Bioética, cooperação internacional, solidariedade e compartilhamento de benefícios: do HIV/AIDS à COVID-19 / Bioética, cooperación internacional, solidaridad y aprovechamiento compartido de beneficios: del HIV/AIDS a la COVID-19 / Bioethics, international cooperation, solidarity and benefit sharing: from HIV/AIDS to COVID-19

O objetivo do trabalho é analisar o direito de acesso aos benefícios do desenvolvimento científico-tecnológico, tendo as vacinas contra aCOVID-19 como referência de estudo. O texto se sustenta metodologicamente em artigos da Declaração Universal sobre Bioética e Direitos Humanos da UNESCO(DUBDH) que tem relação direta com a situação proposta. O estudo inicia com a apresentação da DUBDH e breve histórico de seus pressupostos básicos. Com base nos Artigos 21 e 24 que tratam respectivamente das Práticas Transnacionais e Cooperação Internacional, a reflexão indica mudanças significativas recentes com relação à universalidade do acesso à saúde, substituída nas instâncias da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e Banco Mundial pela proposta de cobertura universal à saúde, com significado e alcance bastante diversos. A partir do Artigo 13 da DUBDH, que trata da Solidariedade e Cooperação, o texto defende o conceito de solidariedade cooperativa, fundamentado na concepção clássica bilateral de solidariedade como ajuda de países poderosos a outros mais necessitados, embora essa possibilidade seja com frequência substituída por situações da chamada solidariedade exploratória. Finalmente, com base no Artigo 15, que trata do Compartilhamento de Benefícios ­central para o presente estudo ­é apresentada uma análise comparativa entre: a) fatos históricos relacionados com a permissão para quebra de patentes no âmbito da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) que possibilitaram acesso amplo às terapias antirretrovirais para controle do HIV/AIDS; e b) fatos que passaram acontecer a partir de 2020 com a pandemia de COVID-19 com relação ao direito do acesso às vacinas.

This paper aims to analyze the right to access the benefits of scientific and technological development, using the vaccines against COVID-19 as a study case. The text is methodologically supported by articles in the UNESCOUniversal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (DBHR) that have a direct relationship with the proposed situation. The study begins with the presentation of the DUBDH and a brief history of its basic assumptions. Based on Articles 21 and 24, which deal respectively with TransnationalPractices and International Cooperation, the reflection indicates recent significant changes in relation to the universality of access to health, replaced in the instances of the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank for the proposal of universalhealth coverage, with a very different meaning and scope. Based on Article 13 of the DUBDH, which deals with Solidarity and Cooperation, the text defends the concept of cooperative solidarity, based on the classic bilateral conception of solidarity as help from rich countries to others most in need, although this possibility is with frequency replaced by situations of the so-called exploratory solidarity. Finally, based on Article 15, which deals with Sharing of Benefits ­central to the present study ­a comparative analysis is presented between: a) historical facts related to the permission to break patents within the scope of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that enabled broad access to antiretroviral therapies to control HIV/AIDS; and b) facts that have happened since 2020 with the COVID-19 pandemic regarding the right of access to vaccines.

El objetivo del trabajo es analizar el derecho de acceso a los beneficios del desarrollo científico y tecnológico, utilizando vacunas contra COVID-19 como referencia del estudio. El texto se apoya metodológicamente en artículos de la Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos de la UNESCO(DUBDH) que tienen una relación directa con la situación propuesta. El estudio comienza con la presentación de la DUBDH y un breve histórico de sus supuestos básicos. Con base en los artículos 21 y 24, que tratan respectivamente de Prácticas Transnacionales y Cooperación Internacional, la reflexión señala cambios significativos recientes en relación a la universalidad de acceso a la salud, reemplazada en las instancias de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y Banco Mundial por la propuesta de cobertura universal de salud, con un significado y alcance muy diferente. Con base en el artículo 13 de la DUBDH, que trata de Solidaridad y Cooperación, el texto defiende el concepto de solidaridad cooperativa, partiendo de la clásica concepción bilateral de la solidaridad como ayuda de los países ricos a otros más necesitados, aunque esta posibilidad es sustituidacon frecuencia por situaciones de la llamada solidaridad exploratoria. Finalmente, conbase en el artículo 15, que trata del Aprovechamiento Compartido de los Beneficios ­fundamental para el presente estudio­se presenta un análisis comparativo entre: a) hechos históricos relacionados con el permiso para romper patentes en el ámbito de laOrganización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) que permitió un amplio acceso a terapias antirretrovirales para controlar el VIH/SIDA; y b) hechos ocurridos desde 2020 con la pandemia de COVID-19 en relación al derecho de acceso a las vacunas.

'Informed Consent' in Public Health Activities: Based on the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, UNESCO / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this paper is to discuss the importance of obtaining informed consent for conducting epidemiological studies and public health activities, based on the Report of the UNESCO's Working Group on Informed Consent. METHODS: The Report of the UNESCO's Working Group on Informed Consent was reviewed and discussed in connection with the ethical considerations of public health activities and epidemiological research. RESULTS: It was at the Nuremberg Trial for the German war criminals of the Second World War that the principle of 'consent' was first stated as a consequence of the medical abuses carried out during the War. As a result of the Trial, the Nuremberg Code came out in 1947. Since then, various international declarations or ethical principles on 'informed consent' have been developed and published. These ethical principles on 'informed consent' have mostly to do with the clinical research that involves human subjects, and not with epidemiological studies and public health activities. However, UNESCO recently issued a comprehensive Report on Informed Consent based on the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights adopted in 2005, and this included detailed guidelines on informed consent in epidemiological studies and public health activities. CONCLUSIONS: Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights emphasizes the principle of autonomy to protect the human rights of the human subjects involved in any public health activities and epidemiological research. As a practical guideline, obtaining informed consent is strongly recommended.