Assessment of infection status in treponema pallidum antibody-reactive blood donors / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To evaluate the infection status and potential infectivity of Treponema pallidum specific antibody (anti-TP) reactive blood donors, and to provide reference for the key prevention and screening of TP under the current screening strategy. 【Methods】 From February to October 2021, 133 blood donors were tested reactive by two different anti-TP ELISA kits (77 cases were dual-reagent reactive and 56 cases were single-reagent reactive). Syphilis specific IgM antibody (TP-IgM) and IgG antibody (TP-IgG) were detected by Western blot (WB), and TRUST was conducted. The results were analyzed. 【Results】 Of the 133 samples, 24 (18.05%) were positive for TP-IgM, 40 (30.07%) were positive for TP-IgG, and 3 (2.26%) were positive for TRUST. Among them, 12 cases (15.58%) were TP-IgM positive and 40 cases (51.95%) were TP-IgG positive in 77 cases of double reagent reactivity, and 12 cases (21.43%) were TP-IgM positive and 0 was TP-IgG positive in 56 cases of single reagent reactivity. There was no significant difference in the positive rate of TP-IgM between the two groups (P>0.05), while the positive rate of TP-IgG in donors with double reagent reaction was higher than that in donors with single reagent reaction (P<0.05). In addition, among the 133 anti-TP-reactive blood donors, 15 cases were positive for single TP-IgM (11.28%, accounting for 62.50% of the total positive number of TP-IgM, a total of 12 cases of TP-IgM positive among the single reagent reactive patients, and all of them were TP-IgM positive and TP-IgG negative); 30 cases were positive for single TP-IgG (22.56%, accounting for 75.00% of the total positive number of TP-IgG). There were 55 cases (41.35%) who were negative for TP-IgM and TP-IgG, and 8 cases (6.02%) were both positive. 【Conclusion】 The TP-IgM positive donors in anti-TP reactive blood donors are infectious, but the positive rate is not high. Those with single reagent reactivity and single TP-IgM positive are prone to miss detection, which should be controlled. Those who were both TP-IgM and TP-IgG negative and those who were only TP-IgG positive may be false reactivity and the phenomenon of lifelong antibody expression. It is suggested to consider adding TP-IgM detection as a measurement index for permanent deferral of both reagents.

Resultados de una estrategia de vigilancia con prueba de antígeno de SARS-CoV-2 / Results of a surveillance strategy with SARS-CoV-2 antigen testing

Resumen El objetivo fue describir los resultados de la implementación de una estrategia de vigilancia con el uso de test rápidos de detección de antígeno de SARS-CoV-2. Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva entre diciembre de 2020 y marzo de 2021, que incluyó casos sospechosos de COVID-19 evaluados en un hospital público mediante test rápidos y, en los negativos, por test moleculares. Se realizó seguimiento telefónico de los casos positivos y sus contactos estrechos. Se estimaron indicadores de implementación y de transmisibilidad viral (probabilidad de generar transmisión, cantidad de contagios secundarios generados, tasa de ataque secundaria e índice de sobredispersión). Se analizó su asociación con el resultado del test diag nóstico por modelos multivariados. De 1706 pacientes analizados con test rápidos de detección de antígeno, 526 resultaron positivos y 1180 negativos (65 fueron positivos por test moleculares). Se contactaron 579 casos confirmados e identificaron 1669 contactos estrechos (85% con seguimiento completo); 398 contactos fueron positivos durante su cuarentena (tasa de ataque secundaria de 27.9%). De los 579 casos, 205 (35%) reportaron contagios sintomáticos, con un promedio de 0.91 casos secundarios por infector. Se observó sobredispersión de la transmisión. Los positivos confirmados por test rápido tuvieron mayores chances de generar casos secun darios, más casos secundarios por infector y mayor tasa de ataque que los confirmados por test molecular. En conclusión, la estrategia con test rápido de detección de antígeno tuvo una aceptabilidad y cobertura elevada y aceleró el diagnóstico e identificación de los individuos con mayor contagiosidad.

Abstract The objective was to describe the results of a surveillance strategy based on the use of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen de tection tests. A retrospective cohort study was held between December 2020 and March 2021, which included suspected cases of COVID-19 evaluated by rapid antigen tests at a public hospital, with confirmatory molecular tests in negative cases. Positive cases and their close contacts were followed up by telephone. The scope, ac ceptability, follow-up coverage and positivity rate of the strategy were estimated, as well as indicators of viral transmissibility (probability of generating transmission, number of secondary infections generated, secondary attack rate, and overdispersion index). Its association with diagnostic tests results was analyzed by multivariate models. Of 1706 patients tested by rapid antigen tests, 526 were positive and 1180 were negative (65 tested positive by molecular tests); 579 confirmed cases could be contacted and 1669 close contacts were identified (85% of these contacts had full follow-up); 398 contacts tested positive during their quarantine (secondary attack rate of 27.9%). Of the 579 contacted cases, 205 (35%) reported symptomatic transmission, with an average of 0.91 secondary cases per infector. Transmission overdispersion was observed. Positive cases confirmed by rapid antigen tests had a higher chance of generating secondary cases, a higher number of secondary cases per infector and a higher secondary attack rate than those confirmed by molecular tests. In conclusion, the rapid antigen tests strategy showed high acceptability and coverage, and accelerated the diagnosis and identification of individuals with the highest contagiousness.

Vibration attenuation and dexterity of different types of protective gloves / 环境与职业医学

Background Wearing anti-vibration gloves is a simple and effective way to prevent hand-arm vibration disease. The requirements for vibration damping gloves are varied by types of operations exposed to vibration. Objective To study the vibration attenuation and dexterity of different types of protective gloves, and to provide reference for scientific wearing of vibration damping gloves for people working with vibration exposure. Methods Nine kinds of common protective gloves (A and B were dipping gloves; C, D, and E were rubber gloves; F and G were textile and fabric gloves; H was cotton gloves; I was leather gloves) used by workers exposed to vibration in 28 factories in Guangdong Province were selected as research objects by typical case sampling method, and the basic parameters of included protective gloves were investigated and measured. According to ISO 10819:2013, a glove vibration transmissibility (GVT) test system was used to detect the vibration transmissibility values and analyze vibration attenuation characteristics of the subjects wearing different protective gloves. The dexterity was tested by Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test. Pearson test was used to analyze the correlations among glove thickness, vibration transmissibility, dexterity score, and grip strength score. Results For rubber gloves (C, D, and E), the associated average adjusted vibration transmissibility at middle and low frequencies \begin{document}$ {\overline T _{\text{M}}} $\end{document} and average adjusted vibration transmissibility at high frequency \begin{document}$ {\overline T _{\text{H}}} $\end{document} were lower than those of other gloves (0.89-0.91 and 0.59-0.80 respectively), the vibration transmissibility values of 50-200 Hz frequency band was 0.81-0.97, and the vibration transmissibility values of 315-1250 Hz frequency band decreased with the increase of frequency (the minimum value was 0.13). For other types of gloves (A, B, F, G, H, and I), the \begin{document}$ {\overline T _{\text{M}}} $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ {\overline T _{\text{H}}} $\end{document} were 0.95-0.98 and 1.03-1.11 respectively, the vibration transmissibility values of 50-200 Hz frequency band was 0.96-1.02, and the vibration transmissibility values of 400-1250 Hz frequency band increased (the maximum value was 1.29). The \begin{document}$ {\overline T _{\text{M}}} $\end{document}, \begin{document}$ {\overline T _{\text{H}}} $\end{document}, and vibration transmissibility values of 40-1250 Hz frequency band of rubber gloves with double-layer protective materials (C, D, and E) were significantly lower than those of gloves with single-layer protective materials. But the \begin{document}$ {\overline T _{\text{M}}} $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ {\overline T _{\text{H}}} $\end{document} of gloves of other types with double-layer materials (F, H, and I) were still greater than 0.9 and 1.0 respectively. Compared with single-layer protective materials, the gloves of other types with double-layer materials showed no significant changes in the vibration transmissibility values of 25-200 frequency band (0.91-1.06), and an increase in the vibration transmissibility values of 250-630 Hz frequency band (the maximum value was 1.22). The dexterity scores and grip strength scores of dipping gloves (A and B) were the lowest. Rubber gloves C had the highest dexterity score and grip strength score. The thickness of protective gloves was negatively correlated with the vibration transmissibility values, and positively correlated with the dexterity score and the grip strength score (P < 0.05). The vibration transmissibility value was negatively correlated with the dexterity score and the grip strength score (P < 0.05). Conclusion Among the 9 kinds of gloves, cotton gloves and leather gloves have no damping effect. Rubber gloves have certain vibration reduction effect, and the vibration reduction effect on high frequency band is better than that on low frequency band. The thicker the damping material is, the better the damping effect is, but the less the dexterity is. Appropriate damping gloves should be selected according to actual vibration operations.

Variante Ómicron SARS-CoV-2: una nueva variante de preocupación / Ómicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: anew variant of concern

Ha surgido una nueva variante de preocupación de SARS-CoV-2, cuyos efectos en la evolución de la pandemia parecen inciertos. Sin embargo, ha comenzado a surgir evidencia con respecto al comportamiento viral en cuanto a su transmisibilidad, unión a receptor de la célula hospedadora y escape del sistema inmune. Presentamos una revisión actualizada de los datos existentes en la literatura respecto a los aspectos microbiológicos y epidemiológicos que pueden ayudarnos a comprender las futuras investigaciones en esta variante.(AU)

A new variant of concern for SARS-CoV-2 has emerged, the effects of which on the evolution of the pandemic appear uncertain. However, evidence has begun to emerge regarding viral behavior in terms of its transmissibility, receptor binding on the host cell, and escape from the immune system. We present an updated review of the existing data in the literature regarding the microbiological and epidemiological aspects that can help us understand future research on this variant.(AU)

Relations between the ocular surface and SARS-CoV-2 / Relações entre superfície ocular e SARS-CoV-2

ABSTRACT Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been a major challenge for the international scientific community. Since its inception, studies aiming to describe pathophysiological aspects and clinical manifestations of the disease have been conducted, raising hypotheses and confirming possible associations. One aspect of this scientific medical production is the role of the ocular surface as a means of transmission and clinical presentation of viral syndrome. Objectives: To analyze the role of the ocular surface in transmission, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2, by means of a systematic review. Methods: The search was carried out in three databases: Cochrane, PubMed Central Journals and MEDLINE, using the following descriptors: "COVID-19, ophthalmology". The filters last five years and studies on humans resulted in 32 studies; in that 12 were excluded for not meeting the purpose of the study. Results: There are still few published studies on the relation between SARS-CoV-2 and the ocular route. Most studies showed an association between the presence of nonspecific ocular manifestations and infection by the new coronavirus, with limitations in the number of patients analyzed and the methodology adopted. Hypotheses about the pathophysiological role are largely anchored in the association of SARS-CoV and the ocular surface evaluated in the past. Comments: The results found are still not sufficient to confirm the role of the ocular surface in the pathophysiology of the disease. Most of these preliminary studies are of considerable importance in raising hypotheses based on the medical analysis of the patients studied. However, larger studies with standardized methodology for diagnostic protocol and laboratory analysis of the individuals assessed are required.

RESUMO Introdução: A pandemia da SARS-CoV-2 tem sido um grande desafio para a comunidade científica internacional. Desde seu surgimento, estudos com a intenção de descrever os aspectos fisiopatológicos e as manifestações clínicas da doença vêm sendo conduzidos, levantando hipóteses e confirmando possíveis associações. Um dos temas dessa produção médica científica é o papel da superfície ocular como meio de transmissão e apresentação clínica da síndrome viral. Objetivo: Analisar o papel da superfície ocular na transmissão, na fisiopatologia e nas manifestações clínicas de SARS-CoV-2, através de uma revisão sistemática. Realizou-se a busca em três bancos de dados Cochrane Database, PubMed® e MEDLINE®, utilizando os descritores "COVID-19 e ophthalmology". Foram definidos como filtros o artigo ter sido publicado nos últimos 5 anos e estudo realizado em humanos, tendo sido encontrados 32 artigos. Destes, foram excluídos 12 por não corresponderem ao objetivo do estudo. Resultados: Ainda são poucos os estudos publicados sobre a relação entre o coronavírus 2 da síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS-CoV-2) e a via ocular. A maioria dos estudos mostrou associação entre a presença de manifestações oculares inespecíficas e a infecção pelo novo coronavírus, com limitações no número de pacientes analisados e na metodologia adotada. Hipóteses sobre o papel fisiopatológico se ancoram, em grande parte, na associação estudada entre o SARS-CoV-2 e a superfície ocular no passado. Comentários: Os resultados encontrados ainda não são suficientes para confirmar o papel da superfície ocular na fisiopatologia da doença. Grande parte desses estudos preliminares têm importância considerável ao levantar hipóteses baseadas na análise clínica dos pacientes estudados. No entanto, são necessários estudos maiores e com metodologia padronizada para protocolo diagnóstico e análise laboratorial dos indivíduos avaliados.

Analysis of the vibration reduction effect of three common protective gloves / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To test and analyze the vibration transmissivity of three common kinds of protective gloves, and to determine their actual protecting effect. METHODS: Three kinds of protective gloves were selected as test materials, and five healthy volunteers were selected as subjects using typical sampling methods. According to the ISO 10819:2013 Mechanical Vibration and Shock--Hand-arm Vibration--Measurement and Evaluation of the Vibration Transmissibility of Gloves at the Palm of the Hand(hereinafter referred to as ISO 10819:2013), investigation and measurement of basic parameters of protective gloves. The gloved vibration transmission(GVT) test system was used to test the vibration transmission of different protective gloves worn by the subjects, and the spectrum analysis of vibration reduction characteristics was carried out. RESULTS: The thickness of damping material of all the three kinds of protective gloves met the standard requirements. The mean value for the corrected frequency-weighted glove vibration transmissibility values at 25.0-200.0 Hz were 0.91, 0.75 and 0.94, and 1.05, 0.85 and 1.10 at 200.0-1 250.0 Hz, for the protective gloves A, B and C, respectively. The results of anti-vibration characteristic spectrum analysis show that there has no vibration reduction effect at the frequency of 25.0-200.0 Hz when wearing these three kinds of gloves. Wearing gloves A and B on part of the 200.0-1 250.0 Hz frequency vibration has an amplifying effect. Wearing glove C has a partial vibration reduction effect at the 200.0-1 250.0 Hz frequency, and the vibration reduction efficiency is the highest at the frequency of 1 250.0 Hz.CONCLUSION: According to the ISO 10819:2013 standard, the mean value of GVT measured when wearing the three kinds of protective gloves does not meet the relevant requirements, and the anti-vibration effect is poor. These gloves cannot be defined as anti-vibration gloves.

Challenges to prevent and control the outbreak of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19) / 中华流行病学杂志

An outbreak of severe pneumonia of unknown cause was reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The infectious virus was soon identified and named as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCov). The name of the coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) was given by WHO on 11 February 2020. It has so far caused about 118 000 cases in 114 countries including China and was characterized as a pandemic by WHO on 11 March. We still face great challenges in control of the epidemic: uncertain initial source of infection, infected populations widely scattered, complex routs of transmission, populations generally susceptible, high contagiousness of the virus, and finally vaccines unlikely available in the near future.

Comparison of two epidemic patterns of COVID-19 and evaluation of prevention and control effectiveness: an analysis based on Guangzhou and Wenzhou / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To compare the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in Guangzhou and Wenzhou, and evaluate the effectiveness of their prevention and control measures. Methods Data of COVID-19 cases reported in Guangzhou and Wenzhou as of 29 February, 2020 were collected. The incidence curves of COVID-19 in two cities were constructed. The real time reproduction number ( R t ) of COVID-19 in two cities was calculated respectively. Results A total of 346 and 465 confirmed COVID-19 cases were analysed in Guangzhou and Wenzhou, respectively. In two cities, most cases were aged 30-59 years (Guangzhou: 54.9%; Wenzhou: 70.3%). The incidence curve peaked on 27 January, 2020 in Guangzhou and on 26 January, 2020 in Wenzhou, then began to decline in both cities. The peaks of imported COVID-19 cases from Hubei occurred earlier than the peak of COVID-19 incidences in two cities, and the peak of imported cases from Hubei occurred earlier in Wenzhou than in Guangzhou. In early epidemic phase, imported cases were predominant in both cities, then the number of local cases increased and gradually took the dominance in Wenzhou. In Guangzhou, the imported cases was still predominant. Despite the different epidemic pattern, the R t and the number of COVID-19 cases declined after strict prevention and control measures were taken in Guangzhou and in Wenzhou. Conclusion The time and scale specific differences of imported COVID-19 resulted in different epidemic patterns in two cities, but the spread of the disease were effectively controlled after taking strict prevention and control measures.

Herramientas manuales vibrátiles y guantes anti-vibrátiles / Vibrating hand tools and anti-vibrating gloves

OBJETIVO: Determinar el impacto causado por el tipo de herramienta y tipo de guante sobre la transmisibilidad de la vibración mano-brazo. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un diseño experimental a trabajadores del sector de hidrocarburos, con el objetivo de identificar la transmisibilidad global de los guantes en diferentes actividades. Las mediciones se realizaron a través de dos acelerómetros: uno instalado en la máquina y otro en la palma de la mano. La transmisibilidad fue calculada en el rango de frecuencias 0-2 kHz, para cinco tipos de herramientas y 3 tipos de guantes. Finalmente, se compararon los tiempos de exposición a los que puede estar expuesto el trabajador con el uso de los guantes. RESULTADOS: Se identificó la efectividad de los guantes para proteger a los operarios, permitiéndoles trabajar un mayor número de horas por día. El análisis estadístico evidencia que la variable tipo de herramienta tiene un efecto significativo sobre la transmisibilidad, mientras que el tipo de guante no presenta efecto estadístico alguno. El estudio presenta los porcentajes de aumento de tiempos de exposición y el estudio de las transmisibilidades. CONCLUSIONES: Los tres tipos de guantes evaluados mostraron tener un desempeño eficaz como atenuadores de la vibración. El aumento del tiempo de exposición permitido al usar guantes es muy significativo para todas las herramientas.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the impact caused by the type of tool and type of glove on the transmissibility of the hand-arm vibration. METHODS: An experimental design was carried out for workers in the hydrocarbon sector, in order to identify the global transmissibility of gloves in different activities. The measurements were made through two accelerometers: one installed in the machine and the other in the palm of the hand. The transmissibility was calculated in the fre quency range 0-2 kHz, for five types of tools and 3 types of gloves. Finally, the exposure times to which the worker may be exposed with the use of gloves were compared. RESULTS: The effectiveness of the gloves was identified to protect the workers, allowing them to work a greater number of hours per day. The statistical analysis shows that the variable type of tool has a significant effect on transmissibility, while the type of glove does not have any statistical effect. The study presents the percentages of increase in exposure times and the study of transmissibilities. CONCLUSIONS: The three types of gloves evaluated showed an effec tive performance as vibration attenuators. The increase of the expo sure time allowed when wearing gloves is very significant for all tools.

Research approaches of quality marker (Q-marker) of Chinese materia medica formula based on “five principles” / 中草药

Q-marker of Chinese materia medica (CMM) is a latest proposed core concept of CMM quality evaluation and quality control. A wide range of relevant researches on the Q-marker have been carried out by science and technology workers since the concept was put forward. However, to date, most studies are still limited to Q-marker studies of single herbs and pieces and cannot fully reflect all the elements of the concept of Q-marker. In this paper, the scientific connotation of five elements and the principles, ideas and approaches for the discovery and determination of CMM Q-marker were systemically discussed from the perspectives of quality transmissibility and traceability, ingredient specificity, component validity, component measurability, and formula compatibility environment. Moreover, research approaches of Q-marker of CMM formula based on “five principles” were proposed. The examples of representative researches provide a systematic research idea and reference for the research and discovery of CMM Q-marker.

Transmission, serologic and tissue responses in chickens vaccinated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum F strain (MG-F) / Transmissão, resposta sorológica e tecidual de poedeiras vacinadas com Mycoplasma gallisepticum cepa F

MG-F protects chickens from MG Mycoplasmosis and monitoring is done by serology (SAR and ELISA) and PCR. Histopathology is used to evaluate bird response to MG. This study evaluated MG-F profile vaccination in SPF chicken. This trial used 100 chickens, being 40 unvaccinated (G1), 40 eye-drop vaccinated at 8 weeks of age with MG-F ( Ceva Animal Health , São Paulo , SP , Brazil ) (G2) and 20 immunized by contact (G3) . Samples were obtained on the 8th, 12th, 15th, 18th, 20th and 24th week for SAR, ELISA and PCR. Fragments of trachea and air sac, for microscopy, were got after necropsies on the 15th and 24th week. Up to 12 weeks there was no significant difference among groups by SAR. SAR reactions appeared from the 15th week with these averages: G1 (1.7, 1.76 , 0.1, 0.15) , G2 (7.81, 7.65, 8.25, 6.29) and G3 (8.1, 8.5, 9.5, 6.16), while by ELISA it occurred after the 18th week with optical densities averages: G1 (0.19, 0.14, 0.16) , G2 (0.47, 0.45, 0.41) and G3 (0.55, 0.51, 0.51) . Positivity in G3 by PCR occurred seven weeks after exposure. At the 15th week the air sac score means were 0.20, 0.55, and 0.32 and 24th week were 0.15, 0.80 and 0.66 (p>0.05). For trachea, G2 (0.48) yielded higher score average than G1 (0.10) and G3 (0.00) on the 15th week. Changes in G3 were seen only at 24th week, being this average (1.00) significantly different (p<0,05) from G1 (0.08) and G2 (0.46). SAR and PCR detected MG-F in G3 earlier than ELISA...

Mycoplasma gallisepticum cepa F (MG-F) é altamente utilizada em vacinação de poedeiras. MG-F confere bons níveis de proteção às galinhas, deslocando MG de campo ou diminuindo o número deles no trato respiratório. Soroaglutinação Rápida (SAR), ELISA e PCR são testes no monitoramento da micoplasmose, enquanto a histopatologia, mesmo não sendo rotineira, é usada para avaliar a resposta das aves à infecção por MG. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a transmissibilidade, soroconversão e alterações teciduais de MG-F em galinhas. Um total de 100 galinhas SPF foi utilizado, sendo 40 delas não vacinadas (G1), 40 vacinadas na 8ª semana de idade com MG-F (Ceva Saúde Animal, São Paulo/SP, Brasil) (G2) e 20 imunizadas por contato com aves do G2 (G3). Soros e suabes traqueais foram obtidos na 8ª, 12ª, 15ª, 18ª, 20ª, 24ª semana para monitoramento por SAR, ELISA e PCR. Fragmentos de traqueia e saco aéreo, para microscopia, foram feitas após necropsias na 15ª e 24ª semana. Até a 12ª semana não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos pela SAR. Houve reação a SAR a partir da 15ª semana com as seguintes médias: G1 (1,7; 1,76; 0,1; 0,15), G2 (7,81; 7,65; 8,25; 6,29) e G3 (8,1; 8,5; 9,5; 6,16), enquanto por ELISA a soroconversão ocorreu a partir da 18ª semana com médias de densidades óticas de G1 (0,19; 0,14; 0,16), G2 (0,47; 0,45; 0,41) e G3 (0,55; 0,51; 0,51). Todas as aves do G3 apresentaram positividade pela PCR sete semanas após exposição. Não houve diferença significativa entre as medias dos escores de saco aéreo entre os grupos, na 15ª semana (0,20; 0,55; 0,32) e 24ª semana (0,15; 0,80 e 0,66). Em relação à traqueia, G2 apresentou média maior na 15ª semana (0,48) que G3 (0,00) e G1 (0,10). Alterações em G3 foram observadas somente na 24ª semana onde as médias foram de 0,08(G1); 0,46 (G2) e 1,00 (G3), havendo significância (p<0,05) entre G1 e G3. SAR e PCR foram capazes de detectar a transmissão de MG-F de forma precoce em relação ao ELISA...

Relação de transmissibilidade da microbiota bucal entre pares mães-filhos / Oral mIcrobiota transmissibility relationship between mother-child pairs

As principais doenças que acometem a cavidade bucal, como a cárie e as doenças periodontais apresentam sua etiologia relacionada à presença de micro-organismos específicos. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo conhecer a relação de transmissibilidade de micro-organismos presentes na microbiota bucal entre mães e filhos, verificar sua relação e avaliar a presença de doenças bucais nas mães e sua possível interferência na transmissibilidade, identificando os grupos bacterianos mais prevalentes na cavidade bucal de crianças entre 1 a 5 anos de idade e suas mães. Foram selecionados para a pesquisa 10 pares mãe-filho que frequentam a clínica Bebê-Dente da UNIPAR - Umuarama onde foi realizada a coleta do biofilme supragengival e subgengival com cones de papel absorvente estéreis para posterior análise microbiológica. A partir da coleta e análises realizadas, foi verificado crescimento microbiano nas placas de Petri, e microscopicamente detectou-se a presença de cocos, estreptococos, estafilococos e bacilos, o grau de semelhança em relação à coloração de Gram e a atividade da doença cárie. Alguns autores consideram a mãe como a principal fonte de transmissão da microbiota bucal, afirmando que a transmissão provavelmente acontece pelo íntimo contato da mãe com o filho. Concluiu-se com esta pesquisa que o padrão de transmissibilidade dos micro-organismos bucais é determinado pelas mães, ou seja, ocorre uma transmissão vertical. Por isso, é de suma importância conscientizá-las, por meio de programas preventivos, para evitar que aconteça a transmissão de micro-organismos, e consequentemente, a redução do risco de contaminação e desenvolvimento da cárie nas crianças.

The main diseases affecting the oral cavity, such as caries and periodontal diseases, have their etiology related to the presence of specific microorganisms. This study has the objective of analyzing the microorganism transmissibility relationship found in oral flora between mothers and their children and evaluate the presence of oral diseases in mothers and the possible interference in transmissibility, identifying the bacterial groups that are the most prevalent in the oral cavities of children aged between 1 and 5 years and their mothers. Ten pairs of mothers and children that are usually seen at ?Bebê ? Dente? clinic, at UNIPAR (Umuarama), were selected for this research. In the clinic, tooth biofilm was collected using sterilized absorbent paper cones. From the samples collected and analyzed, it could be observed that all the samples presented microbial growth, and the presence of cocci, streptococci, staphylococci and bacilli, the degree of similarity in relation to Gram stain and cavity activity were microscopically detected. Some authors consider the mother as the major source of transmission of the oral microflora. They state that this transmission probably occurs due to the intimate contact between mother and child. With this study, it was concluded that the oral microorganism transmissibility standard is determined by the mother. Thus, it is of utmost importance to make mothers aware of this fact by preventive programs, in order to avoid that the transmission happens. Consequently, the risk of contamination and development of caries on the child will be reduced.

The interference of body position with vibration transmission during training on a vibrating platform / A interferência da posição corporal na transmissibilidade vibratória durante o treinamento com plataforma vibratória

Whole-body vibration training on vibrating platforms is widely used for physical exercise, health promotion and physical rehabilitation. The position on the platform is one of the factors responsible for the transmission of vibrations to the body segments of individuals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the characteristics of vibrations transmitted to the body segments of adults between two body positions and different vibration intensities. Twenty intentionally selected subjects (10 men and 10 women), with a mean age of 27.8 ± 2.9 years, participated in the study. The data were acquired with a triaxial accelerometer attached to the subject's body using a vibrating platform at frequencies of 20, 35, 50, and 70 Hz and displacement amplitudes of 2.0 and 6.0 mm in the extended and flexed positions. Descriptive and inferential statistics was applied (p ≤ 0.05). Significant differences in the vibration magnitude and transmissibility were observed between body positions at all intensities analyzed, with greater attenuation of vibrations in the flexed position, especially during passage of the vibratory stimulus through the lower limbs. It was concluded that the body position adopted by the subjects on the vibrating platform directly affects the transmission of vibration. The flexed position was found to be the most suitable for the application of this training method by ensuring better body stability on the platform and promoting more effective attenuation of vibrations, thus preventing the occurrence of unintended acceleration in the head.

O treinamento vibratório de corpo inteiro sobre plataformas vibratórias tem sido muito difundido nos contextos do treinamento físico, promoção da saúde e reabilitação física, sendo o posicionamento sobre a plataforma um dos fatores responsáveis pela transmissão das vibrações às estruturas corporais dos indivíduos. Desta forma, o objetivo geral deste estudo foi comparar as características das vibrações transmitidas às estruturas corporais de adultos em duas posições corporais em diferentes intensidades de vibração. Vinte sujeitos (10 homens e 10 mulheres) com média de idade de 27,8 ± 2,9 anos, foram selecionados de forma intencional. Os dados foram adquiridos com acelerômetros triaxiais fixados ao corpo dos sujeitos sobre uma plataforma vibratória, nas frequências de 20, 35, 50 e 70Hz e amplitudes de deslocamento de 2,0 e 6,0mm, na posição estendida (PE) e posição flexionada (PF). Foi aplicada estatística descritiva e inferencial (p≤0,05). Foram identificadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas na magnitude e transmissibilidade vibratória entre as posições corporais, em todas as intensidades analisadas, com maior atenuação das vibrações na PF, principalmente, durante a passagem dos estímulos vibratórios pelos membros inferiores. Pode-se concluir que a posição corporal adotada pelos sujeitos sobre a plataforma vibratória interfere diretamente na transmissibilidade das vibrações, sendo a PF a mais adequada para aplicação desse método de treinamento, por garantir uma melhor estabilidade corporal sobre a plataforma e promover uma atenuação mais efetiva das vibrações, evitando, assim, a ocorrência de acelerações indesejadas na cabeça.

Pathological characterization of TgElk mice injected with brain homogenate from elk with chronic wasting disease

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is classified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease that affects cervids. CWD has been reported in 15 US states, two Canadian provinces, and in imported elk on several farms in Korea. This study was conducted to examine the molecular biological and pathogenic characteristics of a CWD-associated prion isolated in Korea. The epidemiological origin of this pathogen was also determined. Homozygous TgElk mice were infected with a CWD-affected elk brain pool prepared from the brain of an imported Canadian elk. We measured the incubation time of the pathogen, neuropathological changes by immunohistochemical staining, the pattern(s) of scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) deposition, and PrPSc protein profiles by Western blotting. We found that TgElk mice infected with brain homogenate from the elk suffering from CWD showed incubation times, vacuolar degeneration, and PrPSc accumulation similar to those previously reported in the literature. Our results suggest that homozygous TgElk mice efficiently transmit CWD with short incubation times and that this animal can serve a valuable research model and reliable in vivo diagnostic tool.

Pathological characterization of TgElk mice injected with brain homogenate from elk with chronic wasting disease

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is classified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease that affects cervids. CWD has been reported in 15 US states, two Canadian provinces, and in imported elk on several farms in Korea. This study was conducted to examine the molecular biological and pathogenic characteristics of a CWD-associated prion isolated in Korea. The epidemiological origin of this pathogen was also determined. Homozygous TgElk mice were infected with a CWD-affected elk brain pool prepared from the brain of an imported Canadian elk. We measured the incubation time of the pathogen, neuropathological changes by immunohistochemical staining, the pattern(s) of scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) deposition, and PrPSc protein profiles by Western blotting. We found that TgElk mice infected with brain homogenate from the elk suffering from CWD showed incubation times, vacuolar degeneration, and PrPSc accumulation similar to those previously reported in the literature. Our results suggest that homozygous TgElk mice efficiently transmit CWD with short incubation times and that this animal can serve a valuable research model and reliable in vivo diagnostic tool.

Knowledge and attitude of parents or caretakers regarding transmissibility os caries disease

Dental caries is a transmissible infectious disease in which mutans streptococci are generally considered to be the main etiological agents. Although the transmissibility of dental caries is relatively well established in the literature, little is known whether information regarding this issue is correctly provided to the population. The present study aimed at evaluating, by means of a questionnaire, the knowledge and usual attitude of 640 parents and caretakers regarding the transmissibility of caries disease. Most interviewed adults did not know the concept of dental caries being an infectious and transmissible disease, and reported the habit of blowing and tasting food, sharing utensils and kissing the children on their mouth. 372 (58.1 percent) adults reported that their children had already been seen by a dentist, 264 (41.3 percent) answered that their children had never gone to a dentist, and 4 (0.6 percent) did not know. When the adults were asked whether their children had already had dental caries, 107 (16.7 percent) answered yes, 489 (76.4 percent) answered no, and 44 (6.9 percent) did not know. Taken together, these data reinforce the need to provide the population with some important information regarding the transmission of dental caries in order to facilitate a more comprehensive approach towards the prevention of the disease.

Relação entre níveis salivares de Estreptococcos do grupo Mutans nos pares de mães e seus filhos / Relation between salivary levels of S. mutans in pairs of mothers and their child

Os Etreptococcos do Grupo Mutans são um dos principais microorganismos envolvidos no processo carioso e colonizam a cavidade bucal de bebês após a irrupção dos primeiros dentes decíduos. Esse grupo bacteriano pode tanto ser transmitido, quanto avaliado através da saliva, sendo a mãe a principal fonte desta transmissão para a criança. Partindo desse princípio, propôs-se neste estudo, avaliar a relação níveis salivares de EGM de 20 pares mãe e filho. As amostras salivares foram obtidas após aprovação do Comitê de Ética da UFRJ e transportadas em isopor com gelo para o laboratório de microbiologia oral do Instituto de Microbiologia da UFRJ, onde foram processados. De cada placa de MSB, efetuou-se a contagem das unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC) de Estreptococcos do Grupo Mutans. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente, através do cálculo do coeficiente de Pearson. Os resultados evidenciaram a correlação positiva entre os níveis de EGM na saliva de mães e seus respectivos filhos e a amostra estudada revelou 100% de altos níveis salivares. O tratamento odontológico do bebê/criança deve abranger a mãe, para sua efetivação em termos de saúde.

The S. mutans are one of the principal microorganisms involved in the etiology and development of caries process. These microorganisms colonized babies mouth after the deciduous teeth irruption. S. mutans may be transmitted and analyzed through saliva. Since mother is involved in these bacterial transmit ion, the aim of this study was to evaluated the relation between 20 pairs of mother and their child .Salivary samples were colleted by aspiration and processed in the microbiological lab of microbiology of federal University of Rio de Janeiro. In each plates, it was calculated the number of Colony Forming Units of S.Mutans.The data where analyzed through Pearson coefficient. The results shown positive correlation between salivary levels of S. Mutans from mothers and their child and 100% of the sample had high S.Mutans salivary levels. The Dental treatment in babies and child need to involve and treat the mothers in order to achieve health.

Relationship between questionnaire survey results of vibration complaints of wheelchair users and vibration transmissibility of manual wheelchair

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Clarify the relation between the complaints of wheelchair users and the vibration characteristics of the wheelchair, to improve wheelchair comfort and design.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The question naires were distributed to 33 wheelchair users directly by the experimenter in order to identify the causes of complaints from wheelchair vibrations that they experienced. The vibration transmissibility of wheelchairs of ten subjects was measured to clarify the causes of complaints of wheelchair vibration according to the ISO 10326-1 standard in the laboratory using a broadband random vibration spectrum with a frequency-weighted vibration magnitude of 0.1 ms(-2) r.m.s. over the frequency range from 0.2 to 100 Hz. Each vibration exposure lasted 60 seconds.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The following findings were clear from the questionnaire results; (i) the vibration rom the wheelchair affected psychological comfort; (ii) the effects of different riding surfaces were important engineering issues affecting wheelchair ride comfort; (iii) the wheelchair users felt the vibration during wheelchair usage at locations on the neck, lower back and buttocks; (iv) vertical vibration was the most noticeable vibration from the wheelchair to each participant's body. The following findings were clear from the results of the transmissibility measurement of the wheelchair; (i) the resonance frequency-ranges of the transmissibility of the wheelchair showed significant differences between the subjects; (ii) intra-subject variability from three repeated transmissibility measurements was small; (iii) the first resonant frequency occurred approximately 5 to 7 Hz and the second resonant frequency occurred at around 8 Hz and the third resonant frequency occurred approximately 13 to 15 Hz; (iv) the magnitude of the peak transmissibility varied from 1.3 to 2.6.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>From the comparison of the results of questionnaires and the transmissibility measurement of the wheelchair, the resonance frequency-ranges of the maximum vibration transmissibility of the manual wheelchairs were consistent with the frequency-ranges of the body parts of the causes of the complaints of wheelchair users. In addition, from these experimental results, it was suggested that the main point for improving a wheelchair user's comfort was to reduce the wheelchair seat vibration transmissibility at around 8 Hz and also to design wheelchair stiffness and damping characteristics to minimize vibration transmission at specific frequencies at body locations that caused the discomfort reported by wheelchair users.</p>

Relationship between Questionnaire Survey Results of Vibration Complaints of Wheelchair Users and Vibration Transmissibility of Manual Wheelchair

Objective: Clarify the relation between the complaints of wheelchair users and the vibration characteristics of the wheelchair, to improve wheelchair comfort and design. Methods: The questionnaires were distributed to 33 wheelchair users directly by the experimenter in order to identify the causes of complaints from wheelchair vibrations that they experienced. The vibration transmissibility of wheelchairs of ten subjects was measured to clarify the causes of complaints of wheelchair vibration according to the ISO 10326-1 standard in the laboratory using a broadband random vibration spectrum with a frequency-weighted vibration magnitude of 0.1 ms−2 r.m.s. over the frequency range from 0.2 to 100 Hz. Each vibration exposure lasted 60 seconds. Results: The following findings were clear from the questionnaire results; (i) the vibration from the wheelchair affected psychological comfort; (ii) the effects of different riding surfaces were important engineering issues affecting wheelchair ride comfort; (iii) the wheelchair users felt the vibration during wheelchair usage at locations on the neck, lower back and buttocks; (iv) vertical vibration was the most noticeable vibration from the wheelchair to each participant’s body. The following findings were clear from the results of the transmissibility measurement of the wheelchair; (i) the resonance frequency-ranges of the transmissibility of the wheelchair showed significant differences between the subjects; (ii) intra-subject variability from three repeated transmissibility measurements was small; (iii) the first resonant frequency occurred approximately 5 to 7 Hz and the second resonant frequency occurred at around 8 Hz and the third resonant frequency occurred approximately 13 to 15 Hz; (iv) the magnitude of the peak transmissibility varied from 1.3 to 2.6. Conclusion: From the comparison of the results of questionnaires and the transmissibility measurement of the wheelchair, the resonance frequency-ranges of the maximum vibration transmissibility of the manual wheelchairs were consistent with the frequency-ranges of the body parts of the causes of the complaints of wheelchair users. In addition, from these experimental results, it was suggested that the main point for improving a wheelchair user’s comfort was to reduce the wheelchair seat vibration transmissibility at around 8 Hz and also to design wheelchair stiffness and damping characteristics to minimize vibration transmission at specific frequencies at body locations that caused the discomfort reported by wheelchair users.