Influencia del consumo de hidratos de carbono sobre el estado oxidante en mujeres con y sin diabetes mellitus gestacional / Influence of carbohydrate intake on oxidative status among women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar la influencia del consumo de hidratos de carbono (HCO) sobre el estado oxidante en mujeres con y sin diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, observacional y comparativo a dos grupos de 21 mujeres con y sin DMG, respectivamente, en la ciudad de Toluca, México, de enero a diciembre del 2022. Para evaluar parámetros sociodemográficos, se les aplicó un cuestionario de historia clínica; en cuanto a los parámetros antropométricos, se les midió peso corporal y estatura; y respecto a los parámetros bioquímicos, colesterol total (CT) y triglicéridos (TG). Para evaluar el estado oxidante/antioxidante se cuantificaron, como marcador oxidante, el malondihaldeído (MDA), y como antioxidantes, catalasa (cat), superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y capacidad antioxidante total (CAT). Los hábitos dietéticos se evaluaron a través de un recordatorio de 24 horas, en ambos grupos de mujeres, para obtener los macronutrientes: proteínas, lípidos e HCO. A partir de los hidratos de carbono totales (HCOT), se calcularon los hidratos de carbono complejos (HCOC) e hidratos de carbono simples (HCOS) como la sacarosa. Para el cálculo de HCOS por día, se usó la lista de alimentos con contenido de sacarosa por cada 100 gramos de consumo que emplea el Sistema Mexicano de Equivalentes; para el análisis de dieta, se utilizó el programa Nutrikcal VO. Se usaron las pruebas estadísticas t de Student para muestras independientes, U de Mann-Whitney para las variables no homogéneas y se realizó la correlación de Spearman (p < 0,05) en el programa SPSS, versión 19. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la diferencia entre los valores de CT (p < 0,029), TG (p < 0,029), las enzimas: cat (p < 0,011), SOD (p < 0,013), así como el MDA (p < 0,039), fueron significativamente mayores en las pacientes del grupo con DMG en comparación con el grupo sin DMG. Además, el grupo con DMG consumió mayor proporción de sacarosa. Conclusiones: Las mujeres con DMG tienen un desequilibrio en el estado oxidante/antioxidante influenciado por el tipo de HCO que consumen, en particular los HCOS como la sacarosa.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the influence of carbohydrate (CHO) intake on oxidative status among women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, observational and comparative study was carried out with two groups of 21 women each with and without GDM in the city of Toluca, Mexico, from January to December 2022. The sociodemographic parameters were determined by administering the patients a medical history questionnaire; anthropometric parameters such as body weight and height were measured; and biochemical parameters including total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were calculated. The oxidant/antioxidant status was assessed as follows: malondialdehyde (MDA) as oxidative stress marker; and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as antioxidants. Dietary habits were evaluated through a 24-hour reminder in both groups of women to obtain the macronutrient classes, i.e., proteins, fats and CHOs. Based on the total carbohydrates (TCHOs), complex (CCHOs) and simple carbohydrates (SCHOs) such as sucrose were calculated. SCHOs per day were measured using the list of foods with sucrose content per 100 grams according to the Mexican Food Equivalence System (SMAE). The NutriKcal VO program was used for the dietary analysis. Statistical tests such as Student's t test and Mann-Whitney U test were performed for the independent samples and nonhomogeneous variables, respectively, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (p < 0.05) was determined using the IBM SPSS Statistics V19. Results: The results showed that the difference between the levels of TC (p < 0.029), TG (p < 0.029), enzymes CAT (p < 0.011) and SOD (p < 0.013), as well as MDA (p < 0.039) was significantly higher among patients in the group with GDM compared to that in the group without GDM. In addition, the group with GDM consumed a higher proportion of sucrose. Conclusions: Women with GDM have an imbalance in the oxidant/antioxidant status, influenced by the type of CHO they consume, particularly SCHOs such as sucrose.

A meta-analysis of ferric carboxymaltose versus other intravenous iron preparations for the management of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy

Abstract Objective: We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials evaluating the clinical effects of ferric carboxymaltose therapy compared to other intravenous iron in improving hemoglobin and serum ferritin in pregnant women. We also assessed the safety of ferric carboxymaltose vs. other intravenous iron. Data source: EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for trials related to ferric carboxymaltose in pregnant women, published between 2005 and 2021. We also reviewed articles from google scholar. The keywords "ferric carboxymaltose," "FCM," "intravenous," "randomized," "pregnancy," "quality of life," and "neonatal outcomes" were used to search the literature. The search was limited to pregnant women. Selection of studies: Studies related to ferric carboxymaltose in pregnancy were scanned. Observational studies, review articles, and case reports were excluded. Randomized studies in pregnant women involving ferric carboxymaltose and other intravenous iron formulations were shortlisted. Of 256 studies, nine randomized control trials were selected. Data collection: Two reviewers independently extracted data from nine selected trials Data synthesis: The final effect size for increase in hemoglobin after treatment was significant for ferric carboxymaltose vs. iron sucrose/iron polymaltose (standard mean difference 0.89g/dl [95% confidence interval 0.27,1.51]). The final effect size for the increase in ferritin after treatment was more for ferric carboxymaltose vs. iron sucrose/iron polymaltose (standard mean difference 22.53µg/L [-7.26, 52.33]). No serious adverse events were reported with ferric carboxymaltose or other intravenous iron. Conclusion: Ferric carboxymaltose demonstrated better efficacy than other intravenous iron in increasing hemoglobin and ferritin levels in treating iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women.

El consumo de bebidas dulces incrementa diferencialmente la expresión de Oxitocina en núcleos hipotalámicos / The consumption of sweet drinks differentially increases the expression of oxytocin in hypothalamic nuclei

Resumen Se reconoce la participación de la oxitocina en el control de la alimentación, pero su mecanismo de acción no se ha establecido totalmente. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto del acceso intermitente a una solución de sacarosa, sobre la expresión de las neuronas del núcleo paraventricular (PVN) y del núcleo supraótico (SON) que producen oxitocina (Oxt), y caracterizar la microestructura de la conducta de beber en ratas saciadas. Se tuvieron tres grupos de ratas macho Wistar saciadas, y en la primera hora al inicio del periodo de luz, el grupo Control tuvo agua, el grupo Restringido 5g de una solución de sacarosa al 20% y el grupo Ad libitum acceso libre a la solución de sacarosa. Los sujetos incrementaron el consumo de la solución de sacarosa a pesar de estar saciados; debido a la interrupción del estado de saciedad y la demora de la satisfacción. La actividad de las neuronas de Oxt se incrementó en ambos núcleos, en el grupo Restringido la mayor expresión se observó en el SON y en el grupo Ad libitum en el PVN. No se encontró correlación entre la cantidad de bebida ingerida y la actividad de las neuronas Oxt.

Abstract The role of oxytocin in feeding control is recognized, but its mechanism of action has not been fully established. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of intermittent access to a sucrose solution on the expression of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraotic nucleus (SON) neurons that produce oxytocin (Oxt), and to characterize the microstructure of drinking behavior in satiated rats. Three groups of male Wistar rats satiated were used, and in the first hour at the beginning of the light period, a Control group had water, a Restricted group 5g of a 20% sucrose solution and Ad libitum group with free access to sucrose solution. The experimental subjects increased the consumption of the sucrose solution despite being satiated, due to the interruption of the state of satiety and the delay of the satiation process. Oxt neurons increased their activity in both nuclei, in the Restricted group the highest expression was observed in the SON and in the Ad libitum group in the PVN. No correlation was found between the amount of drink ingested and the activity of Oxt neurons.

A pilot study on effect of intravenous iron sucrose on oxidative stress and antioxidant status of pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia

Objectives: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common nutritional deficiency among pregnant women in India. Iron can be supplemented orally or intravenously to treat IDA. Intravenous supplementation of iron can be risky as there is more possibility for the production of free iron in circulation. The role of free iron in the generation of free radicals and thereby oxidative stress is well known. The present study tends to evaluate oxidative stress and antioxidant status of intravenous iron sucrose treated pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in ACS Medical College and Hospital, Chennai. Twenty pregnant women with moderate IDA (Hb: 7–9.9 g/dl) were included in the present study. Blood samples were collected before and after the treatment with intravenous iron sucrose to measure antioxidants such as reduced glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase, and lipid peroxidation marker such as malondialdehyde. Results: In the present study, plasma malondialdehyde levels were increased significantly after the treatment with intravenous iron sucrose. No significant alterations were observed in the levels of reduced glutathione and activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase. Conclusion: In the present study, intravenous iron sucrose infusion was associated with oxidative stress as evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation in antenatal women with IDA. Hence, treatment with antioxidants during iron infusions can be considered

Comparative study on efficacy, tolerability, and cost of different iron supplements among antenatal women with iron-deficiency anemia

Background: Anemia is one of the most common medical complications encountered during pregnancy. India is among the countries with maximum prevalence of anemia in the world. The commonly used treatment for iron-deficiency anemia is oral iron preparations such as ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, ferrous ascorbate, ferrous fumarate, and parenteral iron sucrose. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to assess the mean change in the hemoglobin levels from baseline up to 60th day of treatment with different iron supplements and to assess its cost effectiveness ratio. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective interventional clinical end point study conducted at Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Puducherry, India, from December 2019 to December 2020, among 84 antenatal women (>14 weeks) with iron-deficiency anemia. After getting ethics committee approval, the participants who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomized to respective treatment groups. Group 1 (n = 21) received ferrous sulfate 200 mg, Group 2 (n = 21) received ferrous ascorbate 200 mg, Group 3 (n = 21) received ferrous fumarate 200 mg twice daily for a period of 60 days, and Group 4 (n = 21) received Iron sucrose 200 mg, based on iron requirement in divided doses and administered once in 2 weeks for a period of 60 days. Hemoglobin (Hb), RBC count, mean corpuscular volume, mea n corpuscular Hb (MCH), MCHC, WBC, platelet count, and cost of the treatment were assessed before and at the end of 60 days. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism software version 7.0 using Student “t”-test and one-way ANOVA. Results: We observed a significant (P < 0.001) rise in the mean Hb level from 10.4 ± 0.4, 10.4 ± 0.5, 10.4 ± 0.5 and 8.5 ± 0.3 to 11.2 ± 0.6 (P = 0.0001), 11.1 ± 0.6 (P = 0.0001), 11.3 ± 0.8(P = 0.0001), and 10.9 ± 0.6 (P = 0.0001) in Group 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The average cost effectiveness ratio, with respect to Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 was Rs. 675, Rs. 1782.9, Rs. 1110.7, and Rs. 786.7 per increase in Hb%, respectively. Conclusion: The outcome of this study proved the effective role of various oral ferrous iron preparations and all of them were found to be equally efficacious in improving the Hb concentration. However, the injectable iron sucrose showed a significant improvement in mean hemoglobin percentage compared to the various oral preparations. However, on analyzing the cost-effectiveness ratio, it was found out that the cost incurred per increase in Hb% was less in ferrous sulfate group, followed by iron sucrose, ferrous fumarate, and ferrous ascorbate. The results of this study can be helpful in pharmacoeconomical decision making while selecting a cost effective iron supplement for treating iron-deficiency anemia.

The efficacy and safety of intravenous sucrose iron therapy for recurrent iron deficiency anemia / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron supplementation in patients with recurrent iron deficiency anemia (IDA) . Methods: This retrospective analysis of 90 patients with recurrent IDA from May 2012 to December 2021 was conducted, comparing the efficacy and safety of the intravenous iron therapy group and the oral iron therapy group. Results: Among the 90 patients with recurrent IDA, 20 were males and 70 were females, with a median age of 40 (range: 14-85) years. A total of 60 patients received intravenous iron supplementation and 30 received oral iron supplementation. The hematologic response rates in the intravenous iron group were significantly higher than those in the oral iron group at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment [80.0% (48/60) vs 3.3% (1/30) and 96.7% (58/60) vs 46.7% (14/30), all P<0.001, respectively]. The median increase in hemoglobin levels was also significantly higher in the intravenous iron group than in the oral iron group [38 (4, 66) g/L vs 7 (1, 22) g/L at week 4 and 44.5 (18, 80) g/L vs 19 (3, 53) g/L at week 8, all P<0.001]. The intravenous iron group had a significantly higher proportion of patients who achieved normal hemoglobin levels than the oral iron group (55.0% vs 0 and 90% vs 43.3%, all P<0.001, respectively). Iron metabolism indicators were tested before and after 8 weeks of treatment in 26 and 7 patients in the intravenous and oral iron groups, respectively. The median increase in serum ferritin (SF) levels in the intravenous iron group 8 weeks after treatment was 113.7 (49.7, 413.5) μg/L, and 54% (14/26) of these patients had SF levels of ≥100 μg/L, which was significantly higher than the median increase in SF levels in the oral iron group [14.0 (5.8, 84.2) μg/L, t=4.760, P<0.001] and the proportion of patients with SF levels of ≥100 μg/L (P=0.013). The incidence of adverse reactions was 3.3% (2/60) in the intravenous iron group, which was significantly lower than that in the oral iron group [20.0% (6/30), P=0.015]. Conclusion: Intravenous iron supplementation is more effective for hematologic response, faster hemoglobin increase, and higher iron storage replenishment rates compared with oral iron supplementation in patients with recurrent IDA, and it is well tolerated by patients.

Functional analysis on sucrose transporters in sweet potato / 生物工程学报

Sweet potato is an important food crop that can also be used as an industrial raw material. Sucrose is the main form of long-distance carbohydrate transport in plants, and sucrose transporter (SUT) regulates the transmembrane transport and distribution of sucrose during plant growth and metabolism. Moreover, SUT plays a key role in phloem mediated source-to-sink sucrose transport and physiological activities, supplying sucrose for the sink tissues. In this study, the full-length cDNA sequences of IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 were obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) cloning according to the transcripts of the two SUT coding genes which were differentially expressed in sweet potato storage roots with different starch properties. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to clarify the classification of IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616. The subcellular localization of IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 was determined by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. The function of IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 in sucrose and hexose absorption and transport was identified using yeast functional complementarity system. The expression pattern of IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 in sweet potato organs were analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Arabidopsis plants heterologous expressing IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 genes were obtained using floral dip method. The differences in starch and sugar contents between transgenic and wild-type Arabidopsis were compared. The results showed IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 encoded SUT proteins with a length of 505 and 521 amino acids, respectively, and both proteins belonged to the SUT1 subfamily. IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 were located in the cell membrane and were able to transport sucrose, glucose and fructose in the yeast system. In addition, IbSUT62788 was also able to transport mannose. The expression of IbSUT62788 was higher in leaves, lateral branches and main stems, and the expression of IbSUT81616 was higher in lateral branches, stems and storage roots. After IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 were heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis, the plants grew normally, but the biomass increased. The heterologous expression of IbSUT62788 increased the soluble sugar content, leaf size and 1 000-seed weight of Arabidopsis plants. Heterologous expression of IbSUT81616 increased starch accumulation in leaves and root tips and 1 000-seed weight of seeds, but decreased soluble sugar content. The results obtained in this study showed that IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 might be important genes regulating sucrose and sugar content traits in sweet potato. They might carry out physiological functions on cell membrane, such as transmembrane transport of sucrose, sucrose into and out of sink tissue, as well as transport and unloading of sucrose into phloem. The changes in traits result from their heterologous expression in Arabidopsis indicates their potential in improving the yield of other plants or crops. The results obtained in this study provide important information for revealing the functions of IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 in starch and glucose metabolism and formation mechanism of important quality traits in sweet potato.

Variations in nutritional profile of honey produced by various species of genus Apis / Variações no perfil nutricional do mel produzido por várias espécies do gênero Apis

The medicinal attributes of honey appears to overshadow its importance as a functional food. Consequently, several literatures are rife with ancient uses of honey as complementary and alternative medicine, with relevance to modern day health care, supported by evidence-based clinical data, with little attention given to honey’s nutritional functions. The moisture contents of honey extracted from University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore honey bee farm was 12.19% while that of natural source was 9.03 ± 1.63%. Similarly, ash and protein contents of farmed honey recorded were 0.37% and 5.22%, respectively. Whereas ash and protein contents of natural honey were 1.70 ± 1.98% and 6.10 ± 0.79%. Likewise fat, dietary fiber and carbohydrates contents of farmed source documented were 0.14%, 1.99% and 62.26% respectively. Although fat, dietary fiber and carbohydrates contents of honey taken from natural resource were 0.54 ± 0.28%, 2.76 ± 1.07% and 55.32 ± 2.91% respectively. Glucose and fructose contents of honey taken out from honeybee farm were 27% and 34% but natural source were 22.50 ± 2.12% and 28.50 ± 3.54%. Glucose and fructose contents of honey taken out from honeybee farm were 27% and 34% but natural source were 22.50 ± 2.12% and 28.50 ± 3.54%. Similarly, sucrose and maltose contents of farmed honey were 2.5% and 12% while in natural honey were 1.35 ± 0.49% and 8.00 ± 1.41% respectively. The present study indicates that such as moisture, carbohydrates, sucrose and maltose contents were higher farmed honey as compared to the natural honey. In our recommendation natural honey is better than farmed honey.

Os atributos medicinais do mel parecem ofuscar sua importância como alimento funcional. Consequentemente, várias literaturas estão repletas de usos antigos do mel como medicina complementar e alternativa, com relevância para os cuidados de saúde modernos, apoiados por dados clínicos baseados em evidências, com pouca atenção dada às funções nutricionais do mel. O teor de umidade do mel extraído da Universidade de Veterinária e Ciências Animais, fazenda de abelhas de Lahore, foi de 12,19%, enquanto o de fonte natural foi de 9,03 ± 1,63%. Da mesma forma, os teores de cinzas e proteínas do mel cultivado foram de 0,37% e 5,22%, respectivamente. Já os teores de cinzas e proteínas do mel natural foram de 1,70 ± 1,98% e 6,10 ± 0,79%. Da mesma forma, os teores de gordura, fibra dietética e carboidratos de origem cultivada documentados foram de 0,14%, 1,99% e 62,26%, respectivamente. Embora os teores de gordura, fibra alimentar e carboidratos do mel retirado dos recursos naturais fossem de 0,54 ± 0,28%, 2,76 ± 1,07% e 55,32 ± 2,91%, respectivamente. Os conteúdos de glicose e frutose do mel retirado da fazenda de abelhas foram de 27% e 34%, mas a fonte natural foi de 22,50 ± 2,12% e 28,50 ± 3,54%. Os conteúdos de glicose e frutose do mel retirado da fazenda de abelhas foram de 27% e 34%, mas a fonte natural foi de 22,50 ± 2,12% e 28,50 ± 3,54%. Da mesma forma, os teores de sacarose e maltose no mel cultivado foram de 2,5% e 12%, enquanto no mel natural foram de 1,35 ± 0,49% e 8,00 ± 1,41%, respectivamente. O presente estudo indica que os teores de umidade, carboidratos, sacarose e maltose foram maiores no mel cultivado em comparação ao mel natural. Em nossa recomendação, o mel natural é melhor que o mel de cultivo.

Variations in nutritional profile of honey produced by various species of genus Apis

Abstract The medicinal attributes of honey appears to overshadow its importance as a functional food. Consequently, several literatures are rife with ancient uses of honey as complementary and alternative medicine, with relevance to modern day health care, supported by evidence-based clinical data, with little attention given to honeys nutritional functions. The moisture contents of honey extracted from University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore honey bee farm was 12.19% while that of natural source was 9.03 ± 1.63%. Similarly, ash and protein contents of farmed honey recorded were 0.37% and 5.22%, respectively. Whereas ash and protein contents of natural honey were 1.70 ± 1.98% and 6.10 ± 0.79%. Likewise fat, dietary fiber and carbohydrates contents of farmed source documented were 0.14%, 1.99% and 62.26% respectively. Although fat, dietary fiber and carbohydrates contents of honey taken from natural resource were 0.54 ± 0.28%, 2.76 ± 1.07% and 55.32 ± 2.91% respectively. Glucose and fructose contents of honey taken out from honeybee farm were 27% and 34% but natural source were 22.50 ± 2.12% and 28.50 ± 3.54%. Glucose and fructose contents of honey taken out from honeybee farm were 27% and 34% but natural source were 22.50 ± 2.12% and 28.50 ± 3.54%. Similarly, sucrose and maltose contents of farmed honey were 2.5% and 12% while in natural honey were 1.35 ± 0.49% and 8.00 ± 1.41% respectively. The present study indicates that such as moisture, carbohydrates, sucrose and maltose contents were higher farmed honey as compared to the natural honey. In our recommendation natural honey is better than farmed honey.

Resumo Os atributos medicinais do mel parecem ofuscar sua importância como alimento funcional. Consequentemente, várias literaturas estão repletas de usos antigos do mel como medicina complementar e alternativa, com relevância para os cuidados de saúde modernos, apoiados por dados clínicos baseados em evidências, com pouca atenção dada às funções nutricionais do mel. O teor de umidade do mel extraído da Universidade de Veterinária e Ciências Animais, fazenda de abelhas de Lahore, foi de 12,19%, enquanto o de fonte natural foi de 9,03 ± 1,63%. Da mesma forma, os teores de cinzas e proteínas do mel cultivado foram de 0,37% e 5,22%, respectivamente. Já os teores de cinzas e proteínas do mel natural foram de 1,70 ± 1,98% e 6,10 ± 0,79%. Da mesma forma, os teores de gordura, fibra dietética e carboidratos de origem cultivada documentados foram de 0,14%, 1,99% e 62,26%, respectivamente. Embora os teores de gordura, fibra alimentar e carboidratos do mel retirado dos recursos naturais fossem de 0,54 ± 0,28%, 2,76 ± 1,07% e 55,32 ± 2,91%, respectivamente. Os conteúdos de glicose e frutose do mel retirado da fazenda de abelhas foram de 27% e 34%, mas a fonte natural foi de 22,50 ± 2,12% e 28,50 ± 3,54%. Os conteúdos de glicose e frutose do mel retirado da fazenda de abelhas foram de 27% e 34%, mas a fonte natural foi de 22,50 ± 2,12% e 28,50 ± 3,54%. Da mesma forma, os teores de sacarose e maltose no mel cultivado foram de 2,5% e 12%, enquanto no mel natural foram de 1,35 ± 0,49% e 8,00 ± 1,41%, respectivamente. O presente estudo indica que os teores de umidade, carboidratos, sacarose e maltose foram maiores no mel cultivado em comparação ao mel natural. Em nossa recomendação, o mel natural é melhor que o mel de cultivo.

Heterologous expression and enzymatic properties of active inclusion bodies of sucrose isomerase fused with coiled-coil domain / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To express the sucrose isomerase(SI) fused with the tetrameric coiled-coil domain of the cell surface protein tetrabrachion(TdoT),and study the enzymatic properties of the recombinant enzymes.Methods The gene of SI fused with TdoT at the N/C terminus was cloned into the expression vectors respectively to construct the recombinant expression vectors pET-24a-TdoT-SI and pET-24b-SI-TdoT,which were transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3) and induced to express recombinant enzymes.The enzymatic properties and product specificity of the purified recombinant enzymes were studied.Results TdoT-SI and SI-TdoT were expressed as inclusion bodies with catalytic activity,while SI inclusion bodies without TdoT showed no catalytic activity.The results of enzymatic property analysis showed that the optimum reaction temperature for TdoT-SI and SI-TdoT active inclusion bodies was 40 ℃,and the optimum reaction pH was 5.5 and 5.0,respectively.The K_m of TdoT-SI active inclusion bodies was(103.9±9.5) mmol/L and the k_(cat)/K_m was(0.06±0.002) L/(mmol·s),while the K_m of SI-TdoT active inclusion bodies was(54.4±6.6) mmol/L and the k_(cat)/K_m was(0.03±0.002) L/(mmol·s).The results of product specificity analysis exhibited that the proportion of isomaltulose in the product did not change significantly,while the proportion of trehalose decreased,and the proportion of monosaccharides increased with increasing reaction temperature.Conclusion The active inclusion bodies of SI fused with coiled-coil domain were successfully prepared by fusion expression technology.As a novel self-immobilized enzyme,it has the advantage of simultaneous expression and immobilization,which provides a new strategy for large-scale preparation and efficient utilization of recombinant SI.

Variations in nutritional profile of honey produced by various species of genus Apis / Variações no perfil nutricional do mel produzido por várias espécies do gênero Apis

Abstract The medicinal attributes of honey appears to overshadow its importance as a functional food. Consequently, several literatures are rife with ancient uses of honey as complementary and alternative medicine, with relevance to modern day health care, supported by evidence-based clinical data, with little attention given to honey's nutritional functions. The moisture contents of honey extracted from University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore honey bee farm was 12.19% while that of natural source was 9.03 ± 1.63%. Similarly, ash and protein contents of farmed honey recorded were 0.37% and 5.22%, respectively. Whereas ash and protein contents of natural honey were 1.70 ± 1.98% and 6.10 ± 0.79%. Likewise fat, dietary fiber and carbohydrates contents of farmed source documented were 0.14%, 1.99% and 62.26% respectively. Although fat, dietary fiber and carbohydrates contents of honey taken from natural resource were 0.54 ± 0.28%, 2.76 ± 1.07% and 55.32 ± 2.91% respectively. Glucose and fructose contents of honey taken out from honeybee farm were 27% and 34% but natural source were 22.50 ± 2.12% and 28.50 ± 3.54%. Glucose and fructose contents of honey taken out from honeybee farm were 27% and 34% but natural source were 22.50 ± 2.12% and 28.50 ± 3.54%. Similarly, sucrose and maltose contents of farmed honey were 2.5% and 12% while in natural honey were 1.35 ± 0.49% and 8.00 ± 1.41% respectively. The present study indicates that such as moisture, carbohydrates, sucrose and maltose contents were higher farmed honey as compared to the natural honey. In our recommendation natural honey is better than farmed honey.

Resumo Os atributos medicinais do mel parecem ofuscar sua importância como alimento funcional. Consequentemente, várias literaturas estão repletas de usos antigos do mel como medicina complementar e alternativa, com relevância para os cuidados de saúde modernos, apoiados por dados clínicos baseados em evidências, com pouca atenção dada às funções nutricionais do mel. O teor de umidade do mel extraído da Universidade de Veterinária e Ciências Animais, fazenda de abelhas de Lahore, foi de 12,19%, enquanto o de fonte natural foi de 9,03 ± 1,63%. Da mesma forma, os teores de cinzas e proteínas do mel cultivado foram de 0,37% e 5,22%, respectivamente. Já os teores de cinzas e proteínas do mel natural foram de 1,70 ± 1,98% e 6,10 ± 0,79%. Da mesma forma, os teores de gordura, fibra dietética e carboidratos de origem cultivada documentados foram de 0,14%, 1,99% e 62,26%, respectivamente. Embora os teores de gordura, fibra alimentar e carboidratos do mel retirado dos recursos naturais fossem de 0,54 ± 0,28%, 2,76 ± 1,07% e 55,32 ± 2,91%, respectivamente. Os conteúdos de glicose e frutose do mel retirado da fazenda de abelhas foram de 27% e 34%, mas a fonte natural foi de 22,50 ± 2,12% e 28,50 ± 3,54%. Os conteúdos de glicose e frutose do mel retirado da fazenda de abelhas foram de 27% e 34%, mas a fonte natural foi de 22,50 ± 2,12% e 28,50 ± 3,54%. Da mesma forma, os teores de sacarose e maltose no mel cultivado foram de 2,5% e 12%, enquanto no mel natural foram de 1,35 ± 0,49% e 8,00 ± 1,41%, respectivamente. O presente estudo indica que os teores de umidade, carboidratos, sacarose e maltose foram maiores no mel cultivado em comparação ao mel natural. Em nossa recomendação, o mel natural é melhor que o mel de cultivo.

Analgesic effect of kangaroo position method versus sucrose during heel punctures in newborn: randomized clinical trial / Efeitos analgésicos da posição canguru versus sacarose durante punções de calcâneo em recém-nascidos: ensaio clínico randomizado

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: 25% sucrose and kangaroo position are effective for neonatal analgesia in single procedures and sucrose is also effective in repeated procedures. Behavioral and physiological responses and adverse effect on newborns submitted to kangaroo position or 25% sucrose for analgesia were compared in two heel punctures applied during the first hours of life. METHODS: Randomized clinical trial with 80 newborns and 40 mothers. Data were collected during two heel punctures. The kangaroo position was performed for three minutes before, during and three minutes after the punctures. Oral 25% sucrose (0.5 mL/kg) was administered two minutes before the punctures and the newborns were kept in a crib. Each data collection was divided into nine phases. The facial action, crying and heart rate data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative analyses. Facial actions, assessed by the Newborn Facial Coding System scale, was used to test the hypothesis. The frequency of gastric side effects was calculated. Ethical aspects were preserved. RESULTS: Facial actions did not differ (p>0.05) between groups in the two data collections. There were no relevant changes in heart rate between and within groups. The newborns in the kangaroo group cried more than in the sucrose group (p<0.05) in the second collection. In the administration of sucrose, more side effects were observed in the first (p=0.02) and second collection (p=0.007). CONCLUSION: The kangaroo position is as effective as the administration of 25% sucrose to relieve pain resulting from two repeated heel punctures.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Sacarose a 25% e posição canguru são efetivos para analgesia neonatal em procedimentos únicos e a sacarose também é efetiva em procedimentos repetidos. Comparou-se as respostas comportamentais e fisiológicas e o efeito adverso entre recém-nascidos submetidos a posição canguru ou sacarose a 25% na analgesia em duas punções de calcâneo, aplicadas durante as primeiras horas de vida. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico randomizado com 80 recém-nascidos e 40 mães. Os dados foram coletados durante duas punções de calcâneo. A posição canguru foi realizada por três minutos antes, durante e três minutos após as punções. A sacarose a 25% oral (0,5 mL/kg) foi administrada dois minutos antes das punções e os recém-nascidos permaneceram em berço. Cada coleta de dados foi dividida em nove fases. Os dados da mímica facial, choro e frequência cardíaca foram analisados por meio de análises descritivas e comparativas. A mímica facial, avaliada pela escala Newborn Facial Coding System, foi utilizada para testar a hipótese. A frequência dos efeitos adversos gástricos foi calculada. Os aspectos éticos foram preservados. RESULTADOS: A mímica facial não diferiu (p>0,05) entre os grupos nas duas coletas de dados. Não houve alterações relevantes na frequência cardíaca entre e intragrupos. Os recém-nascidos do grupo canguru choraram mais que no grupo sacarose (p<0,05) na segunda coleta. Na administração de sacarose, foram observados mais efeitos adversos, na primeira (p=0,02) e segunda coleta (p=0,007). CONCLUSÃO: A posição canguru é tão eficaz quanto a administração de sacarose a 25% para aliviar a dor decorrente de duas punções de calcâneo repetidas.

Voluntary vs forced physical activity, which is more effective in reducing body weight gain from sucrose consumption?

ABSTRACT The organoleptic characteristics of sucrose encourage its consumption in excessive amounts that result in increased body weight and possible involvement of other health indicators. In contrast, physical activity reduces body weight and promotes health and well-being, however the question remains as to what type of physical activity is the most effective to achieve those goals. The objective of the current study was to compare the effect of voluntary (VA) vs forced physical activity (FA) on body weight in organisms that consume sucrose daily. Twenty, three-month-old Wistar female rats were assigned either VA or FA; both groups were exposed to beverages with 8% sucrose concentration. The results showed that consuming sucrose daily increased body weight, despite being an active organism. However, this increase was by 11% in the VA group and 8.4% among the FA group. Therefore, although neither type of physical activity proposed in this study was effective to reduce body weight, FA influenced body weight gain less. Another interesting result was that VA registered a greater effect by reducing the consumption of sucrose. In conclusion, performing physical activity delays, but does not reverse, body weight gain from sucrose consumption.

RESUMEN Las características organolépticas de la sacarosa incentivan su consumo en cantidades excesivas que tienen como resultado el incremento del peso corporal y la posible afectación de otros indicadores de salud. En contraparte, la realización de actividad física reduce el peso corporal y favorece la salud y bienestar, pero ¿cuál es la manera más efectiva de realizar actividad física para lograr esos objetivos? Se planteó como objetivo comparar el efecto de la actividad física voluntaria (AV) contra el de la actividad física forzada (AF) sobre el peso corporal en organismos que consumen diariamente sacarosa. Se utilizaron veinte ratas hembras de la cepa Wistar de tres meses de edad, agrupadas en: (1) actividad voluntaria; (2) actividad forzada. Ambos expuestos a una bebida al 8% de concentración de sacarosa. Los resultados mostraron que consumir sacarosa diariamente incrementa el peso corporal, a pesar de ser un organismo activo. Sin embargo, este aumento fue en un 11% en AV y del 8.4% en AF. Por lo que, si bien ningún tipo de actividad física propuesto en este estudio fue efectivo para reducir el peso corporal, realizar actividad física de forma forzada influye en que la ganancia de el peso corporal sea menor. Otro resultado de interés, fue que realizar actividad física voluntaria registró un mayor efecto al reducir el consumo de sacarosa. En conclusión, realizar actividad fisica retrasa, pero no revierte la ganancia de peso corporal ante el consumo de sacarosa.

Exploiting the potential of bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles to enhance the shelf life of Gladiolus

Gladiolus spikes with fully turgid petals need to have a longer shelf life to fetch a higher price as well as display value. To improve the life duration of ornamental flowers, the ability of plants to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNP) was exploited. The ability of plants to produce AgNP when treated with silver nitrate solutions was juxtaposed by using Gladiolus (cut flowers): (i) To find the appropriate concentration of AgNO3 suitable for increasing shelf-life of Gladiolus cut flowers; (ii) To prepare silver nanoparticle from AgNO3; and (iii) To confirm the formation of silver nanoparticle using UV-vis spectrophotometry. Two different reductants (dehydrogenases present at the surface of the plant cells and sucrose) demonstrated the reduction of Ag+ to generate AgNPs. DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) study revealed the presence of NPs in the AgNO3 salt solution incubated with Gladiolus cut flowers. The DLS data also suggested that the size of AgNPs decreased with increasing concentration of AgNO3. In the present study, along with silver nitrate, sucrose was also used. The shelf life and display value of the cut Gladiolus can be increased and optimized by incubating it in sucrose solution in combination with AgNO3.

A comparative study of metabolic parameters in diet-induced obesity model of rats

Background: The occurrence of overweight and obesity coupled with many non-communicable diseases is a major preventable cause of premature morbidity and death. Sexual dimorphism exists in neural regulation of food intake. In spite of less consumption, females are prone to deposit greater amount of fat. Aim and Objective: This study aims to compare the effect of two different diets, high-fat diet (HFD) and sucrose diet with the normal chow eating rats correlating with various biochemical parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 adult rats of both genders were selected. They were divided into three groups and each group was given fat diet, sucrose diet, and normal chow diet for 10 weeks. Biochemical analysis was done at the end of 10 weeks. Results: Food intake, body weight, glucose, insulin, and total cholesterol (TC) are significantly greater in males in comparison to females. Triglycerides and G/I ratio are found to be significantly greater in females. Insulin resistance was observed in both sucrose and HFD group but TC was higher in HFD group. Conclusion: Sucrose diet and HFD produce insulin resistance and dyslipidemia and it seems to be more pronounced in males compared to females. Sucrose diet has little effect on lipid parameters.

Study on the fecal metabolomics of CUMS-susceptible and CUMS-resilient rats / 药学学报

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) based metabolomics was applied to characterize the fecal metabolic profiles of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-depression (CUMS-D) and CUMS-resilience (CUMS-R) rats. The fecal biomarkers and metabolic pathways involved in CUMS-D and CUMS-R were screened and identified, revealing the underlying mechanisms of two different responses of the body to the same stresses. Firstly, the classic depression model, i.e. CUMS, was constructed. According to the fecal metabolomics profiles, the model rats were divided into two groups, i.e. the CUMS-D group and the CUMS-R group. And then, the depression statuses of CUMS-D rats and CUMS-R rats were verified by their sucrose preference rates. Lastly, multivariate data analysis was applied to clarify the fecal biomarkers and corresponding metabolic pathways involving in CUMS-D and CUMS-R. The results show that compared with the control rats, the sucrose preference rates of CUMS-D rats were significantly reduced. By contrast, the sucrose preference rates of CUMS-R rats had no significant difference. At the same time, CUMS-D and CUMS-R showed both unique and shared biomarkers and pathways. Three pathways are significantly related to CUMS-D, including taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism. Glycerolipid metabolism and tryptophan metabolism are specific pathways related to CUMS-R. This study explores the mechanisms of the emergence of susceptible and resilience of rats under the same stimulus from a metabolomics perspective. The current findings provide not only a new perspective for studying depression, and personalized and precision treatments in clinic, but also the research and development of antidepressants.

The role of SnRK2 in the response to stress, the growth and development of plants / 生物工程学报

Sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) is a specific Ser/Thr protein kinase in plants. SnRK2 can regulate the expression of downstream genes or transcription factors through phosphorylation of substrates to achieve stress resistance regulation in different tissue parts, and make plants adapt to adverse environment. SnRK2 has a small number of members and a molecular weight of about 40 kDa, and contains a conserved N-terminal kinase domain and a divergent C-terminal regulatory domain, which plays an important role in the expression of enzyme. This review summarized the recent research progresses on the discovery, structure, and classification of SnRK2, and its function in response to various stresses and in regulating growth and development, followed by prospecting the future research direction of SnRK2. This review may provide a reference for genetic improvement of crop stress resistance.

Establishment of Cryosectioning Method and Histochemical Localization Analysis of Volatile Oil and Coumarin Components of Ferula ferulaeoides / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo establish the frozen section method of Ferula ferulaeoides， and to study the histochemical localization of volatile oil and coumarins in different organs of F. ferulaeoides. MethodThe roots， stems， petioles and leaves of F. ferulaeoides were used as materials to investigate the concentration of sucrose protectant， liquid nitrogen flash-freezing time， embedding conditions， section thickness， freezing temperature and time and post-treatment methods， the most suitable section conditions were screened by comparing the integrity， microscopic effect， elongation and clarity of frozen sections. Sudan Ⅳ staining method and fluorescence microscopy were used to locate the volatile oil and coumarins of F. ferulaeoides. ResultThe optimal conditions for frozen sections of the roots， stems， petioles and leaves of F. ferulaeoides were as follows：10%， 15% and 20% gradient sucrose as the protectant for roots， 10%， 20% and 30% gradient sucrose as the protectant for stems and petioles， 20%， 25% and 30% gradient sucrose as the protectant for leaves， glue-water （2∶1） as the embedding agent， quick-freeze in liquid nitrogen for 20 s， warmed up at -25 ℃ for 30 min， sliced at -20 ℃ with the thickness of 25 μm， rinsed with the same concentration of sucrose solution （gradient sucrose solution selected the last concentration）， and the slices placed on the ice pack for a period of time and stored at room temperature. Among them， the concentration of sucrose protectant was the most important factor. The results of histochemical localization showed that volatile oil and coumarins in four organs of F. ferulaeoides were mainly distributed in resin canal. ConclusionFrozen section of F. ferulaeoides is established for the first time with high rate of slicing and simplified steps， its volatile oil and coumarins are mainly accumulated in resin canal.

Consumo crónico de edulcorantes en ratones y su efecto sobre el sistema inmunitario y la microbiota del intestino delgado / Chronic consumption of sweeteners in mice and its effect on the immune system and the small intestine microbiota

Resumen Introducción. Los edulcorantes son aditivos que se consumen en los alimentos. Pueden ser naturales (sacarosa y estevia) o artificiales (sucralosa). Actualmente, se consumen rutinariamente en múltiples productos, y sus efectos en la mucosa y la microbiota del intestino delgado aún son controversiales. Objetivo. Relacionar el consumo de edulcorantes y su efecto en el sistema inmunitario y la microbiota del intestino delgado en ratones CD1. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 54 ratones CD1 de tres semanas de edad divididos en tres grupos: un grupo de tres semanas sin tratamiento, un grupo tratado durante seis semanas y un grupo tratado durante 12 semanas. Se les administró sacarosa, sucralosa y estevia. A partir del intestino delgado, se obtuvieron linfocitos B CD19+ y células IgA+, TGF-ß (Transforming Growth Factor-beta) o el factor de crecimiento transformador beta (TGF-beta), IL-12 e IL-17 de las placas de Peyer y de la lámina propia. De los sólidos intestinales se obtuvo el ADN para identificar las especies bacterianas. Resultados. Después del consumo de sacarosa y sucralosa durante 12 semanas, se redujeron las comunidades bacterianas, la IgA+ y el TGF-beta, se aumentó el CD19+, y además, se incrementaron la IL-12 y la IL-17 en las placas de Peyer; en la lámina propia, aumentaron todos estos valores. En cambio, con la estevia mejoraron la diversidad bacteriana y el porcentaje de linfocitos CD19+, y hubo poco incremento de IgA+, TGF-ß e IL-17, pero con disminución de la IL-17. Conclusión. La sacarosa y la sucralosa alteraron negativamente la diversidad bacteriana y los parámetros inmunitarios después de 12 semanas, en contraste con la estevia que resultó benéfica para la mucosa intestinal.

Abstract Introduction: Sweeteners are additives used in different foods. They can be natural (sucrose and stevia) or artificial (sucralose). Currently, they are routinely consumed in multiple products and their effects on the mucosa of the small intestine and its microbiota are still controversial. Objective: To relate the consumption of sweeteners and their effect on the immune system and the microbiota of the small intestine in CD1 mice. Materials and methods: We used 54 three-week-old CD1 mice divided into three groups in the experiments: 1) A group of three weeks without treatment, 2) a group treated for six weeks, and 3) a group treated for 12 weeks using sucrose, sucralose, and stevia. We obtained CD19+ B lymphocytes, IgA+ antibodies, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b), and interleukins 12 and 17 (IL-12 and -17) from Peyer's patches and lamina propria cells while DNA was obtained from intestinal solids to identify bacterial species. Results: After 12 weeks, sucrose and sucralose consumption caused a reduction in bacterial communities with an increase in CD19+, a decrease in IgA+ and TGF-b, and an increase in IL-12 and -17 in the Peyer's patches while in the lamina propria there was an increase in all parameters. In contrast, stevia led to an improvement in bacterial diversity and percentage of CD19+ lymphocytes with minimal increase in IgA+, TGF-b, and IL-12, and a decrease in IL-17. Conclusion: Sucrose and sucralose caused negative alterations in bacterial diversity and immune parameters after 12 weeks; in contrast, stevia was beneficial for the intestinal mucosa.

Efeitos da estimulação gustativa na prontidão oral e estados comportamentais de recém-nascidos / Effects of gustatory stimulation on oral readiness and behavioral states of newborns

RESUMO Objetivo investigar e comparar comportamentos específicos de prontidão oral e estados comportamentais de recém-nascidos a termo (RNT) e pré-termo (RNPT), a partir da estimulação gustativa (água e sacarose). Métodos estudo experimental, analítico, duplo-cego, caso controle. Participaram 152 recém-nascidos de uma maternidade pública, sendo 68 a termo e 84 pré-termo, subdivididos conforme estímulo gustativo (água ou sacarose). O teste durou 15 minutos, dividido em três períodos de cinco minutos. Foram analisados estados comportamentais e comportamentos específicos. Resultados foram observadas diferenças significativas, comparando os estímulos, com maior tempo nos comportamentos mão-boca direita (p=0,042) e esquerda (p=0,037), e diminuição no tempo de sono (p=0,019) nos RNT estimulados com sacarose. Nos RNPT houve maior tempo de sucção de mão direita (p=0,043) e esquerda (p=0,001) e de sucção (p<0,001), com aumento no tempo de alerta (p=0,025), quando estimulados com sacarose. Houve diminuição de tempo de agitação (p=0,018) em RNPT estimulados com água. RNT apresentaram maior tempo em sono do que os RNPT (p=0,032). A estimulação da sacarose no estado alerta foi mais evidente em RNPT (p=0,047). Conclusão A sacarose eliciou respostas motoras referentes à prontidão para alimentação e estado comportamental favorável para alimentação, independentemente da idade gestacional. Os achados são importantes para a clínica fonoaudiológica, possibilitando ampliar condutas de estimulação da alimentação.

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate and compare specific oral readiness behavior and behavioral states of term newborns (TNB) and preterm newborns (PTNB) based on taste stimulation (water and sucrose). Methods Experimental, analytical, double-blind, case-control study: 152 newborns from a public maternity hospital participated, 68 of them were term newborns and 84,preterm , divided according to taste stimulus (water or sucrose). The test lasted 15 minutes, divided into three periods of 5 minutes. We evaluated behavioral states and specific behaviors. Results We observed significant difference by comparing stimulations and longer periods of right (p=0.042) and left (p=0.037) hand suction for mouth behavior, shorter sleeping periods (p=0.019) in TNB stimulated with sucrose. In PTNB, we observed longer periods of right hand (p=0.043) and left hand (p=0.001) suction, suction (p<0.001) and alert state (p=0.025) when stimulated with sucrose. We found a decrease in agitation (p=0.018) in PTNB stimulated with water. The TNB were asleep for longer periods of time than PTBN (p=0.032). Sucrose stimulation in alert state is more evident in PTNB (p=0.047). Conclusion Sucrose elicited motor responses related to food readiness and favorable behavioral status for food regardless of gestational age. The findings are important for the speech therapy clinic, enabling broader feeding stimulation approaches.