Efficacy of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract on Earias vittella, Fabricius, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): environment sustainable approach

Abstract Earias vittellaFabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is deliberated to be one of the most destructive pests of cotton and okra vegetation in the world including Asia. The pest has established resistance to various synthetic insecticides. The use of bio-pesticide is one of the unconventional approaches to develop a vigorous ecosystem without harming non- target pests and beneficial natural insect fauna. In the present study, the toxicity levels of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract have been evaluated against the populations of E. vittellaunder standardized laboratory conditions. The toxic effects of C. colocynthis on development periods, protein contents and esterase activity of the life stages of E. vittella were also evaluated. The toxicity levels of methanol, ethanol, hexane, water and profenofos were evaluated on the 1st instar larvae of E. vittella. LC30 and LC80 concentrations exhibited the effectiveness of methanol-based C. colocynthis seed extract against 1st instar larvae of E. vitella. The enhanced larval and pupal periods were revealed in treated samples during the comparison with untreated samples. The intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate in the LC30 and LC80 concentrations exposed larvae remained less than the control treatment. Fecundity, the esterase activity and protein contents were declined in LC30 and LC80 treated samples as compared to the control. The present findings suggest that C. colosynthis extracts based botanical insecticides are beneficial, ecosystem sustainable and can be integrated with insect management programs from environment safety perspective.

Resumo Earias vittella Fabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) é considerada uma das pragas mais destrutivas de algodão e quiabo no mundo, incluindo a Ásia. Essa praga estabeleceu resistência a vários inseticidas sintéticos. O uso de biopesticidas é uma das abordagens não convencionais para desenvolver um ecossistema saudável sem prejudicar as pragas não alvo e a fauna natural benéfica de insetos. No presente estudo, os níveis de toxicidade do extrato de semente de Citrullus colocynthis foram avaliados nas populações de E. vittella em condições de laboratório padronizadas. Os efeitos tóxicos de C. colocynthis nos períodos de desenvolvimento, conteúdo de proteína e atividade esterase das fases de vida de E. vittella também foram avaliados. Os níveis de toxicidade de metanol, etanol, hexano, água e profenofós foram avaliados em larvas de 1º instar de E. vittella. As concentrações de LC30 e LC80 apresentaram eficácia do extrato de sementes de C. colocynthis à base de metanol contra larvas de 1º instar de E. vittella. Os períodos larval e pupal aumentados foram revelados nas amostras tratadas durante a comparação com as amostras não tratadas. A taxa intrínseca de aumento e a taxa reprodutiva líquida nas concentrações de larvas expostas LC30 e LC80 permaneceram menores do que o tratamento controle. A fecundidade, a atividade da esterase e o conteúdo de proteína diminuíram nas amostras tratadas com LC30 e LC80 em comparação com o controle. As presentes descobertas sugerem que os extratos de C. colocynthis à base de inseticidas botânicos são benéficos, sustentáveis para o ecossistema e podem ser integrados com programas de manejo de insetos do ponto de vista da segurança ambiental.

Efficacy of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract on Earias vittella, Fabricius, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): environment sustainable approach / Eficácia do extrato de semente de Citrullus colocynthis em Earias vittella Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): abordagem ambiental sustentável

Abstract Earias vittellaFabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is deliberated to be one of the most destructive pests of cotton and okra vegetation in the world including Asia. The pest has established resistance to various synthetic insecticides. The use of bio-pesticide is one of the unconventional approaches to develop a vigorous ecosystem without harming non- target pests and beneficial natural insect fauna. In the present study, the toxicity levels of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract have been evaluated against the populations of E. vittellaunder standardized laboratory conditions. The toxic effects of C. colocynthis on development periods, protein contents and esterase activity of the life stages of E. vittella were also evaluated. The toxicity levels of methanol, ethanol, hexane, water and profenofos were evaluated on the 1st instar larvae of E. vittella. LC30 and LC80 concentrations exhibited the effectiveness of methanol-based C. colocynthis seed extract against 1st instar larvae of E. vitella. The enhanced larval and pupal periods were revealed in treated samples during the comparison with untreated samples. The intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate in the LC30 and LC80 concentrations exposed larvae remained less than the control treatment. Fecundity, the esterase activity and protein contents were declined in LC30 and LC80 treated samples as compared to the control. The present findings suggest that C. colosynthis extracts based botanical insecticides are beneficial, ecosystem sustainable and can be integrated with insect management programs from environment safety perspective.

Resumo Earias vittella Fabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) é considerada uma das pragas mais destrutivas de algodão e quiabo no mundo, incluindo a Ásia. Essa praga estabeleceu resistência a vários inseticidas sintéticos. O uso de biopesticidas é uma das abordagens não convencionais para desenvolver um ecossistema saudável sem prejudicar as pragas não alvo e a fauna natural benéfica de insetos. No presente estudo, os níveis de toxicidade do extrato de semente de Citrullus colocynthis foram avaliados nas populações de E. vittella em condições de laboratório padronizadas. Os efeitos tóxicos de C. colocynthis nos períodos de desenvolvimento, conteúdo de proteína e atividade esterase das fases de vida de E. vittella também foram avaliados. Os níveis de toxicidade de metanol, etanol, hexano, água e profenofós foram avaliados em larvas de 1º instar de E. vittella. As concentrações de LC30 e LC80 apresentaram eficácia do extrato de sementes de C. colocynthis à base de metanol contra larvas de 1º instar de E. vittella. Os períodos larval e pupal aumentados foram revelados nas amostras tratadas durante a comparação com as amostras não tratadas. A taxa intrínseca de aumento e a taxa reprodutiva líquida nas concentrações de larvas expostas LC30 e LC80 permaneceram menores do que o tratamento controle. A fecundidade, a atividade da esterase e o conteúdo de proteína diminuíram nas amostras tratadas com LC30 e LC80 em comparação com o controle. As presentes descobertas sugerem que os extratos de C. colocynthis à base de inseticidas botânicos são benéficos, sustentáveis ​​para o ecossistema e podem ser integrados com programas de manejo de insetos do ponto de vista da segurança ambiental.

Reabilitação estética e funcional inferior com aumento de dimensão vertical de oclusão: relato de caso / Lower aesthetic and functional rehabilitation with increased vertical dimension of occlusion: case report

Os hábitos parafuncionais são caracterizados como movimentos involuntários e multifatoriais, podendo ter como principais fatores causais o estresse e a ansiedade. Essa condição acarreta, muitas vezes, na diminuição da dimensão vertical de oclusão por conta do desgaste dentário, prejudicando mastigação, fonação, estética e funções, sendo, portanto, de suma importância seu diagnóstico e tratamento. Aquele se dá através da anamnese, associado ao exame clínico e, se necessário, exames complementares. A abordagem clínico-terapêutica é ampla e multidisciplinar, devendo atuar no fator causal e suas consequências, existindo uma gama de possibilidades terapêuticas, tornando, por isso, um tratamento complexo. Por tal, o presente estudo aborda uma opção de tratamento em um relato de um caso clínico onde o paciente apresentava perda de dimensão vertical de oclusão, desgastes dentários e queixas funcionais e estéticas. A técnica se deu por meio do aumento da dimensão vertical através de Table Tops e facetas anteriores, ambas em resina composta atrelado ao aconselhamento multidisciplinar. Este trabalho mostrou a importância da realização de uma técnica reabilitadora correta, pois a sobrecarga e a perda de dimensão vertical podem gerar danos ao sistema estomatognático, prejudicando a articulação temporomandibular, ligamentos, músculos e dentes. Nesse contexto, conclui-se que é de suma importância uma avaliação minuciosa do paciente, tendo um planejamento correto do caso para um correto tratamento e um prognóstico positivo(AU)

Parafunctional habits are characterized as involuntary and multifactorial movements, and the main causal factors may be stress and anxiety. This condition often leads to a decrease in the vertical dimension of occlusion due to tooth wear, impairing chewing, phonation, aesthetics and functions, and therefore its diagnosis and treatment are of supreme importance. The former takes place through anamnesis, associated with a clinical examination and, if necessary, additional tests. The clinicaltherapeutic approach is wide and multidisciplinary and must operate on the causal factor and its consequences, with a range of therapeutic possibilities, turning it a complex treatment. Therefore, the study presents a treatment of a case report where the patient had loss of vertical dimension of occlusion, dental wear and functional and aesthetic complaints. The technique was performed by increasing the vertical dimension through Table Tops and anterior veneers, both in composite resin attached to a multidisciplinary advice. This work showed the importance of performing a correct rehabilitation technique, because the overload and loss of vertical dimension can cause damage to the stomatognathic system, harming the temporomandibular joint, ligaments, muscles and teeth. In this context, it is concluded that a thorough evaluation of the patient is very important, having a correct planning of the case for a correct treatment and a positive prognosis(AU)

Percepción de distancia central y periférica, en atletas del equipo nacional de tenis de mesa

El presente trabajo investiga sobre los estudios de percepción en atletas del equipo nacional de tenis de mesa. Tuvo como objetivo proponer ejercicios perceptivo-visuales para la mejora de la percepción de la distancia central y periférica en dicho equipo, a partir de la detección de las dificultades presentadas en el juego en los controles clasificatorios, 2019. La necesidad de realizar estudios que exploren la percepción de la distancia central y periférica en el ámbito de la psicología del deporte revela la importancia y actualidad del tema, por la contribución de este componente del sistema psicorregulador de las acciones motrices, al rendimiento de los atletas durante el proceso de entrenamiento y competencia. Se utilizaron métodos del nivel teórico como el análisis-síntesis y del nivel empírico la observación, la entrevista, la prueba de Vera y Saínz de la Torre para la determinación de la percepción de la distancia ajustada a las características específicas del tenis de mesa y el criterio de especialistas. Los principales resultados permitieron constatar un nivel inadecuado de desarrollo de la percepción de la distancia, en lo referente a los cálculos ópticos motriz, la visión central-periférica y los movimientos desequilibrados en los desplazamientos. Además, se aprecian dificultades en la coordinación y en las reacciones que afectan la precisión, potencia y colocación de los golpeos. Se elaboraron ejercicios perceptivo-visuales para la mejora de la percepción de la distancia central y periférica en el equipo nacional de tenis de mesa que fueron valoradas de muy adecuadas por los especialistas.

O presente trabalho investiga os estudos da percepção em atletas da seleção nacional de tênis de mesa. Teve como objetivo propor exercícios perceptivo-visuais para a melhoria da percepção da distância central e periférica nessa equipe, a partir da detecção das dificuldades apresentadas no jogo nos controles classificatórios de 2019. A necessidade de realizar estudos que explorem a percepção da distância central e periférica no campo da psicologia do esporte revela a importância e a atualidade do tema, devido à contribuição desse componente do sistema psicorregulatório das ações motoras para o desempenho dos atletas durante o processo de treinamento e competição. Foram utilizados métodos teóricos como análise-síntese e métodos empíricos como observação, entrevista, teste de Vera e Saínz de la Torre para a determinação da percepção da distância ajustada às características específicas do tênis de mesa e aos critérios dos especialistas. Os principais resultados mostraram um nível inadequado de desenvolvimento da percepção de distância, com relação a cálculos ópticos motores, visão centro-periférica e movimentos desequilibrados ao se movimentar. Além disso, há dificuldades na coordenação e nas reações que afetam a precisão, a potência e a colocação dos chutes. Exercícios perceptivo-visuais para a melhoria da percepção da distância central e periférica na equipe nacional de tênis de mesa foram elaborados e avaliados como muito adequados pelos especialistas.

This paper research perception studies in athletes from the national table tennis team. Its objective was to propose perceptual-visual exercises to improve the perception of central and peripheral distance in said team, based on the detection of the difficulties presented in the game in the qualifying controls, 2019. The need to carry out studies that explore the perception of central and peripheral distance in the field of sports psychology reveals the importance and topicality of the subject, due to the contribution of this component of the psychoregulatory system of motor actions, to the performance of athletes during the training and competition process. Theoretical level methods such as analysis-synthesis, as well as observation, interview and Vera and Saínz de la Torre test from the empirical level were used to determine the perception of distance adjusted to the specific characteristics of table tennis and tennis, also the specialist criteria method was used. The main results allowed to verify an inadequate level of development of the perception of distance, in relation to optical motor calculations, central-peripheral vision and unbalanced movements in displacements. In addition, there are difficulties in coordination and reactions that affect the precision, power and placement of the shots. Perceptual-visual exercises were developed to improve the perception of central and peripheral distance in the national table tennis team, which were valued as very adequate by specialists.

Consideraciones sobre las presiones ambientales que influyen en el rendimiento del tenis de mesa

El trabajo que se presenta forma parte de una de las investigaciones contenidas en el proyecto institucional "El tenis de mesa para el desarrollo integral del ser humano, sistematización desde la materia Actividad física, deporte y recreación: masificación deportiva escolar". Esta investigación tiene como objetivo valorar, mediante un estudio diagnóstico, si las presiones ambientales afectan la práctica del tenis de mesa en estudiantes de la Universidad Técnica "Luis Vargas Torres", de Esmeraldas. Después de realizar un análisis teórico sobre algunos antecedentes referidos a las presiones ambientales en el deporte, se aplicó un grupo de encuestas, entrevistas, revisión documental y test, para constatar la presencia de presiones ambientales en relación directa con las presiones psicológicas y físicas. Se concluyó que las presiones referentes al público, al límite de tiempo y el marcador fueron las más significativas y como consecuencia, se deben tomar medidas para la prevención de sus impactos, así como ponderar su inclusión en las orientaciones metodológicas para el entrenamiento del tenis de mesa.

O trabalho apresentado faz parte de uma das investigações contidas no projeto institucional "Tênis de mesa para o desenvolvimento integral do ser humano, sistematização a partir da disciplina Atividade física, esporte e recreação: massificação do esporte escolar". Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar, por meio de um estudo diagnóstico, se as pressões ambientais afetam a prática do tênis de mesa em estudantes da Universidade Técnica "Luis Vargas Torres", Esmeraldas. Depois de realizar uma análise teórica de algumas informações básicas sobre as pressões ambientais no esporte, foi aplicado um conjunto de pesquisas, entrevistas, revisão documental e testes para confirmar a presença de pressões ambientais em relação direta com as pressões psicológicas e físicas. Concluiu-se que as pressões relacionadas ao público, ao limite de tempo e ao placar foram as mais significativas e, como consequência, devem ser tomadas medidas para prevenir seus impactos, bem como considerar sua inclusão nas diretrizes metodológicas para o treinamento de tênis de mesa.

The work presented is part of one of the researches contained in the institutional project "Table tennis for the integral development of the human being, systematization from the subject Physical activity, sport and recreation: school sports massification". This research aims to assess, through a diagnostic study, if environmental pressures affect the practice of table tennis in students of the Technical University "Luis Vargas Torres" in Esmeraldas. After carrying out a theoretical analysis on some background related to environmental pressures in sport, a group of surveys, interviews, documentary review and tests were applied to verify the presence of environmental pressures in direct relation to psychological and physical pressures. It was concluded that the pressures related to the public, the time limit and the scoreboard were the most significant and as a consequence, measures must be taken to prevent their impacts, as well as considering their inclusion in the methodological guidelines for tennis training. table.

Nuevos Recursos Digitales y 3D en la Enseñanza de Anatomía. Experiencia Internacional Reportada en el "Sectra Users Meeting 2019", Karolinska Institutet, Suecia, antes de la Pandemia de COVID-19 / New Digital and 3D Resources in the Teaching of Anatomy. International Experience Reported in the "Sectra Users Meeting 2019", Karolinska Institutet, Sweden, Before the Pandemic COVID-19

El uso de nuevos recursos tecnológicos en la enseñanza de anatomía ha impulsado la necesidad de adaptar el modelo educativo haciéndolo más centrado en el estudiante, dinámico y participativo mediante herramientas digitales y 3D; orientando los conocimientos hacia su aplicación clínica, pero bajo un ajuste curricular que tiende a cursar menos horas presenciales en aula o laboratorio. Este trabajo describe la experiencia local de una nueva Escuela de Medicina en Chile, reportada el año 2018, además y otros trabajos de centros formadores presentados en el "SECTRA Users Meeting 2019 Estocolmo", Karolinska Institutet, Suecia. Este trabajo describe los reportes orales sobre la aplicación de nuevos recursos digitales como; la mesa de disección digital táctil SECTRA® y modelos anatómicos cadavéricos impresos en 3D Erler-Zimmer®, bases de datos sobre anatomía digital, además, su impacto en el desempeño académico, reportado por usuarios de diferentes países, tales como: Australia, Canadá, Chile, China, Colombia, Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (EUA) y Suecia. Los datos fueron recopilados y analizados a partir de la información reportada en las presentaciones orales y resúmenes entregados por los expositores. La gran mayoría de los países expositores declararon el uso combinado de recursos digitales y 3D sumados a los tradicionales para la enseñanza de anatomía. Sólo el representante de EUA declaró usar exclusivamente recursos digitales (en laboratorio y en línea), experiencia correspondiente a una joven e innovadora escuela de medicina. La mayoría de los centros docentes declaró utilizar la mesa de disección digital en una amplia proporción de sus contenidos curriculares, en asociación a plataformas tipo RIS/PACS como IDS7 portal de SECTRA o las utilizadas por el centro formador. El uso de nuevas tecnologías digitales y 3D ha ganado un importante espacio en el currículum de la enseñanza de anatomía, complementando el uso de los recursos tradicionales.

SUMMARY: The use of new technological resources in the teaching of anatomy has promoted the need to adapt the educational model, making it more student-centered, dynamic, and participatory through digital and 3D tools, directing the knowledge towards its clinical application, but under a curricular adjustment that tends to take fewer contact hours in the classroom or laboratory. This work describes the local experience of a new School of Medicine in Chile, reported in 2018, and other work from training centers presented at the "SECTRA Users Meeting 2019 Stockholm", Karolinska Institutet, Sweden. This work describes the oral reports on the application of new digital resources such as; the SECTRA® digital tactile dissection table and Erler- Zimmer® 3D printed cadaveric anatomical models, databases on digital anatomy, in addition, its impact on academic performance, reported by users from different countries, such as Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, United States of America (USA) and Sweden. The data was collected and analyzed from the information reported in the oral presentations and summaries delivered by the speakers.The vast majority of the exhibiting countries declared the combined use of digital and 3D resources added to the traditional ones for teaching anatomy. Only the representative from the USA stated that they exclusively used digital resources (in the laboratory and online), an experience corresponding to a young and innovative medical school. Most of the educational centers stated that they used the digital dissection table in a large proportion of their curricular contents, in association with RIS/PACS-type platforms such as the IDS7 SECTRA portal or those used by the training center. The use of new digital and 3D technologies has gained an important space in the anatomy teaching curriculum, complementing the use of traditional resources.

Relevance of Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) for Procurement of Equipments in a Government Medical College and Hospital in North-East India

Introduction: Continuous procurement of various equipments in the hospitals is essential to keep up with global progress of healthcare services. In public sectors, procurement process largely depends on budget sanctions and also by a number of formal procedures and rules which leads to delayed procurement. With this prevalent scenario, the present study was carried out to evaluate the procurement of two major equipments in an apex tertiary care institute using Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). Objective: This study was done to evaluate the procurement of two major equipments using PERT in a tertiary care institute. Method: This study was conducted using Operational Research technique in an apex tertiary care institute i.e., medical college and hospital, in one of the North Eastern states of India. All the procurements related to equipments in that teaching hospital initiated in the financial year 2021 were listed. Out of them, two procurement files were selected by simple random sampling; procurement of Operating Table and Bio Safety cabinet Level – III. Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) was applied to calculate the possible reduction in time in the whole procurement process. Results: The present study showed that procurement of Operating table took 185 days where minimum 8 days could have been saved and procurement of Bio-Safety cabinet Level-III was completed by 702 days where minimum 196 days could have been saved. Conclusion: Application of PERT in this procurement evaluation process can play significant role by calculating critical path and predicting the possible delay.

Perfil Clínico, Autonômico e Escore de Calgary Modificado de Crianças e Adolescentes com Presumida Síncope Vasovagal Submetidos ao Teste de Inclinação / Clinical and Autonomic Profile, and Modified Calgary Score for Children and Adolescents with Presumed Vasovagal Syncope Submitted to the Tilt Test

Resumo Fundamento A síncope, na população pediátrica, tem como sua principal causa, a vasovagal (SVV). Sua avaliação deve ser feita por métodos clínicos e o teste de inclinação (TI) pode contribuir para seu diagnóstico. Objetivos Analisar o perfil clínico, os escores de Calgary e de Calgary modificado, a resposta ao TI e a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) de pacientes ≤ 18 anos de idade, com presumida SVV. Comparar as variáveis entre pacientes com resposta positiva e negativa ao TI. Método Estudo observacional e prospectivo, com 73 pacientes com idades entre 6 e 18 anos, submetidos à avaliação clínica e ao cálculo dos escores, sem o conhecimento do TI. Este foi feito a 70º sob monitoramento para análise da VFC. Valor-p < 0,05 foi considerado como o critério de significância estatística. Resultados A mediana de idade foi de 14,0 anos, sendo que 52% eram no sexo feminino, 72 apresentaram Calgary ≥ -2 (média 1,80) e 69 com Calgary modificado ≥ -3 (média 1,38). Ocorreram pródromos em 59 pacientes, recorrência em 50 e trauma em 19. A resposta ao TI foi positiva em 54 (49 vasovagal, com 39 vasodepressora), com aumento do componente de baixa frequência (BF) e diminuição da alta frequência (AF) (p < 0,0001). Na posição supina, o BF foi de 33,6 no sexo feminino e 47,4 em unidades normalizadas no sexo masculino (p = 0,02). Aplicando-se a curva de operação característica para TI positivo, não houve significância estatística para VFC e os escores. Conclusões A maioria das crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico presumido de SVV apresentaram um cenário clínico típico, com escore de Calgary ≥ -2, e resposta vasodepressora predominante ao TI. Verificou-se uma maior ativação simpática na posição supina no sexo masculino. Os escores de Calgary e a ativação simpática não permitiram predizer a resposta ao TI.

Abstract Background In the pediatric population, syncope is mainly from vasovagal (VVS) origin. Its evaluation must be done by clinical methods, and the tilt test (TT) can contribute to the diagnosis. Objectives To analyze the clinical profile, Calgary and modified Calgary scores, response to TT and heart rate variability (HRV) of patients aged ≤ 18 years with presumed VVS. To compare the variables between patients with positive and negative responses to TT. Method Observational and prospective study, with 73 patients aged between 6 and 18 years, submitted to clinical evaluation and calculation of scores without previous knowledge of the TT. It was done at 70º under monitoring for HRV analysis. P-value < 0.05 was the statistical significance criterion. Results Median age was 14.0 years; 52% of participants were female, 72 had Calgary ≥ -2 (mean 1.80), and 69 had modified Calgary ≥ -3 (mean 1.38). Prodromes were observed in 59 patients, recurrence in 50 and trauma in 19. The response to TT was positive in 54 participants (49 vasovagal, with 39 vasodepressor responses), with an increase in the low frequency (LF) component and a decrease in the high frequency (HF) component (p < 0,0001). In the supine position, LF was 33.6 in females and 47.4 in normalized units for males (p = 0.02). When applying the operating characteristic curve for positive TT, there was no statistical significance for HRV and scores. Conclusion Most children and adolescents with a presumed diagnosis of VVS presented a typical clinical scenario, with a Calgary score ≥ -2, and a predominant vasodepressor response to TT. Greater sympathetic activation was observed in the supine position in males. Calgary scores and sympathetic activation did not predict the response to TT.

Policy evaluation of human organ transplantation based on policy modeling consistency index model / 器官移植

Objective To evaluate the policy of human organ transplantation in China, aiming to provide theoretical basis for further optimizing the policy of human organ transplantation. Methods Based on text mining and statistical analysis, seven normative policies of human organ transplantation formulated by national government from 2000 to 2022 were quantitatively evaluated by constructing policy modeling consistency (PMC) with 10 first-level variables and 35 second-level variables. Results Among the seven policies, six were graded as excellent policies and one as perfect policy, with an average PMC index of 8.476. Except X8 policy audience, the scores of other second-level variables of P5 were higher than or equal to the mean. The scores of all second-level variables of P1 were lower than or equal to the mean. P1 and P5 significantly differed in X3 policy timeliness, X4 policy norms and X6 policy tools. P5 was more specific and relatively comprehensive in these aspects, and its score was significantly higher than that of P1. Conclusions Human organ transplantation policies in China are generally excellent, scientific and rational. Health administrative departments at all levels should pay attention to the grasp of policy timeliness, the combination of policy tools, and fully mobilize the initiative and enthusiasm of all policy audience to participate in organ transplantation management when formulating organ transplantation policies.

Comparison of effectiveness of lower extremity axial distractor and traction table assisted closed reduction and intramedullary nail fixation in femoral subtrochanteric fracture / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the effectiveness of lower extremity axial distractor (LEAD) and traction table assisted closed reduction and intramedullary nail fixation in treatment of femoral subtrochanteric fracture.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 117 patients with subtrochanteric fracture of femur treated by closed reduction and intramedullary nail fixation between May 2012 and May 2022 who met the selection criteria were retrospectively analyzed. According to the auxiliary reduction tools used during operation, the patients were divided into LEAD group (62 cases with LEAD reduction) and traction table group (55 cases with traction table reduction). There was no significant difference in baseline data, such as gender, age, injured side, cause of injury, fracture Seinsheimer classification, time from injury to operation, and preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) score, between the two groups ( P>0.05). Total incision length, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, fluoroscopy frequency, closed reduction rate, fracture reduction quality, fracture healing time, weight-bearing activity time, and incidence of complications, as well as hip flexion and extension range of motion (ROM), Harris score, and VAS score at 1 month and 6 months after operation and last follow-up were recorded and compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#There were 14 cases in the LEAD group from closed reduction to limited open reduction, and 43 cases in the traction table group. The incisions in the LEAD group healed by first intention, and no complication such as nerve and vascular injury occurred during operation. In the traction table group, 3 cases had perineal crush injury, which recovered spontaneously in 1 week. The total incision length, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, fluoroscopy frequency, and closed reduction rate in the LEAD group were significantly better than those in the traction table group ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the quality of fracture reduction between the two groups ( P>0.05). Patients in both groups were followed up 12-44 months, with an average of 15.8 months. In the LEAD group, 1 patient had delayed fracture union at 6 months after operation, 1 patient had nonunion at 3 years after operation, and 1 patient had incision sinus pus flow at 10 months after operation. In the traction table group, there was 1 patient with fracture nonunion at 15 months after operation. X-ray films of the other patients in the two groups showed that the internal fixator was fixed firmly without loosening and the fractures healed. There was no significant difference in fracture healing time, weight bearing activity time, incidence of complications, and postoperative hip flexion and extension ROM, Harris score, and VAS score at different time points between the two groups ( P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#For femoral subtrochanteric fracture treated by close reduction and intramedullary nail fixation, compared with traction table, LEAD assisted fracture reduction can significantly shorten the operation time, reduce intraoperative blood loss and fluoroscopy frequency, reduce incision length, effectively improve the success rate of closed reduction, and avoid complications related to traction table reduction. It provides a new method for good reduction of femoral subtrochanteric fracture.

Os primórdios do tênis de mesa feminino em São Paulo (1902- 1952) / The beginnings of women's table tennis in São Paulo (1902- 1952)

This work aims to reconstruct the beginnings of women's table tennis in São Paulo, covering the first records of women's manifestations in the sport until the debut of a player from São Paulo in international competitions. As a source of research, newspapers of the time were adopted, which recorded names, dates and pioneering associations that are not yet part of the official historiography. It was found that women were excluded for almost four decades from the main regulatory entities of the sport, with their initial participation in women's table tennis restricted to private friendlies and elite events.

Este trabalho objetiva reconstituir os primórdios do tênis de mesa feminino em São Paulo, abarcando os primeiros registros de manifestações de mulheres na modalidade até a estreia de uma jogadora paulista em competições internacionais. Como fonte de pesquisa, adotou-se os jornais de época, os quais registraram nomes, datas e agremiações pioneiras que ainda não fazem parte da historiografia oficial. Constatou-se que as mulheres foram alijadas por quase quatro décadas das principais entidades regulamentadoras da modalidade, tendo sua participação inicial no tênis de mesa feminino restrita a amistosos particulares e eventos elitizados

One?Year Experience after Adoption of an On?Table Extubation Protocol Following Pediatric Cardiac Surgery

Objective:To report our initial experience with on?table extubation following cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease, assessing its efficacy and safety, and the potential for fast?tracking these patients through the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: We decided to implement a multidisciplinary protocol aiming toward on?table extubation following congenital cardiac surgery at our hospital. Between December 2018 and January 2020, 376 patients underwent congenital cardiac surgery. The management strategy involved choosing the patients preoperatively, a specific anesthetic technique, application of a standard extubation protocol, multidisciplinary team approach, and perioperative echocardiogram for assessment of surgical repair. Relevant data were collected and analyzed. Results: Out of the 376 patients who underwent congenital cardiac surgery during the study period, 44 patients were extubated on?table. Although a majority of these patients belonged to Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery?1 score (RACHS?1) 1 and 2 categories, 18% of the patients who were extubated on?table were of RACHS?3 category. This included a wide spectrum of anatomical substrates such as endocardial cushion defects, pulmonary venous anomalies, single ventricle physiology, valvular defects, and others such as cor triatriatum and sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. There was no in?hospital mortality related to on?table extubation. Only one patient was reintubated following on?table extubation resulting in a reintubation rate of 2.27% among those patients extubated on?table. The patients extubated on?table had a shorter ICU stay (25.89 ± 7.20 h) compared with those patients who underwent delayed extubation (59.30 ± 6.80 h). The duration of the hospital stay was also significantly reduced in these patients (91.09 ± 20.40 h) leading to an earlier discharge compared with those patients who underwent delayed extubation (134.40 ± 16.20 h). Conclusion: On?table extubation is an attractive alternative in limited?resource environments to enhance recovery in patients following congenital cardiac malformations. Owing to the lack of significant comorbidities such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in this patient population, corrective surgery for cardiac malformation usually optimizes the cardiorespiratory status. This results in more chances of successful extubation immediately following surgery. However, this requires proper perioperative planning, a careful discussion about the choice of patients, adoption of an extubation protocol, and most importantly, a multidisciplinary team approach. It is associated with low morbidity and mortality, with reduced length of stay in the ICU and hospital. This preliminary study demonstrated that on?table extubation is feasible following congenital cardiac surgery at our center and greatly reduces the intensive care requirements. This article focuses mainly on the decision?making process which determines the ideal candidates for on?table extubation and the anesthetic protocol implemented in a low?resource environment to enable the same

Nivel de conocimiento sobre dieta cariogénica en madres con niños de 3 a 6 años

Introducción: La salud oral tiene un impacto durante todo el proceso del ciclo vital del ser humano. Los hábitos alimenticios inciden directamente en una buena salud bucal, donde la dieta cariogénica es de interés fundamental. Objetivo: Describir el nivel de conocimiento sobre dieta cariogénica de las madres con niños entre 3 y 6 años, bailarines de la Academia Stone en Ecuador. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo trasversal, el universo lo constituyeron las madres con niños en edades entre 3 y 6 años, se trabajó con todo el universo (n=25). Se definieron las variables: criterios que tomaban en cuenta para elegir los alimentos, cuidado de higiene bucal en los menores, frecuencia de ingesta de hidratos de carbonos, primera consulta odontológica, diagnóstico dado y motivo para no asistir a la consulta. Para la recolección de la información se utilizó un cuestionario tipo Likert. Resultados: El 75 % de las madres se basó en una tabla nutricional al momento de elegir un alimento. El 25 % refirió no leer una tabla nutricional por falta de tiempo y el 32 % refirió consumir alimentos fuera de casa los fines de semana. El 20 % no cepillaba los dientes de sus niños. En la primera consulta el 60 % indicó que ya contaban con caries y el 50 % no había asistido a dicha consulta, de estos últimos el 30 % debido a limitaciones económicas. Conclusiones: El nivel de conocimiento sobre dieta cariogénica en madres con niños de 3 a 6 años es insuficiente.

Introduction: Good oral health has an essential impact throughout the human life cycle. The correct eating habits have proven to be effective on good oral health, where cariogenic diet is of fundamental interest. Objective: To describe the level of knowledge about cariogenic diet of mothers with children between 3 and 6 years old, dancers at the Stone Dance Academy in Ecuador. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out; the universe was constituted of mothers (n=25) with children between 3 and 6 years of age, involved all of them in the research. The following variables were defined: criteria they took into account when choosing food for children, oral hygiene care they maintained in children, frequency of carbohydrates, first dental consultation, diagnosis given at the dentist's office, and which was the reason why the mothers not taken their children to their first dental visit. A Likert-type questionnaire was used for the information collected. Results: The 75% of mothers relied on a nutritional table when choosing the food for their children intake. The 25% reported not reading a nutritional table due to lack of time and 32% reported consuming food away from home on weekends. The 20% 20 % did not brush their children's teeth. At the first dental check-up, 60% indicated that they already had caries, 50% had never been attended such a consultation, where from them 30% reported never been attend due to low income. Conclusions: The level of knowledge about cariogenic diet in mothers with children from 3 to 6 years of age is insufficient.

Introdução: A saúde oral tem impacto em todo o processo do ciclo de vida do ser humano. Os hábitos alimentares afetam diretamente a boa saúde bucal, onde a dieta cariogênica é de fundamental interesse. Objetivo: Descrever o nível de conhecimento sobre dieta cariogênica de mães com filhos de 3 a 6 anos, bailarinas da Academia Stone do Equador. Método: Realizou-se um estudo descritivo transversal, o universo foi constituído por mães com filhos entre os 3 e os 6 anos, trabalhamos com todo o universo (n=25). Foram definidas as variáveis: critérios tidos em conta para a escolha dos alimentos, cuidados de higiene oral nos menores, frequência da ingestão de hidratos de carbono, primeira consulta dentária, diagnóstico dado e motivo da não comparência à consulta. Para a coleta de informações, foi utilizado um questionário do tipo Likert. Resultados: 75% das mães se basearam na tabela nutricional para escolher um alimento. 25% relataram não fazer a leitura da tabela nutricional por falta de tempo e 32% relataram consumir alimentos fora de casa nos finais de semana. 20% não escovavam os dentes dos filhos. Na primeira consulta, 60% indicaram que já tinham cárie e 50% não compareceram à consulta, destes 30% por limitações econômicas. Conclusões: O nível de conhecimento sobre dieta cariogênica em mães com filhos de 3 a 6 anos é insuficiente.

An Evidence-Based Review on Shirodhara: A Unique Panchakarma Therapy

Shirodhara is a procedure consisting of continuous pouring of a stream of medicated oil, milk, buttermilk, etc. on the forehead of the patient from a specific height for a specified period. Acharya Vagbhatta has described four types of Murdha Tail i.e., Abhyanga, Parishek, Pichu, and Shirobasti, which is successively more beneficial than the previous one. Shirodhara or Shiroparishechan is one of them. Indication of Shirodhara was found in our ancient textbooks in various diseases like Ardhavabhedaka, Suryavarta, Ardita, Pakshaghata, Hanugraha, Akshishula, Nidranasha, Shirogata Vata and Shirahkampa. In the modern era, it is a very widely used Panchakarma therapy and in this review article, an evidence-based approach is used to define the type, procedure, indication contraindication, mode of action, complications and management and evidence of efficacy etc. of Shirodhara. Based on evidence Shirodhara has been found effective in various disorders like Insomnia, Psoriasis, ADHD in children, Shirah Shoola, essential hypertension, cerebral ischemic stroke and premature ejaculation when accompanied with other treatment modalities. Shirodhara was found effective on subjective as well as scientific parameters or modern biochemical markers parameters in various studies.

Nutrient Consumption among the Bangladeshi Children with Autism

Background: The prevalence of Autism in South Asia is 1 in 93 children, where, prevalence is much higher, 3% in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. Consumption of daily required nutrient is essential for these children like normal ones but sometimes may be neglected. Objectives: This study was undertaken to assess the macro and micronutrient consumption among the children with autism in Dhaka city and compared to the requirement.Material & Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 100 subjects where male-female ratio was 3:2, were studied from urban autism centers Dhaka, Bangladesh. Anthropometric parameters height, weight, BMI and 24-hour dietary recall (individual 3days) were collected following predesigned questionnaire. Data was collected from face to face interview from both parents and center抯 teacher as appropriate. Nutritive value of food was calculated using Food Composition Table for Bangladesh, 2014 using a food software. For statistical analysis, SPSS 20 was used.Results:The average age and BMI of subjects were 11 yrs and 21 kg/m2 respectively. The mean 盨Dvalues (g/day) of protein, fat and carbohydrate intake were 38�, 47� and 116� respectively. The average intake of (mg/day) thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, iron, niacin, and zinc was 0.68�32, 0.46�23, 33�, 144�, 137�, 6.5� 11�and 5.2�respectively. About 94% children consumed only 33% of the required calcium. Nearly 42% children took 67% of the required magnesium. Similarly, half of the children failed to consume 33% thiamine and zinc of the requirement. Conclusions:Consumption of calcium, thiamine, folic acid, and zinc are seemed to be lower than their requirement.

Manifestaciones de la resiliencia psicológica en atletas de alto rendimiento

La presente investigación se fundamentó en las teorías que exploran la resiliencia en el ámbito de la Psicología del Deporte, se planteó como objetivo analizar la manifestación de la resiliencia psicológica en atletas cubanos de alto rendimiento, específicamente en la exdeportista corredora de 800 metros Ana Fidelia Quiroz Moret y en deportistas de la categoría Juvenil y Mayores del equipo nacional de tenis de Mesa de Cuba. Se utilizaron métodos de investigación con predominio de la metodología cualitativa analítica como estudios de caso individual y de grupo, análisis-síntesis, entrevista, análisis de documentos y videos, observación, el cuestionario de Afrontamiento de estrés de Sandín y Chorot y la escala de Resiliencia de Wagnild y Young. Se utilizó el porcentaje como método matemático. Los resultados principales permitieron constatar la presencia de nivel alto de resiliencia en la exdeportista estudiada y niveles medio-alto y alto en los tenimesistas estudiados, se identificaron los factores protectores que influyen en el afrontamiento de eventos vitales y situaciones estresantes. Las conclusiones principales destacaron la necesidad de valorar en los deportistas de alto rendimiento estudiados, las manifestaciones de la resiliencia psicológica de manera particular: los factores protectores de la personalidad, la influencia de las redes de apoyo social así como las estrategias y estilos de afrontamiento al estrés que afloran ante situaciones adversas que se presentan en la vida deportiva, dificultades propias del entrenamiento y la competencia a las que se enfrentan con regularidad, que pueden constituir modelos a tener en cuenta para otros deportistas que se inician.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a manifestação da resiliência psicológica em atletas cubanos de alto rendimento, especificamente na ex-corredora Ana Fidelia Quiroz Moret, de 800m, e em atletas da seleção nacional cubana de tênis de mesa, nas categorias jovem e sênior. Foram utilizados métodos de pesquisa com predominância de metodologia analítica qualitativa, como estudos de casos individuais e de grupo, análise-síntese, entrevista, análise de documentos e vídeos, observação, o questionário de Cópia de Estresse de Sandin e Chorot e a escala de Resiliência de Wagnild e Young. A porcentagem foi utilizada como um método matemático. Os principais resultados mostraram a presença de um alto nível de resiliência na ex-esportista estudada e níveis médios-altos e altos nos tenistas estudados. Os fatores de proteção que influenciam o enfrentamento de eventos da vida e situações estressantes foram identificados. As principais conclusões destacaram a necessidade de avaliar nos atletas de alto rendimento estudados, as manifestações de resiliência psicológica em particular: os fatores protetores da personalidade, a influência das redes de apoio social, assim como as estratégias e estilos de lidar com o estresse que surgem em situações adversas que surgem na vida esportiva, as dificuldades de treinamento e competição que enfrentam regularmente, que podem constituir modelos a serem levados em conta para outros atletas que estão começando.

The present research was based on the theories that explore resilience in the field of Sport Psychology. The objective was to analyze the manifestation of psychological resilience in Cuban high-performance athletes, specifically in the former 800-meter runner Ana Fidelia Quiroz Moret and in athletes of the Cuban national Table Tennis team in the Juvenile and Senior categories. Research methods were used with a predominance of analytical qualitative methodology such as individual and group case studies, analysis-synthesis, interview, analysis of documents and videos, observation, the Stress Coping questionnaire of Sandin and Chorot and the Resilience scale of Wagnild and Young. The percentage was used as a mathematical method. The main results showed the presence of a high level of resilience in the ex-sportswoman studied and medium-high and high levels in the tennis players studied. The main conclusions highlighted the need to assess in the high performance athletes studied, the manifestations of psychological resilience in particular: the protective factors of the personality, the influence of social support networks as well as the strategies and styles of coping with stress that emerge in adverse situations that arise in sports life, difficulties of training and competition that they face regularly, which may constitute models to be taken into account for other athletes who are starting out.

The effects of kinesiology treatment on morphological characteristics of top table tennis players with disabilities / Efectos del tratamiento de kinesiología en las características morfológicas de los mejores jugadores de tenis de mesa con discapacidades

SUMMARY: Sports results of table tennis players with disabilities depend on the functionality level, but also on morphological characteristics. There is an increased risk of obesity in these athletes with disability due to a reduced level of locomotor functionality. The hitherto practice showed that leading table tennis players with disabilities in Serbia did not have an additional kinesiology treatment implemented as part of their training process, which would encourage both strengthening and flexibility of muscle groups relevant for the efficacy of table tennis game, and reduction of body mass and voluminosity. The goal of this paper is to apply an additional kinesiology treatment and determine its effect of on the morphological characteristics of leading table tennis players with disabilities. Eight representatives, table tennis players with disabilities, both male and female, aged between 23 and 52, were included in the additional kinesiology treatment that lasted for nine months. The measures of longitudinal skeleton dimensionality, body mass and volume, subcutaneous adipose tissue and body mass index were analyzed. In order to establish the effects of kinesiology treatment Student's t-test was used, while the results were processed by means of a statistical package SPSS, version 14.0. The values were estimated at p < 0.05 significance level. Male respondents demonstrated statistically significant changes in biceps skinfold (p = 0.05). In the case of female respondents no statistically significant difference was observed in anthropometric space. The additional kinesiology treatment indicates a trend towards reduced voluminosity and body mass of both male and female respondents, but not at a statistically significant level, which is probably the result of an insufficient number of respondents. Continued additional kinesiology treatment should be included in the training process of male and female table tennis players with disabilities, which has not been the case up until now.

RESUMEN: Los resultados deportivos de los jugadores de tenis de mesa con discapacidad dependen del nivel de funcionalidad, pero también de las características morfológicas. Existe un mayor riesgo de obesidad en estos atletas con discapacidad debido a un nivel reducido de funcionalidad locomotora. La práctica hasta ahora mostró que los principales jugadores de tenis de mesa con discapacidades en Serbia no cuentan con un tratamiento de kinesiología adicional, implementado como parte de su proceso de entrenamiento, que fomentaría tanto el fortalecimiento como la flexibilidad de los grupos musculares relevantes para el juego de tenis de mesa, y la reducción de masa corporal y voluminosidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue aplicar un tratamiento kinesiológico adicional y determinar su efecto sobre las características morfológicas de los principales jugadores de tenis de mesa con discapacidad. Ocho representantes, jugadores de tenis de mesa con discapacidad, tanto hombres como mujeres, con edades entre 23 y 52 años, fueron incluidos en el tratamiento adicional de kinesiología que tuvo una duración de nueve meses. Se analizaron las medidas de dimensionalidad esquelética longitudinal, masa y volumen cor- poral, tejido adiposo subcutáneo e índice de masa corporal. Para establecer los efectos del tratamiento kinesiológico se utilizó la prueba t de Student, mientras que los resultados se procesaron mediante el paquete estadístico SPSS, versión 14.0. Los valores se estimaron a un nivel de significación p < 0,05. Los hombres encuestados demostraron cambios estadísticamente significativos en el pliegue cutáneo del bíceps (p = 0,05). En el caso de las mujeres encuestadas no se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el espacio antropométrico. El tratamiento de kinesiología adicional indica una tendencia hacia la reducción de la voluminosidad y la masa corporal de los encuestados masculinos y femeninos, pero no a un nivel estadísticamente significativo, lo que probablemente sea el resultado de un menor número de encuestados. El tratamiento kinesiológico continuo debe incluirse en el proceso de formación de los jugadores de tenis de mesa con discapacidad, lo que no ha sido el caso hasta el momento.

Biology of Trichogramma marandobai and T. manicobai (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in eggs of Erinnyis ello (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

ABSTRACT Parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma are promising for the biological control of insect pests in several crops, including cassava, which is severely attacked by Erinnyis ello L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Evaluating the biological aspects of these parasitoids to understand their dynamics is an important step towards the implementation of this control strategy in the field. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the biology of Trichogramma manicobai Brun, Moraes & Soares, 1984, and T. marandobai Brun, Moraes & Soares, 1986 in E. ello eggs. The parasitoids were obtained by collecting E. ello eggs from a commercial production of cassava, and the host's eggs were obtained from laboratory and greenhouse rearings. The average duration of a generation (T), net reproduction rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), and the finite rate of increase (λ) were estimated, and from these, the fertility life table was calculated. The results indicated that T. marandobai has both higher net reproduction rate and a higher intrinsic rate of increase as well as requires less time to double its population than T. manicobai. Thus, T. marandobai has potential for natural and conservative biological control of E. ello. In addition, its potential in applied biological control should be evaluated through studies on the viability of its mass rearing in alternative hosts and its dispersion behavior in the field.

Perda potencial em anos de vida decorrente da Covid-19 nas regiões brasileiras: avaliação dos seis primeiros meses da pandemia / Potential loss in years of life arising from COVID-19 in Brazilian regions: evaluation of the six first months of pandemic / Pérdida potencial en años de vida por Covid-19 en las regiones brasileñas: evaluación de los seis primeros meses de pandemia

A presente nota de pesquisa estima o impacto das mortes por Covid-19 sobre a esperança de vida no Brasil e regiões para os primeiros seis meses de 2020. Com base nos dados do Datasus e nas tábuas de vida com decremento simples, estimou-se que as mortes por Covid-19 ocorridas até 18 de agosto de 2020 tiveram impacto estatisticamente negativo na esperança de vida ao nascer, tanto masculina (-1,05 ano) quanto feminina (-0,85 ano). Em termos regionais, a maior perda em anos de vida é estimada no Norte (-1,65 ano para homens e -1,48 ano para mulheres), enquanto o Sul foi a região com menor impacto (-0,5 ano para homens e -0,36 para mulheres). Os resultados do modelo logístico para o país apontam que a mortalidade por Covid-19 tende a ser maior entre a população com mais de 65 anos, homens, pretos e de baixa instrução. As comorbidades aumentam a chance de desfecho morte, especialmente doença hepática e renal crônica. Tais análises foram ainda desagregadas por grandes regiões brasileiras.

This research note estimates the impact of deaths by Covid-19 on life expectancy in Brazil and the Regions for the first six months of 2020. Based on data from Datasus and the decreasing life tables, it was estimated that deaths by Covid-19 that occurred until August 18, 2020 had a statistically negative impact on life expectancy at birth, both male (-1.05 years) and female (-0.85 years). In regional terms, the greatest loss in years of life is estimated in the North (-1.65 years for men and -1.48 years for women), while in the South it was -0.5 year for men and -0.36 for women. The results of the logistic model for the country show that Covid-19 mortality tends to be higher among males, blacks, people with low education level and people over 65 years old. Comorbidities increase the chance of death, especially liver disease and chronic kidney disease. Such analyzes were further disaggregated by large Brazilian regions.

Esta nota de investigación estima el impacto de las muertes por Covid-19 en la esperanza de vida en Brasil y sus regiones durante los primeros seis meses de 2020. Con base en los datos de Datasus y de las tablas de vida decrecientes, se estimó que las muertes por Covid-19 que ocurrieron hasta el 18 de agosto de 2020 tuvieron un impacto estadísticamente negativo en la esperanza de vida al nacer, tanto en hombres (−1,05 años) como en mujeres (−0,85 año). En términos regionales, la mayor pérdida en años de vida se estima en el Norte (−1,65 año para los hombres y −1,48 años para las mujeres), mientras que en el Sur fue de −0,5 años para los hombres y −0,36 para las mujeres. Los resultados del modelo logístico para el país muestran que la mortalidad por Covid-19 tiende a ser mayor entre la población mayor de 65 años, hombres, afrobrasileros y de bajo nivel educativo. Las comorbilidades aumentan la probabilidad de muerte, especialmente la enfermedad hepática y la enfermedad renal crónica. Dichos análisis se desglosaron aun más por grandes regiones brasileñas.

Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação de 2017-2018 no Brasil: implementação e análise / National Food Survey 2017-2018 in Brazil: implementation and analisys

A avaliação do consumo alimentar da população brasileira é uma preocupação de longa data. Os primeiros dados de amplitude nacional sobre alimentação dos brasileiros foram publicados a partir do Estudo Nacional de Despesa Familiar (ENDEF) entre 1974-1975. Por serem baseados na pesagem dos alimentos consumidos nos domicílios durante uma semana, os dados retratavam o consumo do domicílio, ou seja, não captavam o consumo individual. A partir de então, os dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (POF) vem sendo usados para a avaliação da alimentação no Brasil. As primeiras POF realizadas em 1987-1988, 1995-1996 e em 2002-2003, permitiam estimar o consumo a partir da aquisição domiciliar de alimentos no período de uma semana. Ou seja, somente os alimentos que foram adquiridos e que passaram pelo domicílio são analisados. Os dados das refeições realizadas fora do domicílio não são considerados, portanto, não permitem avaliar o consumo individual em sua totalidade. A fim de solucionar essa limitação, as duas últimas POF realizadas em 2008-2009 e 2017-2018, adicionaram informações do consumo alimentar individual em uma subamostra da pesquisa. Esses dados permitem fazer avaliações a nível individual, caracterizando melhor o consumo de alimentos por sexo, faixa etária, e outras variáveis sociodemográficas. Esta tese apresenta as etapas de desenvolvimento do bloco de consumo alimentar pessoal da POF de 2017-2018, aqui referido como Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação (INA) , realizado pelo IBGE. O objetivo deste trabalho é documentar o processo de desenvolvimento dos instrumentos, da base de dados e de adequações para comparações temporais do INA 2017-2018 com o INA 2008-2009, bem como apresentar os alimentos mais frequentemente consumidos nos dois inquéritos e a evolução do consumo na última década. Para o INA 2017-2018, foram coletados dois recordatórios de 24 horas em dias não consecutivos de 46.164 indivíduos com 10 anos ou mais de idade, representando uma subamostra de 34,7% da amostra geral da POF. Todas as alterações metodológicas sofridas de um inquérito para o outro, como: mudança do instrumento de coleta e da tabela de composição dos alimentos, atualização da base de dados, adições de novas variáveis como itens de adição e ocasiões de consumo estão descritas neste trabalho. As mudanças na coleta de dados aprimoraram o instrumento que apresentou menor sub-relato no inquérito mais recente. A mudança na tabela de composição para a Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos (TBCA), em reanálise dos dados de 2008-2009 representou mudanças de estimativas de energia, macronutrientes e minerais menores do que 15%, com exceção das gorduras trans e selênio, com médias 40% e 52% menores na TBCA.Na comparação dos dois inquéritos constatou-se que embora a população brasileira permaneça comendo arroz, feijão, café, pão, carne bovina e legumes como os seis principais itens da alimentação, houve redução na frequência do consumo de arroz, feijão, carne bovina, pães, frutas, laticínios, carnes processadas e refrigerantes e aumento no consumo de sanduíches, independente de sexo, idade e renda. As duas maiores mudanças foram relativas à redução do feijão e aumento de sanduíches, que apresentou estimativa de mais de 4 vezes mais chance de aumento nas brasileiras idosas. Ainda, a tendência de aumento do consumo de sanduíches foi três vezes maior no menor quartil de renda comparado ao maior. Tendência positiva foi a redução de refrigerantes em todas as classes de renda. As mudanças observadas na alimentação do brasileiro nesse período de 10 anos são consistentes com a política de redução de bebidas adoçadas e com a redução da renda familiar no período. Os resultados sinalizam piora na alimentação do brasileiro.

The evaluation of the food consumption of the Brazilian population is a long-standing concern. The first comprehensive data on the diet of Brazilians were those from the National Study of Family Expenditure (ENDEF) between 1974-1975. The survey captures the data of one week family consumption, using weighing method. Since then, data from the Family Budget Survey (POF) have been used to assess diet in Brazil. The first POF was carried out in1987-1988, followed by 1995-1996 and 2002-2003. Estimation of consumption is based on household purchases in a period of one week. Thus, meals eaten away from home are not considered, and therefore, do not allow the assessment of individual consumption.. In order to solve this limitation, the last two POF carried out in 2008-2009 and 2017-2018included a new block of data that collected information from individual food consumption in a subsample of the survey. These data allow making individual-level estimates, characterizing food consumption by sex, age group, and other sociodemographic variables. Development and analytical strategies of the 2017-2018 National Dietary Survey (NDS) included in the Family Budget Survey is shown in this thesis. Thus, the objective of this work is to document the process of selection and adaptation of the instruments, the food database for energy and nutrient analysis and the necessary harmonization with previous NDS of 2008-2009. Also, the foods most frequently consumed in the two surveys and the evolution of the consumption in the last decade was analyzed. For NDS 2017-2018, two 24-hour recalls were collected on non-consecutive days of 46,164 with 10 years of age or older, representing a subsample of 34.7% of the general POF. All methodological changes from one survey to the other, such as: instrument to collect data, food composition databases, new variables added are presented. In addition, results of change in the foods most frequently consumed by the population is presented. Changes in data collection improved the instrument that had the lowest underreporting in the most recent survey. The change in the composition table for Brazilian Food Composition Table (TBCA), in reanalysis of the 2008-2009 data, showed changes in energy, macronutrient and mineral estimates of less than 15%, with the exception of trans fats and selenium, with average changes of 40% and 52% lower in the TBCA. Comparing the two surveys, it was found that although the results show that the Brazilian population continues to eat rice, beans, coffee, bread, beef and vegetables as the six main food items, there was a reduction in the frequency of consumption of rice, beans, beef, breads, fruits, dairy products, processed meats and soft drinks and an increase in the consumption of sandwiches, regardless of gender, age and income. The two biggest changes were related to the reduction of beans and the increase of sandwiches, which was estimated to be more than 4 times more likely to increase in elderly Brazilians. A positive trend was the reduction of soft drinks in all income classes. The changes observed in the diet of Brazilians in this 10-year period are consistent with the policy of reducing sweetened beverages and with the reduction of family income in the period. The results indicate a worsening in the Brazilian diet.