniaturized electrodes based on modifications, mainly with nanostructured materials, guides the development of versatile easy-to-handle portable devices that require microquantities of the sample. Likewise, some electrochemical sensors have performance parameters such as detection limits (LOD) up to 0.608 pg/mL, sensitivity and precision that are analytically comparable, under certain conditions, with conventional methodologies coupled with mass detection, which show LOD of the order of magnitude between 10-9 g/mL and 10-12 g/mL for drug determination. This review focuses on the application and comparison of voltammetric electrochemical sensors for the determination of benzylpiperazine (BZP), meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), 25B-NBO-Me, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), mephedrone (4-MMC), 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC) and fentanyl (FYL) representing the emerging drugs available to date on the psychoactive substances market.

A quantidade de novas substâncias psicoativas (NSP) sintéticas aumenta a cada ano no mercado global. A utilização de novas tecnologias de produção e comercialização de substâncias, combinado com uma demanda exigente de efeitos psicotrópicos mais potentes, são alguns dos fatores que contribuem para o aumento de uma oferta mais ampla, assim como a quantidade dos números de consumidores de algum tipo de droga. O desenvolvimento de ferramentas analíticas confiáveis e com uma capacidade de resposta in situ para uma avaliação preliminar, contribuem significativamente para a geração de informações científicas para cuidar casos de envenenamento, aplicar corretamente a lei, e até fornecer dados reais para uma reclassificação mais objetiva de drogas com base em critérios científicos. Sensores eletroquímicos ganharam espaço em áreas da ciência forense. A utilização de tecnologias especializadas para criação de eletrodos miniaturizados com modificações, principalmente com materiais nanoestruturados, norteiam o desenvolvimento de dispositivos portáteis altamente versáteis, de fácil manuseio e que necessitam de microquantidades da amostra. Da mesma forma, alguns sensores eletroquímicos apresentam parâmetros de desempenho -como limites de detecção (LOD) até 0.608 pg/mL, sensibilidade e precisão- que são analiticamente comparáveis, sob certas condições, com metodologias convencionais com detecção de massa -mostram LOD de a ordem de grandeza entre 10-9g/mL e 10-12g/mL para a determinação de determinados medicamentos-. Esta revisão tem como foco a aplicação e comparação analítica de sensores eletro-químicos voltamétricos para determinação de benzilpiperazina (BZP), meta-clorofenilpiperazina (mCPP), 25B-NBOMe, dimetiltriptamina (DMT), mefedrona (4-MMC), 4-metilethcatinona (4-MEC) e fentanilo (FYL), que representam os drogas emergentes disponíveis até o momento no mercado de substâncias psicoativas.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Electronic Waste (e-waste) Management Among Users of Electronic Equipments Living in Lucknow City

Background: Contemporary society has led to the increasing use of electronic equipment that is very much responsible for the burden of electronic waste (e-waste). E-waste contains very hazardous substance that harms health and environmental conditions. There is no delicate mechanism for the management of e-waste in Lucknow city, Uttar Pradesh. This study assessed knowledge, practice, and awareness of e-waste management among residents of this city. Material and methods: The study was conducted amongst users of electronic equipment living in the Lucknow City of Uttar Pradesh. The study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Multi-stage random sampling was done for the selection of participants for the study. A predesigned and pretested questionnaire was administered in a single setting for all phases. The total optimum sample size is 700 individuals who participated in the study. Data were entered in MS Excel 2016 and descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were calculated, applying the chi-square test for association using R-4.2.1 Statistical software. Aim and objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding the management of electronic waste among users of electronic equipment residing in Lucknow city. Results: Only 37% of users are aware that e-waste adversely affects health. Only 34.3% of users knew that e-waste should be given to the seller or manufacturer for recycling while rest told that it should be stored at home, sold to a scrap dealer, or disposed with normal waste. 87.3% users are not aware about e-waste govt guidelines. In the current study electronic and print media like television, radio and news paper were not found to be source of information for e-waste disposal. Conclusion: Education regarding the ill effects of e-waste is essential for people and awareness of proper disposal of e-waste is the need of the hour. Electronic and print media as well as companies producing electronic equipment should play a significant role to awaken the respondent about the disposal of e-waste

Adherence to ART drugs among HIV-positive pregnant women at selected hospitals of East Ethiopia

Background: Substance abuse among Human Immune Deficiency Virus-positive patients causes depression, carelessness, and anxiety, which in common results in a decrease in adherence to antiretroviral treatment. The purpose of the study is to assess the prevalence of substance abuse and its association with adherence to ART drugs. Methods: The current study was conducted at three hospitals (Hiwot Fana Comprehensive University Hospital, Dillchora Hospital, and Jugal Hospital) located in East Ethiopia. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the association of independent variables with the dependent variables. Results: In this study, 119 HIV-positive pregnant patients were included. While 74.8% of the patients were adherent to their medication, the remaining 25.2% were nonadherent. The major reasons for nonadherence to ART medications prescribed were getting better (73.3%) and finishing medication (16.7%). Moreover, 96 (80.7%) respondents abused alcohol while 36 (30.3%) and 75 (35.6%) abused opioids and cigarette smoking, respectively. Mothers who abused alcohol were 38.1 times more likely to be nonadherent to ART medications for PMTCT [AOR = 38.1% CI: 21.47­56.54] compared to their counterparts. Additionally, mothers who abuse opioids were 19 times more likely to be nonadherent to ART treatment medication [AOR = 19, 95% CI: 2.46­ 19.46] than their counterparts. Furthermore, mothers who smoked cigarettes were 43.1 more likely to be nonadherent [AOR = 43.19, 95% CI: 8.42­187.84] than nonsmokers. Unemployment was also found to be associated with nonadherence to ART medication to PMTCT of HIV [AOR = 5.4, 95% CI: 2.8­5.7]. Smoking of marijuana/cannabis/hashish was not significantly associated with nonadherence to ART [AOR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.084­0.355]. Conclusion: Abuse of alcohol, cigarette smoking, abuse of opioids, and joblessness were found to be significantly associated with nonadherence to ART medications prescribed to PMCT of HIV. Wheareas, smoking of marijuana/cannabis/hashish was not significantly associated with nonadherence to ART medications.

Quality regulatory issues and suggestions for the Lonicerae Japonicae Flos with property of drug and food homologous substance / 国际中医中药杂志

In the context of the national strategy of promoting the research and development of food and drug homologous substances, it is necessary to study the regulatory model of food and drug homologous substances as food. Medicinal and food homologous substances are regulated as "Chinese medicinal materials" or "Chinese decoction pieces" in the drug category, and as "food and drug homologous substances", "agricultural products" or "traditional Chinese medicine healthy food" in the food category. Drug supervision focuses on quality, while food supervision focuses on safety, and it is worth exploring whether there is a blind spot in the supervision of food and drug substances completely based on the food concept. In this paper, Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, as drug and food homologous substance, is selected as the research object, and its quality regulation status is investigated by reviewing the relevant laws and regulations and standards on food, analyzing the quality information and test results of the samples, and analyzing the necessity of quality regulation when serving as food, in order to provide a basis and reference for the way food substances are regulated.

Serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl and polyfuoroalkyl substances and determinants in men of childbearing age / 环境与职业医学

Background Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) exposure may affect male reproductive health. There are regional differences in PFASs exposure levels among men of childbearing age in China, and current research results on associated influencing factors are inconsistent. Objective To investigate the levels of PFASs in serum and their determinants among men of childbearing age. Methods The participants (n=113, 22-45 years old) were from a cross-sectional study of exposure to environmental pollutants and male reproductive health damage in Hubei Province conducted from April to June 2013 at the Reproductive Medicine Center of Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province. Eleven kinds of PFASs were measured in serum by isotopic dilution-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The included PFASs were prefluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA), perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA), perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Information about participants' demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and habits was collected by a set of self-designed questionnaires. The associations of demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and habits with exposure to PFASs were analyzed by linear regression. Results The major components of PFASs were PFOS and PFOA, and the concentrations expressed as M (P25, P75) were 8.31 (4.90, 17.79) ng·mL−1 and 2.77 (2.18, 3.46) ng·mL−1, respectively. The positive rates of six PFASs (PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUdA, PFHxS, and PFOS) were 100%, followed by PFDoA and PFTrDA (87.61% and 88.59%, respectively). The linear regression results showed that age was positively associated with the levels of Σ8PFASs (sum of the concentrations of the eight PFASs with a positive rate greater than 80%) (P < 0.05). The concentration of serum PFOA in men with monthly family income of 2000-4000 yuan was 53.73% (P < 0.01) higher than those in men with monthly family income of <2000 yuan. The serum concentrations of PFNA and PFTrDA were both 32.31% (P < 0.05) higher in men with monthly family income ≥4000 yuan than those in men with monthly family income <2000 yuan. The serum concentration of PFHxS in men who used plastic cups was 33.64% (P < 0.01) higher than that in men who did not report oral contact with plastic products (plastic tableware, plastic cups, and plastic bags for packing food). The serum concentrations of PFHxS, PFOS, and Σ8PFASs were 33.64% (P < 0.01), 43.33% (P < 0.01), and 36.34% (P < 0.05) higher in men who bathed with laundry soap than those in men who did not use detergents. Men who bathed with toilet soap had a 34.99% (P < 0.05) higher serum concentration of PFHxS than those who bathed without detergents. Conclusion Men of childbearing age are exposed to PFASs extensively. Age, monthly household income, usage of laundry soap or toilet soap in bathing, and usage of plastic cups may influence the level of PFASs in serum. However, further investigation is needed to confirm these results.

Research progress of immunotherapies on correction of immunoparalysis in sepsis / 药学实践杂志

Immunoparalysis is the main cause of death in patients with intermediate and terminal sepsis. The correction of immunoparalysis is an important direction of sepsis treatment. In the pathological process of sepsis, a variety of factors contribute to the imbalanced secretion of cytokines, weakened function of antigen-presenting cells, apoptosis and depletion of lymphocytes, and ultimately lead to immunoparalysis, secondary infection, and even patient deaths. Cytokines such as GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-7, and IL-15, immune checkpoint-related therapies such as PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, CTLA-4 antibodies, TIM-3 antibodies, and LAG-3 antibodies, and immunoreactive substances such as thymosin α1 and immunoglobulin might be beneficial to correct the immune paralysis of patients. the progress of immunotherapy to correct immune paralysis in sepsis were reviewed in this article.

Research progress on relationship between exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and allergic diseases / 环境与职业医学

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), as a group of persistent organic pollutants among environmental endocrine disruptors, are widely used in industrial production and daily life. PFASs are widely and persistently present in the environment and organisms due to their bioaccumulation, long half-life, and low degradability properties. Published studies have proved that PFASs have immunotoxicity, endocrine toxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and hepatotoxicity. At present, several epidemiological studies have been conducted on the effects of PFASs on allergic diseases, the research endpoints include asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and the expression of allergic biomarkers such as serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), but no consistent results have been observed yet. PFASs have the potential to activate several signaling pathways, including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and JAK/STAT pathways. These mechanisms, along with increasing mast cell calcium influx and sex hormone synergistic effects, may contribute to immunomodulation in allergic diseases. At present, the exact human effect of PFASs exposure on allergic diseases and the related mechanisms are still uncertain. This review focused on the impacts of PFASs on asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis and their possible mechanisms, so as to provide research ideas for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of allergic diseases.

Associations between isomers and alternatives of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and fasting blood glucose / 环境与职业医学

Background Previous research indicated that isomers and alternatives of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) probably disturb glucose metabolism; however, current epidemiological evidence on the associations of PFAS with fasting blood glucose is inconsistent. Besides, studies on the joint association of multiple components of PFAS and fasting blood glucose as well as the key component are scarce. Objective To evaluate the associations of PFAS isomers and alternatives with fasting blood glucose and their joint effects, as well as identify the key component among population without glucose metabolism problems. Methods We selected 923 adults without glucose metabolism problems or missing data from the Isomers of C8 Health Project in China (2015—2016). Serum PFAS isomers and alternatives and fasting blood glucose were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and automatic biochemical analyzer. We applied multiple linear regression to explore the associations of 16 pollutants which were detected among over 80% participants with fasting blood glucose. Meanwhile, we utilized qgcomp and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models to explore the joint effects of PFAS isomers and alternatives mixture on target outcome indicators and identify the key component. Results The average age among the 923 participants in this study was (62.4±13.8) years old, including 472 men (51.1%) and 451 women (48.9%). Among selected PFAS isomers and alternatives, the highest serum concentration was ∑3+4+5m-PFOS (perfluoro-3/4/5-methylheptanesulfonate) with a median concentration of 10.20 ng·mL−1. The concentrations of linear perfluorooctane sulfonate (n-PFOS, 9.61 ng·mL−1), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 4.55 ng·mL−1), linear perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (n-PFHxS, 2.48 ng·mL−1), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ethersulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA, 1.90 ng·mL−1), perfluoro-6-methylheptanesulfonate (iso-PFOS, 1.85 ng·mL−1), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA, 1.81 ng·mL−1), perfluorinated n-nonanoic acid (PFNA, 1.39 ng·mL−1), and perfluoro-1-methylheptanesulfonate (1m-PFOS, 1.27 ng·mL−1) were higher than 1.00 ng·mL−1. After being adjusted for selected confounders, PFAS isomers and alternatives were positively associated with fasting blood glucose. With 1 ln unit concentration increment of 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFNA, the estimated changes of fasting blood glucose were 0.18 (95%CI: 0.13, 0.23) mmol·L−1 and 0.24 (95%CI: 0.18, 0.30) mmol·L−1, respectively. The multi-pollutant models indicated a joint association of PFAS isomers and alternatives mixture with fasting blood glucose. The BKMR models reveals that as the quantiles of mixture elevated from the 50th to the 75th percentile, the values of fasting blood glucose increased 0.25 (95%CI: 0.21, 0.30) mmol·L−1, and the posterior inclusion probability of PFNA was 0.92, implying that PFNA was the key component. Conclusion PFAS isomers and alternatives are positively associated with fasting blood glucose. PFNA is the key component of the joint association.