Use of dietary supplements by children and adolescents

Abstract Objectives Narrative review evaluating the use of dietary supplements by children and adolescents. Data source The terms "dietary supplements", "children" and "adolescents" were used in combination in the PubMed, MEDLINE, and SciELO databases, between 2000 and 2023, evaluating studies in humans, published in Portuguese, English, French and Spanish. Data synthesis The use of dietary supplements by children and adolescents has increased in recent decades. The most commonly used supplements are vitamins, minerals, trace elements, proteins, amino acids, melatonin, fatty acids, probiotics and energy drinks. Conclusion Despite having specific indications, most of the time they are not prescribed by a healthcare professional. The reasons for use are varied. In children, the main reasons are protection against infections, stimulating growth, and poor food intake, with multivitamins and minerals being the most commonly used supplements. In adolescents, they are used to improve athletic performance and attain the "ideal body", with proteins and amino acids being the most often used nutrients. As they are not regulated by health agencies and are sold without a prescription, their unsupervised use can lead to inadequate doses, with inefficiency or overdose risk. As for compounding formulations, or when available in preparations with multiple nutrients, the chance of errors increases. It is essential that pediatricians advise parents and patients about the indications, risks and benefits, prescribing them when necessary.

The influencing factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with preeclampsia and the predictive value of serum trace elements in the second trimester / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the influencing factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with preeclampsia and the predictive value of serum trace elements in the second trimester.Methods A total of 98 patients with preeclampsia admitted to Qujing First People's Hospital from January 2019 to June 2022 were enrolled in the study.Patients were divided into poor outcome group and good outcome group according to whether they had adverse pregnancy outcomes.The clinical data of all patients enrolled in the study were col-lected and the serum levels of trace elements calcium,copper,zinc and iron were detected in the second trimes-ter.Univariate analysis and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of ad-verse pregnancy outcomes in patients with preeclampsia.The levels of serum trace elements in the second tri-mester of pregnancy were compared between the poor outcome group and the good outcome group.The re-ceiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to evaluate the predictive value of serum trace elements calcium,copper,zinc and iron for adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with preeclampsia.Results Univari-ate analysis showed that compared with the good outcome group,the poor outcome group had significantly higher systolic blood pressure,24 h urinary protein quantitation,and D-dimer level(P＜0.05)and significantly less gestational age and platelet count at admission(P＜0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that 24 h urinary protein quantification,D-dimer and platelet count were the influencing factors of ad-verse pregnancy outcomes in patients with preeclampsia(P＜0.05).The levels of serum trace elements calci-um,copper,and zinc in the poor outcome group were significantly lower than those in the good outcome group(P＜0.05),and the level of iron was significantly higher than that in the good outcome group(P＜0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that the areas under the curves(AUCs)of serum calcium,copper,zinc,and iron in the second trimester of pregnancy for predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes in preeclampsia patients were 0.830(95％CI:0.780-0.880),0.855(95％CI:0.805-0.905),0.847(0.797-0.897)and 0.861(95％CI:0.811-0.911),respectively.Conclusion Adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with preeclampsia are re-lated to 24 h urine protein,D-dimer and platelet count.The levels of serum trace elements calcium,copper,zinc and iron in the second trimester of pregnancy change significantly in patients with adverse pregnancy out-comes,which may become predictive markers of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

The relationship between semen quality and trace element levels in seminal plasma and miR-184 levels in seminal vesicles of male infertility patients / 实用医学杂志

Objective Explore the relationship between semen quality and trace element levels in seminal plasma,as well as miR-184 levels in exosomes of male infertility patients.Methods 155 male infertility patients in our hospital from January 2022 to July 2023 were selected as the infertility group,and another 155 male patients with normal physical examination during the same period were selected as the normal group.Compare the general information,semen quality parameters,trace elements,and miR-184 levels in exosomes between two groups,and analyze the correlation between male infertility patients and the above laboratory indicators through Spearman rank correlation analysis.Results The sperm concentration,total sperm motility(PR + NP),forward motility sperm(PR),average curve velocity,average linear velocity,average path velocity,and average lateral amplitude of sperm head(ALH)in the infertile group were lower than those in the normal group(P<0.05);The levels of Zn,Mg,and Ca in the infertile group were lower than those in the normal group,while the levels of Cu,Pb,and relative expression of miR-184 were higher than those in the normal group(P<0.05);The levels of Zn and Cu elements in male infertility patients are positively and negatively correlated with sperm concentration,total sperm motility(PR+NP),and forward motility sperm(PR),respectively.The levels of Pb elements are negatively correlated with the average lateral amplitude of sperm head(ALH),and P<0.05.The relative expression level of miR-184 in male infertility patients is negatively correlated with sperm concentration,total sperm motility(PR + NP),forward motility sperm(PR),and average sperm curve velocity,with P<0.05.Conclusion The quality of semen in male infertility patients is closely related to the levels of trace elements in semen and miR-184 levels in exosomes.

Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) dietary supplementation ameliorates fluoride toxicity in the freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio L

Fluoride is the organic and inorganic compound of the element fluorine, has detrimental effect to all animals including fish at higher concentration. Ground water with elevated concentration of fluoride is a major global problem including India. On the other hand, Morinda citrifolia (also called ‘Noni’ in Polynesia) is a medicinal plant, has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory properties. The ameliorating effect of M. citrifolia fruit extract dietary supplementation against fluoride induced toxicity on the growth performance, haematological parameters, and fluoride accumulation in the muscular tissue was investigated in the freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio L. for 35 days in triplicate. One hundred and twenty acclimated C. carpio fingerlings were randomly allocated into five experimental groups (Groups I, II, III, IV and V) each with 24 fish divided into three replicates (eight fish/replicate). Group I (Control) and II (Toxic control or negative control) were provided with basal/control diet, whereas groups III, IV, and V were provided with 0.25% (2.5 g/kg), 0.50% (5.0 g/kg) and 0.75% (7.5 g/kg) M. citrifolia fruit extract supplemented diet respectively. All groups except for group I were exposed to 10% of the LC50 of fluoride. Selected growth and haematological parameters were estimated. The fluoride content in the muscular tissue of fish was also estimated following SPADNS method. Results revealed that exposure of sublethal concentration of fluoride significantly (P <0.05) reduced the growth performance and haematological parameters in Gr. II (toxic control) compared to the Gr. I (control). However, M. citrifolia dietary supplementation significantly (P <0.05) improved fluoride induced alteration of growth performance and haematological parameters of fish in the groups III, IV and V compared to Gr. II. Morinda citrifolia fruit extract dietary supplementation also significantly (P <0.05) decreased the accumulation fluoride in the muscular tissue of fish in groups III, IV and V compared to the Gr. II (toxic control). In conclusion, M. citrifolia dietary supplementation ameliorates the fluoride toxicity by preventing the accumulation of fluoride in the muscular tissue of the fish. The M. citrifolia dietary supplementation at 0.25% showed the best response, hence it is considered as the optimum dose.

Role and application of micronutrients in nutritional support for malignant tumors / 中华临床营养杂志

Micronutrients (MNs), including vitamins and trace elements, play an indispensable role in human metabolism, immune function and other aspects. Due to the chronic microinflammation and long-term chemoradiotherapy, patients with malignant tumors often suffer from malnutrition, resulting in different degrees of MNs deficiency. In severe cases, MNs deficiency is closely related to the adverse clinical outcomes. Therefore, reasonable MNs supplementation is of great significance in improving the prognosis and quality of life of patients with tumors. Recently, multiple guidelines have made recommendations on the application of MN supplementation in various clinical settings, providing evidence for the standardized MN supplementation in patients with malignant tumors.

Clinical study of self-made Xiaogan Tiaopi Kaiwei Decoction combined with conventional western medicine therapy in the treatment of infantile anorexia of spleen-stomach weakness / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of self-made Xiaogan Tiaopi Kaiwei Decoction combined with conventional western medicine therapy in the treatment of infantile anorexia of spleen-stomach weakness.Methods:Randomized controlled trial. A total of 100 children with anorexia of spleen-stomach weakness ,who were treated in the First Clinical Medical College of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine between April 2020 and September 2021, were selected as the observation subjects in a prospective cohort study, and they were divided into two groups by the random number table method, with 50 in each group. The control group was given routine treatment, and the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) group was given self-made Xiaogan Tiaopi Kaiwei Decoction on the basis of the control group. The TCM syndromes were scored before and after treatment. The levels of trace elements such as iron, zinc and calcium were detected by atomic spectrometer, the absorptivity of D-xylose was measured by colorimetry. The adverse events during treatment were recorded. After 6 months of follow-up, the height, weight and BMI were measured and recorded, and the clinical efficacy was assessed.Results:The total response rate was 96.0% (48/50) in the TCM group and that in the control group was 84.0% (42/50) ( χ2=4.00, P=0.046). The scores of decreased appetite, anorexia, sallow complexion, abdominal fullness and distention and shortness of breath and laziness to speak and total score in the TCM group after treatment were significantly lower than those in the control group ( t=12.47, 13.42, 14.19, 16.39, 9.15, 17.72, P<0.01). The levels of blood trace elements such as iron [(414.58 ± 57.52) mg/L vs. (350.85 ± 53.33) mg/L, t=5.75 ], zinc [(8.26 ± 1.55) mg/L vs. (7.64 ± 1.37) mg/L, t=2.12 ] and calcium [(77.26 ± 15.30) mg/L vs. (71.05±14.26) mg/L, t=2.10] and urine D-xylose absorption rate [(31.76±5.28) % vs. (27.97 ± 4.61) %, t=3.82 ] in the TCM group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( P<0.01 or P<0.05). During treatment, there was no serious adverse reaction in the TCM group and 1 case of nausea in the control group. There was no statistical significance in the incidence rate of adverse reactions between the two groups ( χ2=1.01, P=0.315). After follow-up, the weight in the TCM group was significantly higher than that of the control group ( t=2.17, P=0.032). Conclusion:Self-made Xiaogan Tiaopi Kaiwei Decoction combined with conventional western medicine therapy can relieve the clinical symptoms, promote the absorption of trace elements and improvement of spleen-stomach function, and enhance the long-term efficacy in the treatment of children with anorexia of spleen-stomach weakness, and it has no adverse reactions.

Protease Production by Submerged Fermentation in Shake Flasks Using Bacillus sp. Isolated from the Soil

Proteases are one of the most industrially important enzymes, which account for about 60% of total enzyme market. Protease production by submerged fermentation in shake flasks using Bacillus sp. isolated from the soil was studied. Soil samples were collected from different locations within Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra state. The soil samples were serially diluted and inoculated on sterilized skim milk agar plates. The plates were incubated at 30oC for 72 h. A clear zone around the colonies gave an indication of protease-producing bacteria isolates. The selected protease producers were subsequently used for shake flask fermentation in 50 ml sterile medium. Optimization study was conducted to determine the effect of carbon sources, nitrogen sources, trace elements, agitation rates and pH. Twenty one bacteria isolates were found to be active protease producers and isolates RS-5 and OS-9 had the highest zone of clearance of 13.5 and 12.1 mm respectively. The result of submerged production of protease by the bacteria isolates revealed that the isolates RS-5 and OS-9 accumulated maximum protease yield of 3.23 and 2.71 U/ml respectively. The isolates were Gram positive and endospore formers, and were identified as Bacillus sp. RS-5 and OS-9.The addition of Starch and maltose stimulated optimum protease production of 3.47 and 2.77 U/ml by Bacillus sp. RS-5 and OS-9 respectively. Beef extract enhanced maximum enzyme yield of 3.35 and 2.90 U/ml for Bacillus sp. RS-5 and OS-9 respectively. Maximum protease yield of 3.28 U/ml for Bacillus sp. RS-5 and 2.85 U/ml for Bacillus sp. OS-9 was obtained by the supplementation of 0.4 g/l of FeS04 respectively. The maximum protease yield was observed at agitation rate of 200 rpm for Bacillus sp. RS-5 and 170 rpm for Bacillus sp. OS-9. At pH8, protease accumulation was highest for Bacillus sp. RS-5 and OS-9. The study revealed that the soil harbours some protease-producing bacteria strains and protease production can be greatly enhanced through optimization of process parameters.

Effects of Se, Zn and Cu levels on chemoradiotherapy related toxicity in patients with locally advanced lung cancer

Lung cancer, with 12% of overall new cancer cases globally, has considerable mortality rate. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the most common treatment modalities apart from surgery. Both, chemo- and radio- therapies, are known to have side affects. Trace elements are reported to influence the radiotherapy related adverse effects in the body. In this context, here, we investigated whether there is a difference in serum Se, Zn and Cu levels in patients receiving chemoradiotherapy (CRT) due to lung cancer when compared to healthy individuals and to evaluate effects of serum trace element levels measured before and after therapy on CRT related toxicity. This prospective study included 50 patients received CRT due to lung cancer and 50 healthy individuals. Serum selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) levels were measured before and after radiotherapy in patients with cancer, while a single measurement was performed in controls. When serum trace element levels were compared between patients with lung cancer and healthy controls, a significant difference was found in Zn level. A significant difference was detected between serum Cu and Se levels measured before and after CRT in patients with lung cancer (P <0.001 and P =0.019). In the assessment of acute toxicity during, a significant difference was detected when Cu and Zn levels measured before and after treatment were compared. Our study indicates significant decreases in plasma Zn and Cu levels after radiotherapy, suggesting paying attention to nutritional status regarding these micronutrients and other antioxidant agents. Thus, Zn and Cu supplementation may reduce adverse effects in patients receiving CRT.

Research progress on the effects of various macro and trace elements on fluorosis / 中华地方病学杂志

Endemic fluorosis is a common biogeochemical disease. Although the etiology is clear, its molecular mechanism is not fully understood. So far, there is no specific method to effectively treat fluorosis, mainly to prevent. In recent years, a large number of studies have confirmed that a variety of macro elements such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and trace elements such as selenium and boron play a positive regulatory role in the occurrence and development of fluorosis, and have different degrees of influence in the body's antagonism against fluorosis. High levels of trace elements such as arsenic, lead, aluminum and chromium are risk factors for fluorosis. In view of the importance of a variety of macro and trace elements in human nutrition and health, this article reviews the latest developments in multiple elements and fluorosis, especially skeletal fluorosis and dental fluorosis, in order to further understand the causes of fluoride-induced health damage, and provide theoretical reference for improving the prevention strategies of fluorosis in a targeted manner.

Meta-analysis on the contents of trace elements in workers with occupational exposure to lead / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To quantitatively evaluate the content differences of trace elements in workers with occupational exposure to lead. Methods: In January 2021, relevant literatures on the contents of trace elements in workers with occupational exposure to lead published from 1990 to 2020 were searched through CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, web of science and Embase. Screened and extracted the literatures, and evaluated the quality of the included literatures with Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Meta analysis was performed with Review Manager 5.3 software, and standardized mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval were used as effect indicators. Results: A total of 20 literatures were included, and the quality scores were 5-7. The results of Meta-analysis showed that compared with the control group, the contents of blood zinc (SMD=-1.01, 95%CI: -1.53, -0.49) , hair zinc (SMD=-0.17, 95%CI: -0.33, -0.01) , hair copper (SMD=-0.50, 95%CI: -1.01, 0) , hair iron (SMD=-3.91, 95%CI: -5.80, -2.03) and hair manganese (SMD=-1.09, 95%CI: -2.02, -0.15) in occupational lead exposure group were significantly lower (P<0.05) . Compared with the control group, the content of cobalt in hair of occupational lead exposure group (SMD=1.41, 95%CI: 0.72, 2.10) was higher, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) . There was no significant difference in the contents of blood chromium, blood copper, blood iron, blood manganese, blood selenium and hair nickel between the two groups (P>0.05) . Conclusion: Workers with occupational exposure to lead have abnormal trace elements.

Effects of radon exposure on lung function and metal balance in mice / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To explore the disturbance of metal element balance in mice after exposure to radon.Methods:Mice were randomly divided into control group, radon exposure of 30 WLM group, 60 WLM group and 120 WLM groups, with 10 mice in each group. After radon exposure with the cumulative dose, the lung function of mice was detected by a non-invasive pulmonary function testing instrument. Mice blood was taken from eyeballs. The lungs, heart, liver, kidney and spleen were also collected. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of lung tissue. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to detect the content of metal elements, including essential trace elements in the body: chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), cobalt (Co), selenium (Se), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and potentially toxic elements: arsenic (As), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), aluminum (Al), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and silver (Ag).Results:Compared with the control group, lung ventilation function of the radon-exposed mice was decreased, alveolar structure was destroyed, and the contents of pulmonary metal elements Cr, Al, Pb, Sn( F=0.34, 0.66, 3.14, 1.16, P<0.05) and essential trace elements Mn, Cr, Zn, and Mo in the blood were decreased( F=0.65, 1.44, 0.97, 2.08, P<0.05), while the elements of Cu, Mo, Se and As in the lungs were increased( F=1.31, 1.26, 0.81, 2.04, P<0.05), and the element contents in other tissues also fluctuated. Conclusions:Inhalation of a certain cumulative dose of radon can reduce the lung ventilation function of mice and induce lung inflammation, as well reduce the content of essential trace elements in the lung and blood so that the content of metal elements in the body fluctuates.

Correlation between serum trace elements and blood pressure in healthy people and patients with hypertension / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To explore the correlation between serum trace elements and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in healthy population and patients with hypertension. 【Methods】 The health examination data of the subjects from our hospital from September 2018 to May 2021 were selected. They consisted of 3430 healthy people with no history of chronic diseases and 216 patients with hypertension previously diagnosed. We measured the levels of serum zinc， iron， calcium， magnesium， lead， copper and cadmium and analyzed their correlation with systolic blood pressure （SBP） and diastolic blood pressure （DBP）. 【Results】 The incidence of low zinc （9.5%） and hypomagnesemia （1.8%） was relatively low， while hypomagnesemia （27.8%） was relatively common in the healthy population. Logistic regression analysis showed that age， BMI and serum albumin were associated with increased SBP and DBP. Fasting blood glucose （OR=1.095， 95% CI： 1.007-1.191） and blood lead （OR=1.006， 95% CI： 1.000-1.012） were risk factors for SBP. Serum total cholesterol （OR=1.244， 95% CI： 1.095-1.412）， serum iron （OR=1.275， 95% CI： 1.114-1.460） and blood lead （OR=1.010， 95% CI： 1.004-1.015） were risk factors， while serum magnesium （OR=0.488， 95% CI： 0.266-0.894） acted as a protective factor for DBP. After adjusting for age， gender， BMI， waist-hip ratio， and smoking history， there was no significant difference in serum trace element levels between the hypertension and healthy control groups. 【Conclusion】 SBP is correlated with serum lead， while DBP is positively correlated with serum iron and lead， but negatively correlated with serum magnesium in normal healthy population. There was no significant difference in serum trace element content between hypertensive patients and healthy control group， but the conclusion still needs to be further verified.

Estimation of some vital trace elements in patients with acute pancreatitis: A case-control study

Abstract Trace elements have an important influence on the living system and play a major role in a variety of processes necessary for life. This case study was conducted as an attempt to expand our knowledge of the relationship between trace elements and their effect on acute pancreatitis. Sixty-five patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis with mean age 43.6 years, along with sixty-five healthy volunteers with a mean age 45.7 years, were included in this study. The obtained results indicated a significant increase in the Cu, Ni and Cr levels, and a significant decrease in the Zn, Mg and Fe levels for acute pancreatitis patients compared with the control group (p <0.001). In addition, a remarkable increase in the Cu/Zn ratio was observed in patients. The current work provides important evidence of correlation between changes in copper and zinc levels and the risk of acute pancreatitis. Also, an increased Cu/Zn ratio may be a useful indication for the diagnosis and monitoring of acute pancreatitis. Moreover, the current study concluded that there is a possible relationship of Mg, Fe, Ni and Cr with acute pancreatitis. Thus, it can be suggested that these elements are reliable to provide indications for warning of the risk of acute pancreatitis.

Translational research in Chagas disease: perspectives in nutritional therapy emerging from selenium supplementation studies as a complementary treatment

Translational research (TR) is an interdisciplinary branch of the biomedical field that seeks to connect its three supporting pillars: basic research on the bench, the hospital beds and other health system services, and the delivery of products for the well-being and health of the community. Here, we review the five transition stages of the TR spectrum, registering the lessons learned during > 20 years leading to the first clinical trial designed and performed in Brazil for testing a complementary treatment for Chagas disease (CD): the selenium trial (STCC). Lessons learned were: (1) to consider all the TR spectrum since the beginning of the project; (2) to start simultaneously animal studies and translation to humans; (3) to ensure a harmonious interaction between clinical and basic research teams; (4) to include MSc and PhD students only in pre-clinical and basic studies (TR0) or vertical clinical studies using retrospective samples and data (TR1); (5) to identify potential suppliers in the national commercial market for a future final treatment since the pre-clinical stage; (6) to keep an international network of experts as permanent advisers on the project. In the whole process, some perspectives were created: a complementary clinical trial for the opened questions and the construction of a Brazilian clinical CD platform.

Evaluations of antioxidant enzyme activities, total sialic acid and trace element levels in coronary artery bypass grafting patients

Abstract Introduction: In this study, patients before and after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and control subjects were evaluated for erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activities, in addition to glutathione, malondialdehyde, serum total sialic acid, lipid-bound sialic acid, total antioxidant status, trace elements and mineral levels. The correlation of these variables with coronary artery disease (CAD) was also assessed. Methods: A total of 30 CAD patients and 30 control subjects were included in the study. CAD patients were divided into three groups: before surgery (BS), first day after surgery (1st day AS) and seventh day after surgery (7th day AS). Results: Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total sialic acid (TSA) levels were significantly higher in CAD (BS) than in the control group (P<0.05, P<0.05). In addition, GSH and TAS levels were significantly lower in the 1st day AS group than in the control group (P<0.001, P<0.01). Moreover, Co, Cu, Mg, Se, V and Zn levels were significantly lower in CAD (BS) group than in the control group (P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.05, P<0.001). Conclusions: It was concluded that the levels of LDL-C, total cholesterol, triglycerides and CRP significantly associated with parameters, as well as Cu, Ca and SOD activity, should be measured together to monitor CAD. It is also considered that measuring TSA and MDA might be an appropriate choice for biomarkers of CAD.

Assessment of total mercury content in tissues of Mullus argentinae in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Avaliação de mercúrio total em tecido comestível de Mullus argetinae coletados no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

This study has as objective to determine total mercury (Total Hg) levels by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 134 individuals edible part of Mullus argentinae, in two different fishing areas and two seasons in Rio de Janeiro State. Also, proximate composition was performed. Total Hg results in wet weight basis ranged from 0.0867 to 0.7476 µg.g-1 in muscle; 0.0023 to 0,1034 µg.g-1 in flippers; and 0.0177 to 0.1849 µg.g-1 in skin. Mean evaluated moisture was 73.39%; protein was 18.76%; lipid concentration of 5.36%; carbohydrates of 2.35%; and ashes were 0.85%.Results showed that Total Hg contents was lower than accepted limits established by regulatory organization. Higher averages were observed in muscle (0.2441 µg.g-1) when compared with skin (0.2386 µg.g-1) and flippers (0.0195 µg.g-1). In general, samples collected on summer showed higher values of total Hg when comparing to winter. Regarding beach areas there was no significant difference (p>0.05). We can conclude that this specie should be cautious consumed because of total Hg bioaccumulation characteristics, although neither levels were above limits established.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o teor de mercúrio no tecido comestível de Mullus argentinae, conhecido como peixe trilha, espécie amplamente consumida no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Foi determinado o teor de mercúrio total (Hg total) por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica em 134 amostras, coletados em duas áreas e estações climáticas diferentes. Além disso, foi avaliada a composição centesimal das amostras. Os resultados de Hg total em peso úmido variaram de 0,0867 a 0,7476 µg.g-1 no músculo; 0,0023 a 0,1034 µg.g-1 nas nadadeiras; e 0,0177 a 0,1849 µg.g-1 na pele. Os valores médios da composição centesimal foram de 73,30% de umidade, 18,76% de proteína, 5,36% de lipídios, 2,35% de carboidratos e 0,85% de matéria mineral. Os resultados das 134 amostras analisadas demostraram que os teores de Hg Total apresentam concentração inferior aos limites aceitos pelos órgãos reguladores. As maiores médias foram observadas no músculo (0,2441 µg.g-1) quando comparadas à pele (0,2386 µg.g-1) e nadadeiras (0,0195 µg.g-1). Em geral, as amostras coletadas no verão apresentaram maiores valores de Hg total em relação ao inverno. Em relação aos locais de coleta não houve diferença significativa (p> 0,05). Podemos concluir que esta espécie deve ser consumida com cautela devido às características de bioacumulação do Hg total, apesar das médias apresentadas estarem abaixo dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação.

Exposição a metais em população adulta residente em áreas industriais: revisão sistemática da literatura / Exposure to metals in the adult population living in industrial areas: a systematic review of the literature

Resumo Este artigo objetivou revisar os estudos de biomonitoramento humano (BMH) que avaliaram a exposição a chumbo (Pb), cádmio (Cd), mercúrio (Hg), níquel (Ni), arsênio (As) e manganês (Mn) em adultos residentes próximo a áreas industriais. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática, sem limite de data inicial até dezembro de 2017, utilizando a base de dados da MEDLINE e a BVS. Foram incluídos estudos originais em inglês, português ou espanhol, com uso de sangue e/ou urina como biomarcador. Os artigos foram avaliados pelos critérios metodológicos, incluindo-se estudos com grupo de comparação e/ou amostragem probabilística. Dos 28 estudos incluídos, 54% foram realizados na Europa, 36% na Ásia, 7% na América do Norte e 4% na África. Fundições, metalúrgicas e siderúrgicas foram as indústrias mais estudadas. Urina e sangue foram usados em 82% e 50% dos estudos, respectivamente. Os elementos mais investigados foram Cd, Pb e As. Embora com metodologias heterogêneas, em geral, os estudos observaram maiores concentrações de metais em expostos, especialmente As e Hg, do que nos grupos de comparação. Esta revisão evidencia a necessidade de estudos de BMH com maior rigor metodológico, reforçando a importância da vigilância em saúde de populações expostas a metais tóxicos, sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento.

Abstract This study aimed to review studies of human biomonitoring (HBM) that evaluated exposure to lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As) and manganese (Mn) in adults living close to industrial areas. A systematic review of studies was selected, without initial date limit through to December 2017, from the MEDLINE and BVS databases. Original studies in English, Portuguese or Spanish conducted among the adult population using blood and/or urine as biomarkers were included. The articles were evaluated according to methodological criteria, including studies with comparison groups and/or probabilistic sampling. Of the 28 studies selected, 54% were conducted in Europe, 36% in Asia, 7% in North America and 4% in Africa. Foundries, metal works and steel mills were the most frequently studied. Urine and blood were used in 82% and 50% of studies, respectively. The elements most investigated were Cd, Pb and As. Despite using heterogeneous methodologies, the results revealed higher metal concentrations, especially from As and Hg in general, than in the comparison group. This review highlights the need for more rigorous methodological studies of HBM, stressing the importance of public health vigilance among populations exposed to toxic metals, especially in developing countries.

Relationship between nutritional status and growth and development of children aged 1-12 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the nutritional status and growth and development of children aged 1 to 12 years old, and to provide guidance for subsequent child health care work. Methods A total of 514 children aged 1 to 12 years old underwent physical examination in our hospital were enrolled, data including weight, height, bone mineral density, serum vitamin A, vitamin D and blood trace elements were detected, thereafter, Pearson correlation analysis was used to discuss the correlation between children's growth and development and serum trace elements. Results Among the 514 children in this study, there were 224 boys and 290 girls, including 86 children in early childhood group, 165 children in preschool age group and 263 children in school age group. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was 7.98% (41/514), with a significant difference among the different age groups, including 22.09% (19/86) in early childhood group, 7.88% (13/165) in preschool age group, and 4.56% (12/263) in school age group. The height and weight of children with vitamin A deficiency were lower than those of children in the same age group, and there was a positive correlation between serum vitamin A concentration and height and weight of children (P<0.05). The detection rate of vitamin D deficiency was 12.06% (62/514), with 16.07% (36/224) in girls, higher than 8.97% (26/290) in boys. The height of children with vitamin D deficiency was significantly lower than that of children with normal vitamin D levels (P<0.05), and the incidence of bone mineral deficiency was significantly higher than that of that with normal vitamin D levels. Serum vitamin D concentration was positively correlated with height in children (P<0.05) and negatively correlated with bone mineral deficiency (P<0.05). In addition, there were 51 children (9.92%) with hypocalcemia. Serum calcium levels were significantly lower in boys than in girls (P<0.05), and the incidence of hypocalcemia was significantly higher in boys than in girls (P<0.05).Serum calcium level was positively correlated with height (P<0.05), and negatively correlated with bone mineral deficiency (P<0.05). There were 35 cases (6.81%) of children with hypoglycemic zinc and 32 cases (6.23%) of children with hypoglycemic iron, and there was a positive correlation between serum zinc and iron levels and children's height and weight (P<0.05). Conclusions Vitamin A deficiency is more serious in younger children than in older children, and vitamin A deficiency affects children's height and weight; vitamin D deficiency is more serious in girls than in boys, and vitamin D deficiency affects children's bone density. Vitamin D supplementation and outdoor activities for girls are recommended. In addition, deficiencies in trace vitamins, including blood calcium, zinc and iron, will also affect children's height and weight, and a proper diet is recommended to supplement the body with essential elements.

Meta-analysis of effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on vitamins and trace elements in obese patients / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective:To evaluate the changes in vitamins and trace elements in obese patients after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG).Methods:A systematic retrieval of the available literature was performed using Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of Science, WanFang data and CNKI databases and studies were selected per predefined eligibility criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata 13.0.Results:A total of 22 studies with 5320 individuals with obesity who underwent LSG were identified as eligible for inclusion. A significant increase was observed in serum 25(OH)D ( SMD = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.16 to 1.03, P = 0.007), phosphorus ( SMD = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.47, P = 0.004) and iron ( SMD = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.31 to 0.61, P < 0.01) after LSG. A significant decrease in serum zinc ( SMD = -0.41, 95% CI: -0.81 to -0.01, P = 0.044) was observed after LSG. But no significant changes in serum calcium ( SMD = 0.11, 95% CI: -0.14 to 0.36, P = 0.385), folate ( SMD = 0.27, 95% CI: -0.08 to 0.62, P = 0.133), vitamin B 12 ( SMD = 0.11, 95% CI: -0.25 to 0.47, P = 0.563) and magnesium ( SMD = 0.53, 95% CI: -0.08 to 1.14, P = 0.09) were observed. Conclusions:The changes of serum nutritional measurements in individuals with obesity who underwent LSG are uncertain. Therefore, it is recommended to monitor the nutritional laboratory values and add supplements when necessary to prevent postoperative malnutrition.

Analysis of the relationship between bone mineral density and BMI, serum vitamins and trace elements in children / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the relationship between children's bone mineral density (BMD) and body mass index (BMI), serum vitamins and trace elements. Methods A total of 319 children who underwent physical examinations at the children's health clinic in our hospital from January 2019 to December 2019 were selected. According to the bone density, the enrolled children were divided into low bone density group and normal bone density group. The relationship between BMD and BMI, serum vitamins and trace elements was analyzed. Results Among 319 children, 183 cases (57.4%) had normal bone density and 136 cases (42.6%) had low bone density. The SOS and Z values of boys were higher than those of girls, while the proportion of low bone density was lower than that of girls, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The SOS and Z values of the 0 to 1-year old group were both lower than the other age groups, the proportion of low bone density was significantly higher than that of the other groups, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The BMI of children in the low bone density group was higher than that of the normal bone density group, the levels of VD, Cu and Zn lower than normal bone density group, and the difference is statistically significant (P<0.05). SOS value was positively correlated with age, height, weight, VD, Ca, Fe, and Zn (P<0.05), and negatively correlated with BMI and VE (P<0.05). BMI, VD, and Zn were all influencing factors for children's bone mineral density (P<0.05). Conclusion BMI, VD, and Zn had a greater impact on children' bone mineral density. Prevention and treatment of obesity and reasonable supplementation of VD and Zn are beneficial to increase children’s bone density.