Challenges, Attitudes and Skills of Occupational Therapists towards Pre-Driving Assessments Practices in Malaysia (Cabaran, Sikap Dan Kemahiran Ahli Terapi Cara Kerja Terhadap Amalan Penilaian Pra-Pemanduan Di Malaysia) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#A pre-driving assessment usually involves standardised and non-standardised tests to examine the skills for safe driving of people with disabilities. However, it is still unknown to what extent the pre-driving assessments are being practised among occupational therapists in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association of challenges, attitudes, and skills of occupational therapists towards practising driving rehabilitation and explore the most used predriving assessment. A cross-sectional study had been conducted from July to September 2020. The convenient sampling method was used to recruit experienced occupational therapists in driving rehabilitation. A total of 53 therapists had completed an online survey. According to the results, the bivariate correlation between skills and challenges was positive and strong (rѕ = 0.680, p < 0.05). A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated that workplace variables had a significant effect on the combined dependent variables of challenges, attitudes, and skills, F(3,49) = 4.521 p = 0.007, partial Ƞ² = 0.217. This study found that the most used standardised assessment was the range of motion (n = 39, 73.6 %) and the right and left discrimination (n = 40, 75.5 %). The findings of this study identified that occupational therapists challenges and attitudes are significantly associated with the skills to practice driving rehabilitation. Malaysian occupational therapists working in the government sector reported better skills than those working in the private sector. Furthermore, numerous types of pre-driving assessments were used and vary from setting to setting. This study hopes to benefit occupational therapists and related rehabilitation practitioners towards a holistic understanding of Malaysia's driving rehabilitation practices.

Uso de simulador de conducción adaptado de bajo costo en entorno de realidad virtual en personas con lesión medular tipo paraplejia. Una serie de casos / Use of a low-cost adapted driving simulator in a virtual reality environment in people with paraplegia-type spinal cord injury. A series of cases

INTRODUCCIÓN: La capacidad de conducir un vehículo motorizado impacta en la participación comunitaria de una persona con lesión medular congénita o adquirida. Al respecto, los simuladores de conducción sirven tanto de en­ frenamiento como para determinar la idoneidad para conducir un vehículo motorizado. OBJETIVO: Describir la experiencia de uso de un simulador de conducción adaptado en entorno de realidad virtual en personas con lesión medular tipo paraplejia de origen congénito o adquirido. MÉTODO: Se selec­cionaron 6 usuarios/as con paraplejia congénita o adquirida, entre 18 y 24 años de edad, sin antecedentes de patología visual, con resistencia máxima y sensibilidad completa en miembros superiores. Todos recibieron 8 sesiones de 40 minutos de uso del simulador. Se aplicó evaluación basal, al primero y tercer mes post intervención sobre estado funcional, impacto psicosocial de la asistencia tecnológica (PIADS) y satisfacción usuaria. RESULTADOS: En PIADS, el puntaje para Adaptabilidad es constante con puntuación máxima midiendo en 1 y 3 meses. En el mismo periodo, el puntaje de Competencia sube de 2,6 a 2,7, mientras que Autoestima sube de 2,1 a 2,2 puntos. En la encuesta de satis­facción destaca la valoración máxima y constante en el ítem "Recomendación del simulador". Ninguno de estos cambios fue estadísticamente significativo. CONCLUSIÓN: Los cambios observados en las puntuaciones, aun no siendo sig­nificativos, son positivos y consistentes con los antecedentes teóricos respecto a la valoración de la experiencia de uso de simulador de conducción adaptado en entorno de realidad virtual.

INTRODUCTION: The ability to drive a motorized vehicle impacts the community participation of a person with congenital or acquired spinal cord injury. In this regard, driving simulators serve both for training and to determine suitability for driving a motorized vehicle. OBJECTIVE: To describe the experience of using an adapted driving simulator in a virtual reality environment in people with paraplegia-type spinal cord injury of congenital or acquired origin. METHOD: 6 users with congenital or acquired paraplegia, between 18 and 24 years of age, with no history of visual pathology, with maximum resistance and com-plete sensitivity in upper limbs, were selected. All received 8 sessions of 40 minutes of use of the simulator. Baseline evaluation was applied, at the first and third month post-intervention on functional status, psychosocial impact of technological assistance (PIADS) and user satisfaction. RESULTS: In PIADS, the score for Adaptability is constant with maximum score measured at 1 and 3 months. In the same period, the Competence score rises from 2.6 to 2.7, while Self-esteem rises from 2.1 to 2.2 points. In the satisfaction survey, the highest and constant rating stands out in the item "Recommendation of the simulator". None of these changes was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The changes observed in the scores, although not significant, are positive and consistent with the theoretical background regarding the evaluation of the experience of using an adapted driving simulator in a virtual reality environment.

Aprender a dirigir aos 18 anos de idade: uma visão da psicologia nessa fase da adolescência / Learning to drive at 18 years of age: psychology perspective on this stage of adolescence

É considerada adolescente a pessoa que possui entre 12 e 18 anos de idade. Sendo assim, a mesma pode optar em obter a Carteira Nacional de Habilitação (CNH) aos 18 anos de idade, responsabilizando-se por suas escolhas no trânsito. Esse artigo aborda aspectos gerais da adolescência como limites e aspectos culturais. Também, analisa-se, a aprendizagem nessa fase, com o objetivo de avaliar esses aspectos em conjunto com a obtenção da CNH. A metodologia utilizada foi de pesquisa bibliográfica baseada em livros relacionados à temática do trânsito, à aprendizagem e à adolescência; textos sobre a legislação vigente no Brasil e artigos científicos. Concluiu-se que o psicólogo especialista do trânsito pode auxiliar na conscientização do adolescente quanto às responsabilidades que o mesmo terá enquanto motorista. Verificou-se a necessidade de investir mais em educação para o trânsito de forma que os adolescentes internalizem os comportamentos de cidadania.

It is considered teenager the person between 12 and 18 years old. Thus, this person can choose to get the National License (CNH) at 18 years of age, and be responsible for their choices in traffic. This article discusses general issues about adolescence as boundaries and cultural aspects. Also, it is analyzed learning at this stage in order to evaluate these points in conjunction with the achievement of CNH. The methodology used was based on literature review of books and scientific articles about the themes of traffic, learning and adolescence and current legislation in Brazil. It was concluded that the traffic expert psychologist can assist in adolescent awareness about the responsibilities that he/she will have as a driver. It was recognized the need to invest more in traffic education so that young people internalize citizens' behavior.

Director Jin Lingli’s Experience in Treating Sterility with Methods of Tonifying Kidney Relieving Liver to Remove Sputum and Stasis / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective] To discuss director Jin Lingli’s experience in treating sterility with methods of tonifying kidney and relieving liver to remove sputum and stasis, combining with modern medical methods. [Method] To sum up the pathological factors from the causa morbi, mechanism and types, make corresponding treatment under the causa morbi and mechanism, pathological factors, coordinated with her individual cases for discussing her experience in treating sterility. [Result] The pathological factors: deficiency, depression, sputum and stasis, the disease is mainly treated with tonifying kidney to relieve liver, remove sputum and stasis. In the cases, the type of depressed liver is pregnant with the method combining with modern medical methods. [Conclusion] Director Jin has marked curative effect on sterility with her treatment based on differentiation of signs combining with modern medical methods, her experience is worth others reference.

Practical Assessment of Colour Vision to Certify Fitness for Driving

A patient with red-green colour blindness came to the polyclinic for a medical examination for the purpose of applying for a vocational driving license. He had been driving a private vehicle for years. As he could not read all the plates in the Ishihara, the attending doctor decided not to certify him fit, but referred him to an ophthalmologist. This upset the patient. A review of the guidelines suggests that for colour-blind patients, the Ishihara should not be the standard to assess a patient’s fitness to drive. We propose a simple colour chart that is more practical for this purpose.