Affordability and quality of cross-border reproductive care from the perspective of surrogacy mediating agencies in Spain / Asequibilidad y calidad de la atención reproductiva transfronteriza desde la perspectiva de las agencias mediadoras de gestación por sustitución en españa

RESUMEN La gestación por sustitución contribuye a la transformación de las concepciones sociales de la filiación y los cambios en las estrategias reproductivas de las familias. En la presente contribución se relaciona la teoría de la atención reproductiva transfronteriza con las teorías posmodernas de la vida familiar, con el propósito de explorar qué temáticas, elementos y contenidos utilizan las agencias intermediarias de gestación por sustitución que tienen por destinatarios a las madres y padres de intención españoles. Se utiliza la metodología cualitativa y la técnica de análisis de contenido temático tras el registro de la información online recogida de las agencias. Los resultados evidencian el papel de estas agencias mediadoras en los procesos de gestación por sustitución en España, además de generar conocimiento en el área de las nuevas formas familiares constituidas mediante técnicas de reproducción asistida.

ABSTRACT Substitution pregnancy contributes to the transformation of social conceptions of filiation and changes in the reproductive strategies of families. This contribution relates the theory of cross-border reproductive care with post-modern theories of family life in order to explore which themes, elements and contents are used by intermediary surrogate pregnancy agencies which target Spanish mothers and fathers. The qualitative methodology and the technique of thematic content analysis after registration of the online information collected from the agencies is used. The results show the role of these intermediary agencies in the process of gestation by substitution in Spain, as well as generating knowledge in the area of new family forms constituted by assisted reproduction techniques.

Implicaciones éticas y jurídicas de la maternidad subrogada: aproximación a una visión europea / Ethical and juridical implications relating to surrogate pregnancy: an overview from a european perspective / Implicações éticas e jurídicas da maternidade por substituição: aproximação de uma visão europeia

Resumen: avances biotecnológicos son abrumadores y la realidad social cambia con ellos. En efecto, la nueva ley en España sobre los matrimonios homosexuales ha propiciado que parejas de mujeres y de hombres que se casan puedan procrear no solo mediante la adopción, sino también por la fecundación in vitro. Así, la gestación por sustitución se está convirtiendo en la vía preferente para que parejas heterosexuales u homosexuales con problemas específicos, parejas de hombres y para el varón sin pareja puedan tener descendencia. Esta situación crea múltiples conflictos éticos y jurídicos difíciles de resolver: filiación del menor, mercantilización de la mujer, instrumentalización y compraventa de niños, etc. En este artículo se analizarán los aspectos bioéticos en conflicto, sin olvidar la regulación jurídica que existe al respecto.

Abstract: We find ourselves in a time of far reaching biotechnological breakthroughs and alongside with this, society is also experiencing changes. In this sense, new regulations regarding homosexual marriage have opened an scenario where same sex couples of men or women, may "procreate", not only by means of adoption - not permitted for homosexual couples in many countries - but also through in vitro fertilization. For this reason, surrogate pregnancy is becoming the option of choice enabling heterosexual couples with specific problems, male couples, and males without a female partner to have a child. Indeed, as surrogate pregnancy techniques proliferates, ethical conflicts arise: the possibility of men to have their own children, problems relating filiation, instrumentalization of women and babies, legal solutions given by different European countries. In this article, both bioethical and legal issues regarding surrogate pregnancy will be analyse looking for the best interest of the minors.

Resumo: Os avanços biotecnológicos são avassaladores e a realidade social se transforma com eles. Com efeito, a nova lei espanhola sobre o casamento homossexual tem propiciado que casais de mulheres e de homens que se casam possam procriar não só através da adoção, mas também por fertilização in vitro. Assim, a gestação por substituição está se tornando a alternativa preferida para que casais heterossexuais ou homossexuais com problemas específicos, casais de homens e homens solteiros possam ter filhos. Esta situação cria vários conflitos éticos e jurídicos que são difíceis de resolver: filiação da criança, mercantilização da mulher, instrumentalização e compra e venda de crianças, etc. Este artigo irá analisar os aspectos bioéticos, sem esquecer a regulação jurídica a este respeito.

Current issues on a standard for surrogate pregnancy procedures / 대한생식의학회지

While Korea does not have any legal statement on surrogacy, treatments are carried out in practice. As a result, every Institutional Review Board (IRB) of each fertility clinic faces an ethical predicament in reviewing each case. There is a need to arrange the institutions' own standards of surrogate pregnancy procedures before the establishment of national or professional regulation. This article examines the legal, social, and medical issues of surrogacy to help IRBs to judge their cases.

A Successful Surrogate Pregnancy in a Patient with Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome / 대한산부인과학회지

Lack of mullerian development (Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome) is characterized by absence of apparent vagina and/or uterus, normal secondary sexual characteristics, normal reproductive hormonal profile, and a relatively common cause of primary amenorrhea about 1 in 4,000 female births and also cause of primary infertility. Management for these women comprise of construction of neovagina for sexual life. In 1985, the first report of a successful pregnancy through the uterine surrogacy was made. It is being possible for these women to have new opportunity of getting her own genetic offspring. Since ovarian activity is completely preserved in patients, controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is similar to any other IVF case that is with urinary or recombinant gonadotropins following GnRH agonist down regulation. Genetic offspring can be achieved by cellection of oocytes from the genetic mather, in-vitro-fertilization by the genetic father, and placement into a surrogate carrier. We have experienced a case of successful surrogate pregnancy in a patient with congenital absence of vagina and uterus.

A Successful Surrogate Gestational Pregnancy after IVF-ET in a Patient with Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome / 대한산부인과학회잡지

The first pregnancy following in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and the subsequent transfer to the surrogate was reported in 1985. Afterward, IVF-surrogacy became a viable reproductive alternative for couples who would otherwise be unable to produce a genetic child. We have experienced a case of successful surrogate pregnancy in patient with congenital absence of vagina (Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome). After oocyte retrieval through the neovagina, the embryo transfer was performed to a surrogate gestational mother. Two male babies (2,790 gm, 2020 gm) were delivered at 36+3 weeks of gestation.

A Successful Uterine Surrogate Pregnancy Via Oocyte Retrieval Through the Neovagina in a Patient with Mayer-Rokitansky-K ster-Hauser Syndrome / 대한산부인과학회잡지

Congenital absence of vagina (Mayer-Rokitansky-K ster-Hauser Syndrome) is the second most common etiology of primary amenorrhea and also cause of primary infertility. Management for these women comprise of construction of neovagina for sexual life and screening for associated congenital anomalies and planning of getting her own genetic offspring. As associated assisted reproductive technologies involving in vitro fertilization and embryos transfer to surrogate mother become realizing, it is being possible for these women to have new opportunity of getting her own genetic baby. In most cases, oocyte retrieval for uterine surrogate program have been performed laparoscopically because of difficulty of oocyte retrieval via neovagina. But we have experienced a case of successful surrogate pregnancy via oocyte retrieval through the neovagina in a patient with congenital absence of vagina, so report it after following observation of the babies for 3 years.