Williams?Beuren Syndrome with Pseudoaneurysm of Aortic Arch and Infective Vegetations for Modified Broms Procedure: Anesthetic Concerns & Echocardiographic Illustrations

Williams?Beuren syndrome is a rare genetic malformation with predilection for supravalvular aortic stenosis. Apart from cardiovascular malformation, hypocalcemia, developmental delay, and elfin facies, challenging airway make perioperative management more eventful. Association of infective endocarditis within the aortic arch and pseudoaneurysm formation is infrequent. We, hereby report a case of pseudoaneurysm formation and infective vegetation within the aortic arch in a patient with Williams syndrome and the role of transthoracic echocardiography in its perioperative management.

Treatment and effect of cardiovascular surgery in patients with Williams syndrome / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To analyze the effects of cardiovascular surgery on Williams syndrome (WS). Methods    The clinical data of 68 WS patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery in the Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital from January 2010 to January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 48 males and 20 females with a median age of 2.8 years ranging from 3 months to 33 years. Except one patient undergoing the coarctation repair, the rest 67 patients underwent surgical interventions to correct supravalvular aortic stenosis (SAVS) and pulmonary artery stenosis with hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, concommitant with 3 patients of relief of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, 2 patients of relief of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, 2 patients of mitral valvuloplasty, 3 patients of ventricular septal defect repair and 1 patient of arterial catheter ligation. Results    Two (2.9%) patients died of sudden cardiac arrest on the next day after surgery. One (1.5%) patient died of cardiac insufficiency due to severe aortic arch stenosis 3 years after surgery. The effect of SAVS was satisfactory. Two (2.9%) patients progressed to moderate aortic valvular regurgitation during postoperative follow-up. A total of 5 (7.4%) patients were re-intervened after operation for arch stenosis or pulmonary stenosis. Conclusion    WS patients should be diagnosed early, followed up and  assessed for cardiovascular system diseases, and timely surgical treatment has a good clinical effect.

Williams–Beuren syndrome in Mexican patients confirmed by FISH and assessed by aCGH

Williams–Beuren syndrome (WBS) has a prevalence of 1/7500–20000 live births and results principally from a de novo deletion in 7q11.23 with a length of 1.5 Mb or 1.8 Mb. This study aimed to determine the frequency of 7q11.23 deletion, size of the segment lost, and involved genes in 47 patients with a clinical diagnosis of WBS and analysed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); among them, 31 had the expected deletion. Micro-array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) confirmed the loss in all 18 positive-patients tested: 14 patients had a 1.5 Mb deletion with the same breakpoints at 7q11.23 (hg19: 72726578–74139390) and comprising 24 coding genes from TRIM50 to GTF2I. Four patients showed an atypical deletion: two had a 1.6Mb loss encompassing 27 coding genes, from NSUN5 to GTF2IRD2; another had a 1.7 Mb deletion involving 27 coding genes, from POM121 to GTF2I; the remaining patient presented a deletion of 1.2 Mb that included 21 coding genes from POM121 to LIMK1. aCGH confirmed the lack of deletion in 5/16 negative-patients by FISH. All 47 patients had the characteristic facial phenotype of WBS and 45 of 47 had the typical behavioural and developmental abnormalities. Our observations further confirm that patients with a classical deletion present a typical WBS phenotype, whereas those with a high (criteria of the American Association of Pediatrics, APP) clinical scorebut lacking the expected deletion may harbour an ELN point mutation. Overall, the concomitant CNVs appeared to be incidental findings.

Right coronary ostia displacement——maybe an important factor of peri-operative mortality after SVAS correction in infant / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

Objective Explore the influence of different surgical methods on right coronary artery opening after congeni-tal supravalvular aortic stenosis correction surgery, to avoid right coronary artery obstruction caused by surgery.Methods A retrospective analysis was made on the surgical methods and results of continuous records of 91 supravalvular aortic stenosis sur-gery cases operated from 2008 to 2015, while analyzing the cause of early death, early reoperation, and ECMO assisted.Re-sults 4 cases of perioperative death,6 cases of ECMO assisted,8 cases of reoperation,all above are concerned with early ma-lignant arrhythmia.The surviving cases were followed up for 15 months,no death cases during the followed-up.Conclusion Different surgical methods have different influences on right coronary artery, related to the operation of right coronary incision. If the patch is oversize,it will cause obstruction of right coronary artery opening and cause malignant arrhythmia,however,un-dersized patch can not relieve aortic stenosis.So different surgical methods should be used according to different age and weight of patients.

Estenosis aórtica supravalvular: reporte de caso clínico y revisión bibliográfica / Supravalvular aortic stenosis: clinical case report and review

Resumen La estenosis aórtica supravalvular es una lesión congénita obstructiva del tracto de salida del ventrículo izquierdo. Es la forma menos frecuente dentro de este grupo de lesiones, las cuales, a su vez representan el 6% de las cardiopatías congénitas en pacientes pediátricos. Esta cardiopatía se relaciona más con pacientes pediátricos, sin embargo, presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 23 años de edad quien acudió al hospital por haber presentado episodio de disnea súbita en reposo, acompañada de diaforesis, dolor torácico opresivo sin irradiaciones y síncope. Se realizó un ecocardiograma transtorácico con el cual se diagnosticó estenosis aórtica supravalvular.

Abstract Supravalvular aortic stenosis is a left ventricular outflow tract obstructive lesion. It is the least common form of this group of lesions, which only represents 6% of congenital heart disease in children. This condition is commonly diagnosed during childhood; however we present the case of a 23 year old man who was taken to the hospital for having presented a sudden dyspnea episode with diaphoresis, chest pain without radiation and syncope. He was diagnosed with supravalvular aortic stenosis after echocardiography.

Surgical treatment for congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis in children with Doty procedure / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To summarize the clinical effect of Doty procedure on surgical treatment for patients with congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS).Methods Between Jan.2009 and Jun.2013,12 cases of consecutive patients underwent surgical corrections of SVAS using Doty procedure.Among them,Williams' syndrome were present in 5 patients.Nine cases were male,and 3 cases were female.Mean age was(5.3 ±4.2) years(9 months to 12 years) and mean weight was (11.5 ± 5.3) kg (7.5-32.0 kg).Echocardiography and Computed Tomography confirmed the diagnosis.SVAS was discrete in 9 patients and diffuse in 3 patients.Mean peak preoperative gradient was 6.86-16.23 (11.07± 3.68) kPa,with 3 patients above 13.33 kPa.Bicuspid aortic valve was present in 2 patients,mild aortic valve stenosis in 1 patient,mild aortic regurgitation in 2 patients,1 patient with subaortic membrane,3 patients with stenosis of the left or the right pulmonary artery,1 patient with pulmonary valve stenosis,2 patients with PDA,moderate to severe mitral insufficiency in 1 patients.Surgery was performed using Doty procedure through median sternotomy with cardiopulmonary bypass.Results Mean time of cardiopulmonary bypass was (85 ± 26)min (68-129 min).Mean time of aortic clamp was (51 ± 16) min(43-68 min).There was no early death and low cardiac output syndrome.Mild ST segment change was present in 5 patients and occasional premature beat was in 3 patients.Ventilator was applied for 7 to 38 h and Cardiac Intensive Care Unit treatment was done for 1 to 4 d.The mean peak supravalvular gradient measured postoperatively was (2.18 ± 1.09) kPa.Follow-up data were available for 11 patients,ranged from 6 months to 3 years.The gradients across supravalvular were lower than 3.33 kPa,except for 2 patients with severe SVAS preoperatively.There was no late death,dizzy or palpitation during follow-up.Conclusion Doty produce for SVAS can get satisfactory clinical results.

Estenose aórtica supravalvar em adulto com anomalia de vasos da base e insuficiência aórtica / Supravalvular aortic stenosis in adult with anomalies of aortic arch vessels and aortic regurgitation

A estenose aórtica supravalvar é uma rara cardiopatia congênita, bastante incomum em adultos. Apresentamos um caso de estenose aórtica supravalvar em adulto com anomalia de vasos do arco aórtico, já com presença de insuficiência aórtica importante, tratado com êxito por meio de plastia da aorta ascendente e troca valvar aórtica.

The supravalvular aortic stenosis is a rare congenital heart defect being very uncommon in adults. We present a case of supravalvular aortic stenosis in adult associated with anomalies of the aortic arch vessels and aortic regurgitation, which was submitted to aortic valve replacement and arterioplasty of the ascending aorta with a good postoperative course.

Síndrome de Williams: características clínicas de tres casos / Williams syndrome: clinical characteristics of three cases

El Síndrome de Williams (SW) es un síndrome genético generado por la deleción del gen de la Elastina y genes contiguos del cromosoma 7q11.23. Tiene una incidencia de 1:7500-20.000 recién nacidos vivos. Se caracteriza por un conjunto de síntomas y signos con compromiso multiorgánico y un fenotipo conductual distintivo. Objetivo: Describir la clínica del SW en relación a tres casos clínicos. Método: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de fichas clínicas de pacientes estudiados y tratados entre el 2006 y 2012. Resultados: Tres varones con rango de edad entre 4 y 6 años. Todos presentaron dismorfias características y se asociaron a cardiopatía congénita: estenosis aórtica supravalvular. En los rasgos de personalidad destacaron alta sociabilidad y habilidades en lenguaje expresivo, RM leve a moderado y mala coordinación motora. Conclusión: Todos nuestros pacientes presentaron características concordantes con las descritas para SW. Existen alteraciones funcionales cerebrales en pacientes con SW que tienen relación con el perfil cognitivo observado.

Williams Syndrome (WS) is a genetic disorder caused by deletion of elastine gene and contiguous genes of chromosome 7q11.2. It has an incidence of 1:7.500-20.000 newly born. It is characterized by a group of symptoms and signs with multiorganic involvement and a distinctive behavioural phenotype. Objective: To describe the clinical manifestations of WS in relation to three case reports. Method: review of clinical reports of patients diagnosed and treated between 2006 and 2012. Results: Three boys aged 5-9 years, all of them presented distinctive appearance, associated to congenital heart disease: aortic supravalvular stenosis. Behavioral features included high sociability and expressive language skills, mental retardation and poor motor coordination. Conclusions: All of our patients had clinical characteristics corresponding to the ones described for WS in the literature. The peculiar cognitive profile is presumed to be related to functional brain alterations described in WS.

Síndrome de Williams-Beuren: Informe de dos casos con diagnóstico molecular / Williams-Beuren syndrome: Report of two cases with molecular diagnosis

El síndrome de Williams-Beuren , tiene una incidencia de 1 caso por cada 10,000 nacimientos, es causado por la deleción de un fragmento del brazo largo del cromosoma 7, que contiene varios genes candidatos como responsables del fenotipo del síndrome, el cual consiste en facies típicas, estenosis aórtica supravalvular y retardo mental variable con una personalidad amistosa. Se informa dos casos de síndrome de Williams-Beuren con hallazgos fenotípicos clásicos pero variados; se confirmó el diagnóstico a través de FISH y se propone un protocolo de estudios complementarios necesarios para la caracterización de los pacientes.

Williams-Beuren syndrome has an estimated incidence of one case in every 10,000 births. It is secondary to microdeletion of a fragment in the long arm of chromosome 7, which contains several candidate genes for the characteristic phenotype of typical facies, supravalvular aortic stenosis, and variable mental retardation with a friendly personality. This article focuses on the report of two cases, with classic but varied phenotypic findings, of this syndrome for which molecular diagnosis with fluorescent in situ hybridization was available. Additionally, we suggest a protocol for complementary studies needed to characterize each patient.

Puérpera com trombose de prótese mecânica e estenose supravalvar aórtica adquirida / Postpartum patient with thrombosis of mechanical prostheses and acquired supravalvular aortic stenosis

A hipercoagulabilidade sanguínea proporcionada na gravidez aumenta consideravelmente a incidência de trombose de valvas mecânicas. A estenose supravalvar aórtica adquirida é extremamente rara. Relata-se o caso de uma puérpera imediata, portadora de prótese mecânica aórtica e estenose supravalvar aórtica adquirida, submetida à cirurgia cardíaca de emergência, com instabilidade hemodinâmica grave, por meio de técnica operatória adaptada para a correção da estenose supravalvar aórtica, com evolução clínica e resultados ecocardiográficos pós-operatórios satisfatórios.

The blood hypercoagulability in pregnancy increases significantly the incidence of thrombosis of mechanical valves. Acquired supravalvular aortic stenosis is extremely rare. We report the case of an immediate postpartum patient with aortic mechanical prostheses and acquired supravalvular aortic stenosis who underwent emergency heart surgery, with severe hemodynamic instability, using adapted surgical technique for correction of supravalvular stenosis with satisfactory clinical and echocardiography results.

Remodelamento cardíaco: análise seriada e índices de detecção precoce de disfunção ventricular / Cardiac remodeling: serial analysis and indexes for early detection of ventricular dysfunction / Remodelación cardiaca: análisis seriado e índices de detección precoz de disfunción ventricular

Fundamento: A estenose aórtica supravalvar (EAo) é utilizada para o estudo da remodelação cardíaca (RC) por sobrecarga pressórica. Nesse modelo, não estão claramente estabelecidos o comportamento da RC desde a fase inicial, nem os melhores parâmetros para a identificação da disfunção ventricular. OBJETIVOS: 1) Caracterizar, precoce e evolutivamente, as modificações morfofuncionais durante a RC em ratos com EAo e 2) identificar o índice mais sensível para detecção do momento do aparecimento da disfunção diastólica e sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). Métodos: Ratos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos - controle (GC, n=13) e EAo (GEAo, n=24) - e estudados nas 3ª, 6ª, 12ª e 18ª semanas pós-cirurgia. Os corações foram analisados por meio de ecocardiograma (ECO). Resultados: Ao final do experimento, as relações do VE, do ventrículo direito e dos átrios com o peso corporal final foram aumentadas no GEAo. O ECO mostrou que o átrio esquerdo sofreu uma remodelação significativa a partir da 6ª semana. No GEAo, a porcentagem de encurtamento endocárdico apresentou queda significativa a partir da 12ª semana e a porcentagem de encurtamento mesocárdico, na 18ª semana. A relação onda E e onda A (E/A) foi superior no GC em comparação ao GEAo em todos os momentos analisados. Conclusões: O ventrículo esquerdo dos ratos com EAo, durante o processo de remodelação, apresentou hipertrofia concêntrica, disfunção diastólica precoce e melhoria da função sistólica, com posterior deterioração do desempenho. Além disso, constatou-se que os índices ecocardiográficos mais sensíveis para a detecção da disfunção diastólica e sistólica são, respectivamente, a relação E/A e a porcentagem de encurtamento endocárdico.

Background: Supravalvar aortic stenosis (SVAS) is used to study overload-induced cardiac remodeling (CR). In this model, neither CR behavior since beginning stage nor the best parameters to identify ventricular dysfunction are clearly stated. Objective: 1) Characterizing, early and evolutively, morphological and functional modifications during CR in rats with SVAS and 2) identifying the most sensitive index for detecting the moment when the diastolic and systolic dysfunction first appeared in the left ventricle (LV). Methods: Wistar Rats were divided into two groups - control (CG, n=13) and SVAS (SVASG, n=24) - and studied in post-surgical 3rd, 6th, 12th and 18th weeks. Hearts were analyzed by means of an echocardiogram (ECHO). Results: By the end of the experiment, ratios between the LV, right ventricle and atria and the final body weight were increased in the SVASG. The ECHO showed that the left atrium underwent significant remodeling from the 6th on. The percent of endocardial shortening underwent significant drop as of the 12nd week and the percent of, as of the 18th week, in the SVASG. The ratio between E- wave and A-wave (E/A) was higher in CG compared to the SVASG in all events analyzed. Conclusions: During the remodeling process, the left ventricle of rats with SVAS presented concentric hypertrophy, early diastolic dysfunction and improvement of systolic function, with posterior performance deterioration. Besides this, the study found out the most sensitive echocardiographic indexes for detecting systolic and diastolic dysfunction are, respectively, the ratio E/A and the percent of endocardial shortening.

Fundamento: La estenosis aórtica supravalvular (EAo) se utiliza para el estudio de la remodelación cardiaca (RC) por sobrecarga de presión. En este modelo, no están claramente establecidos el comportamiento del RC desde la fase inicial, ni los mejores parámetros para la identificación de la disfunción ventricular. OBJETIVO: 1) Caracterizar, precoz y evolutivamente, las modificaciones morfofuncionales durante el RC en ratones con EAo, y 2) identificar el índice más sensible para detección del momento de la aparición de la disfunción diastólica y sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo (VI). Métodos: Ratones Wistar se dividieron en dos grupos - control (GC, n=13) y EAo (GEAo, n=24) - y estudiados en las 3ª, 6ª, 12ª y 18ª semanas post cirugía. Los corazones se analizaron por medio de ecocardiograma (ECO). Resultados: Al final del experimento, las relaciones del VI, del ventrículo derecho y de los atrios con el peso corporal final fueron aumentadas en el GEAo. El ECO mostró que el atrio izquierdo sufrió una remodelación significativa a partir de la 6ª semana. En el GEAo, el porcentaje de acortamiento endocárdico presentó disminución significativa a partir de la 12ª semana y el porcentaje de acortamiento mesocárdico, en la 18ª semana. La relación onda E y onda A (E/A) fue superior en el GC en comparación al GEAo en todos los momentos analizados. Conclusión: El ventrículo izquierdo de los ratones con EAo, durante el proceso de remodelación, presentó hipertrofia concéntrica, disfunción diastólica precoz y mejora de la función sistólica, con posterior deterioro del desempeño. Además de ello, se constató que los índices ecocardiográficos más sensibles para la detección de la disfunción diastólica y sistólica son, respectivamente, la relación E/A y el porcentaje de acortamiento endocárdico.

Echocardiographic diagnosis of congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis in children / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To study the echocardiographic characteristics and its diagnosis value on congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) in children. Methods Thirty-one patients with SVAS diagnosed by multiplane echocardiography were enrolled in the study. Their echocardiographic characteristics were compared with cardiac catheterization, operation, and gene detection results. Echocardiographic changes were mainly observed in aortic valve, supravalve, descending aortic arch, pulmonary artery valve, main pulmonary artery and its branches,and coronary artery. Results Of the 31 patients,26 had hourglass type SVAS,4 hypoplastic type,and 1 membranous type; 2 patients had extremely mild stenosis (defined as a Doppler gradient <25 mm Hg) ,20 mild (25～49 mm Hg) ,5 moderate (50～75 mm Hg) ,and 4 severe C>75 mm Hg) ones. Nineteen patients were diagnosed with Williams syndrome by gene detection. Three patients were associated with aortic valve stenosis including one missed at the initial diagnosis; 10(32.26%) patients with pulmonary stenosis, including pulmonary valve stenosis in 6, left and right pulmonary artery stenosis in 3 ,and branch stenosis in 1:6 patients with coronary stenosis. Conclusions The sternal border and five chamber apical views are the best to detect SVAS. Williams syndrome patients are prone to SVAS.Pulmonary stenosis echocardiography forms a great proportion of the SVAS patients. Routine examination is necessary for coronary stenosis in cases of SVAS.

Clinical Characteristics of Williams Syndrome

PURPOSE: Williams syndrome(WS) is an autosomal dominant disorder resulting from a submicroscopic deletion of contiguous genes on the long arm of chromosome 7. We evaluated the physical, neurodevelopmental, and behavioral characteristics of children and adults with WS confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. METHODS: The clinically suspicious twelve cases with cardiac anomaly were confirmed as WS with fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) using the bacterial artificial chromosome clone 244H3, which has the genomic DNA sequence of elastin, as a probe. The neonatal history, facial features, associated anomaly including heart disease, neurological and behavioral characteristics were reviewed. RESULTS: During the first year, infants with WS showed irritability(83%), vomiting, failure to thrive(58%), and feeding problems(50%). Inguinal and umbilical hernias were common(67%). The associated cardiac anomalies were supravalvular aortic stenosis(83%), most commonly and peripheral pulmonary stenosis(25%) and coarctatin of aorta(8%). The facial findings were periorbital swelling(100%), full and drooping cheek, thick lips, open wide mouth, full nasal tip(83%). Abnormal facial appearance became more striking during childhood and then more coarse by adolescence. Walking alone occurred at an average age of 24 months. Average I.Q. of about 62, with a range from 46 to 75(62+/-12) was recorded. The perceptual, especially visuospatial and motor funtions were more impaired than verbal performance. Distractibility, poor concentration and talk ativeness were very common. Aggressive behaviour was less common. CONCLUSION: We conclude that molecular genetic analysis of 22q11 should be considered in patients with 1) supravalvular aortic stenosis or peripheral pulmonry stenosis, and 2) facial dysmorpholgy and 3) mental retardation with a friendly, outgoing personality, and 4) miserable infantile life with feeding problems such as vomiting and colic.

Williams Syndrome with Megacoronary Artery

Supravalvular aortic stenosis is a rare cause of left ventricular outflow obstruction in adults. It occurs as an isolated defect sporadically or as a hereditary basis with an autosomal dominant trait without further phenotypical anomalies, or as a part of the Williams syndrome with mental retardation and multiple anomalies. In this report, we present a case of williams syndome associated with megacoronary artery.

Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis Combined with Right Coronary Artery Ostial Obstruction

Supravalvular aortic stenosis is an uncommon congenital narrowing of the ascending aorta that may be localized or diffuse, originating at the superior margin of the sinuses of Valsalva just above the level of the coronary arteries. The most common complication of supravalvular aortic stenosis is early onset of intimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. The coronary arterial lesions of supravalvular aortic stenosis are dilatation or coronary artery ostial obstruction. We experienced a case of supravalvular aortic stenosis combined with right coronary artery ostial obstruction. A 21 year-old female patient was admitted because of exertional dyspnea and chest pain for 2 months. Cardiac catheterization showed a narrowing of ascending aorta with prominent calcification in the lesion and moderate aortic valve insufficiency. The peak to peak left ventricular-supravalvular aortic pressure gradient was 54 mmHg. Selective coronary angiography revealed as a complete obstruction of the ostium of the right coronary artery. Surgical correction was performed successfully. Postoperative left ventricular-supravalvular aortic pressure gradient was decreased to 22 mmHg. Postoperative clinical course was favorable and she was discharged with good condition. We present a case of supravalvular aortic stenosis combined with right coronary artery ostial obstruction with a review of literatures.

Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis with Aortic Regurgitation / 대한흉부외과학회지

Supravalvular aortic stenosis is an uncommon, congenital narrowing of the ascending aorta which originates just distal to the level of the ostium of the coronary artery. We conducted a successful surgical treatment in a 39 year- old female patient with a congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation who did not show signs of William's syndrome. After we performed an inverted Y-shaped aortotomy toward the noncoronary sinus and right coronary sinus, pantaloon shaped prosthetic patch(Vascutek, Ino, USA) was used to repair the narrowing sinotubular junction. The aortic valve was replaced concommittently using Sorin Bicarbon 19mm. Her postoperative course was uneventful. The patient discharged at 9th postoperative day in good health.

Microdeletion of Chromosome 7 in Williams Syndrome and Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis

PURPOSE: Williams syndrome is characterized by supravalvular aortic stenosis, mental retardation and peculiar facial appearance. Its genetic etiology is considered to be a hemizygotic deletion in Chromosome 7q11.23, which includes the elastin gene. We examined the hemizygotic deletion of Chromosome 7q11.23 in 12 Korean Williams syndrome patients and 8 patients with isolated supravalvular aortic stenosis and performed deletion mapping in the Williams syndrome patients. METHODS: Hemizygotic deletion was determined with fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) using the bacterial artificial chromosome clone 244H3, which has the genomic DNA sequence of elastin gene, as a probe. For the deletion mapping, polymorphism analysis of 10 Williams syndrome patients and their parents was done with 9 dinucleotide repeat sequence polymorphic markers(D7S499, D7S672, D7S653, ELN, D7S2472, D7S1870, D7S2518, D7S675 and D7S669). RESULTS: In the Williams syndrome patients, FISH showed deletion in all. In patients with isolated supravalvular aortic stenosis, FISH showed deletion in one, partial deletion in another and no deletion in the other six patients. Polymorphism analysis showed that alleles at three loci(ELN, D7S2472 and D7S1870) were commonly deleted in the Williams syndrome patients. Paternal alleles were deleted in six patients and maternal alleles were deleted in four. CONCLUSION: Hemizygotic deletion could be detected in Williams syndrome patients with FISH and the commonly deleted loci were ELN, D7S2472 and D7S1870. Most patients with isolated supravalvular aortic stenosis showed no deletion with FISH and the genetic defect should be much smaller than what FISH could detect.

Microdeletion of Chromosome 7 in Williams Syndrome and Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis

PURPOSE: Williams syndrome is characterized by supravalvular aortic stenosis, mental retardation and peculiar facial appearance. Its genetic etiology is considered to be a hemizygotic deletion in Chromosome 7q11.23, which includes the elastin gene. We examined the hemizygotic deletion of Chromosome 7q11.23 in 12 Korean Williams syndrome patients and 8 patients with isolated supravalvular aortic stenosis and performed deletion mapping in the Williams syndrome patients. METHODS: Hemizygotic deletion was determined with fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) using the bacterial artificial chromosome clone 244H3, which has the genomic DNA sequence of elastin gene, as a probe. For the deletion mapping, polymorphism analysis of 10 Williams syndrome patients and their parents was done with 9 dinucleotide repeat sequence polymorphic markers(D7S499, D7S672, D7S653, ELN, D7S2472, D7S1870, D7S2518, D7S675 and D7S669). RESULTS: In the Williams syndrome patients, FISH showed deletion in all. In patients with isolated supravalvular aortic stenosis, FISH showed deletion in one, partial deletion in another and no deletion in the other six patients. Polymorphism analysis showed that alleles at three loci(ELN, D7S2472 and D7S1870) were commonly deleted in the Williams syndrome patients. Paternal alleles were deleted in six patients and maternal alleles were deleted in four. CONCLUSION: Hemizygotic deletion could be detected in Williams syndrome patients with FISH and the commonly deleted loci were ELN, D7S2472 and D7S1870. Most patients with isolated supravalvular aortic stenosis showed no deletion with FISH and the genetic defect should be much smaller than what FISH could detect.

Surgical treatment of Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis / 대한흉부외과학회지

BACKGROUND: Supravalvular aortic stenosis is a rare form of congenital cardiac anomaly involving ascending aorta distal to coronary orifice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We operated 12 cases of supravalvular aortic stenosis between July 1986 and March 1997. Age ranged from 4 to 17 (mean 10.2) years and 11 of them were male. Nine patients had clinical features of Williams syndrome. We experienced two types of supravalvular aortic stenosis, including 10 hour glass type and 2 diffuse type. RESULTS: Preoperative transaortic pressure gradient ranged from 40 to 180 (mean 92) mmHg by cardiac catheterization. Pulmonary stenosis was associated in 5 and 2 of them required angioplasty. Operative techniques included 6 standard aortoplasty with elliptical patch, 4 extended aortoplasty with inverted Y shaped patch, and 2 modified Brom's repair. There were no operative deaths. Postoperative echocardiographic evaluation was done at a mean interval of 12 months. Grade I or II aortic regurgitation was found in 3 cases. Postoperative cardiac catheterization revealed a mean transaortic pressure gradient of 26 (range 0 to 75) mmHg. A mean pressure drop was 78 (range 30 to 114) mmHg. All patients were followed up for a mean of 40 (range 1 to 67) months with uneventful clinical course. CONCLUSIONS: Our data proved the low mortality and excellent hemodynamic improvement after surgical relief of supravalvular aortic stenosis in children.

A Case of Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis

Supravalvular aortic stenosis may be defined as an obstructive congenital deformity of the ascending aorta whitch originates just distal to the level of the origins of the coronary arteries, and whitch includes a wide spectrum of pathologic changes. A 27 years-old-female was admitted because of further evaluation of known some heart disease. Clinical diagnosis of supravalvular aortic stenosis was made by echocardiography and angiography. We presented a case of supravalvular aortic stenosis with a review of literature.