Tracheostomy Timing in Adult Patients with Head Injury at King Abdulaziz Medical City Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Cross Sectional- Retrospective Study)

Introduction: Tracheostomy is one of the most common procedures that done to critical patients such as head injury ones to improve their situation. It is done by creating an anterior stoma in the neck and inserting a short tube to maintain stoma open. Objective:The objective of this study was to determine if there were benefits of early tracheostomy and the following components: ICU stay, hospital stay, ventilation-associated-pneumonia, weaning from Mechanical Ventilator, Glasgow Coma Scale, and decannulation.Methods:This study was done retrospectively, and non-random sampling involved 56 head injury patients with a tracheostomy who were admitted to ICU in King Abdulaziz medical city (KAMC). Out of 56 head injury patients who underwent an early tracheostomy (≤12 days) were 25 patients and late tracheotomy (>12 days) were 31 patients. Using data collection form which contains demographic data, intubation duration, tracheostomy, decannulation, MV, Glasgow coma scale, VAP, ICU, and hospital stay.Results: Total of 56 head injury patients with tracheostomy; their age ranges from 18-80 years with the mean 41.77years, height 168.95cm, and weighs 69.07kg. Head injury patient in this paper was classified according to the day that was done the procedure on after the injury occurred. Which result in 25 patients had early tracheostomy ≤12 days with a mean of (9.8 days) and median (10), whereas 31 patients had late tracheostomy >12 with mean of (17.677 days) and median (16).Patients with early tracheostomy showed significant (P-value <0.05) less length stay in ICU (22.68 days), MV duration (15.16 days), decannulation (27.80 days) compared with late trach ICU stay (33.10 days), MV duration (28.10 days), decannulation (47.03 days). VAP incidence among patients with a late trach was12.90% and there were no VAP with an early trach. The median in early tracheostomy patients did not show any improvement in GCS (6 before trach,7 after trach) while in the late trach (7 before thrach,8 after trach). The hospital stays showed an insignificant p-value which means there were no differences between the early and late tracheostomy.Conclusion:Early tracheostomy for head injury patients associated with less MV time, less VAP, shorter ICU stay, and faster decannulation. However, there was no significant effect on hospital stays period and no improvements on GCS

Microbial Profile of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in a Medical Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangalore.

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is an important infection most often encountered in mechanical ventilation (MV) patients in intensive care units in hospital. VAP occurs in approximately 9 - 27% of patients who are intubated. The morbidity and mortality associated with VAP is more inspite of recent advances in diagnosis and accurate management. Emergence of multidrug resistance among the pathogens causing VAP is also contributing to the outcome. We wanted to isolate the bacterial pathogens, study the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates and detect the presence of drug resistance in various pathogens.METHODSThis is a retrospective, cross sectional study done on samples received between 2016 to 2018 among patients on MV for >/= 48 hours. Endotracheal aspirates were collected from 85 patients with assumed VAP, clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) was noted and aerobic quantitative cultures were performed on all samples. VAP was diagnosed by count of pathogenic organisms isolated >/= 105 cfu/mL. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates were done as per the standard laboratory procedures. Patients with characteristic features i.e. clinical and radiological signs of pneumonia on admission were excluded from the study.RESULTS50 cases were diagnosed as VAP by CPIS. Gender ratio was 30:20 (male to female) higher incidence 42% of VAP was seen in the age group of 46-60 years. Majority were Gram negative bacilli; 96%- Klebsiella 36%, Acinetobacter 26% E. coli 16%, Pseudomonas 14%, and Citrobacter 4% along with coagulase positive Staphylococcus in 4%. Of the 50 VAP patients, single organism was isolated in 92% and polymicrobial in 8%. Most of the isolates showed resistance to Amoxiclav, Cefepime, Cefixime and Meropenem.CONCLUSIONSGood compliance with VAP bundle adopted in critical care areas by the health care workers will reduce the incidence of VAP. Early and accurate diagnosis, appropriate empirical and specific antimicrobial use may significantly improve patient outcome.

Association of educational interventions with clinician learning and ventilator-associated pneumonia patient outcomes: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

@#Recent studies have shown that educational interventions for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) prevention may result in positive outcomes in intensive care units. However, other studies investigating this kind of intervention have produced inconsistent results. Thus this paper reports a protocol for systematic review and planned meta-analysis to investigate the association of instituted VAP educational interventions with clinician learning and patient outcomes. In this review, the authors will identify relevant citations from electronic databases, reference lists, and other sources; screen articles against predetermined eligibility criteria; appraise each study using the Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias assessment tools and combine acquired evidence using the meta-analytic approach. The results of this review are crucial to assist clinicians and policy-makers in making well-informed decisions regarding VAP prevention practices for mechanically ventilated patients. This review protocol followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses for Protocols 2015 guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO as CRD42016051561.

Intubation Performed In The Emergency Department Is Associated With Increased Pulmonary Complications

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is among the most common hospital acquired infections. Trauma patients are known to have a unique predisposition to the development of pneumonia. At our urban level 1 trauma center, we noticed variability in the incidence of aspiration and pneumonia among intubated patients with similar levels of injury severity. In an attempt to discern why, we hypothesized that location of intubation was a risk factor for development of in-hospital complications. We performed a retrospective cohort study over a 6 month period using adult patients admitted to our trauma service. Intubations performed were reported from four different locations: Emergency Department (ED), operating room (OR), intensive care unit (ICU) and the surgical floor. Data obtained included location of intubation, age, Acute Injury Score (AIS), days on a ventilator, incidence of pulmonary infection, incidence of aspiration, intubation difficulty, ICU length of stay (ICU-LOS), hospital length of stay (HLOS), and survival. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was then performed. Our study included 96 enrolled patients consisting of 13 women and 83 men with a mean age of 49.5. Patients intubated in the ED, in comparison to patients intubated on the surgical floor, ICU or OR, were noted to have a statically significant increase in ventilator days (10.9 days), ICU length of stay (12.1 days), HLOS (18.8 days). Additionally, incidence of pulmonary infection (63.9%) and incidence of aspiration (37.7%) were noted to be increased with no statistically significant change in survival. In conclusion, trauma patients requiring emergent intubation in the ED are uniquely predisposed towards development of pneumonia and inhospital morbidity. These patients should be aggressively managed with strategies aimed at VAPprevention.

72-Hour Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score May Have Prognostic Value Among Trauma Patients With Ventilator Associated Pneumonia

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common, serious nosocomial infection; reduction of morbidity and mortality is achieved by prompt diagnosis and early initiation of appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy. While Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) on the day of VAPdiagnosis has not been proven a consistently effective device, we postulate the CPIS 72 hours after VAPdiagnosis may serve as a clinical prognostic indicator. The purpose of this study is to assess the potential value of CPIS in trauma patients with VAP. Methods:We performed a retrospective chart review of 50 intubated trauma patients with VAPadmitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of an urban level-I trauma center from January-December 2013. Patients were consecutively identied via trauma registry, and data were abstracted on demographics; injury severity score (ISS); vital signs; laboratory values; microbiological cultures; ventilator settings; antibiotic therapy; time of VAP diagnosis; outcomes; and survival to discharge. We calculated modied CPIS at initial diagnosis and 72-hours post-diagnosis. Incomplete records were excluded from analysis. Results: Forty-nine patients, 25 females and 24 males, with mean age of 66.1±5.2 years were analyzed. Overall mortality was 18.4% (n=9); mean ISS was 18.3±1.2; mean length of stay (LOS) was 20.7±3 days; mean ICU-LOS was 16.7±3.1 days; mean ventilator days was 15±3.2; mean day-1 CPIS was 5.8±0.5; and mean day-3 CPIS was 4.9±0.6. Multidrug resistant organisms (MDROs) were identied in 26 patients and associated with higher 72-hour CPIS (5.8±0.9 vs 3.7±0.7, p=0.025). 72-hour CPIS <6 was signicantly associated with shorter LOS (16.8±3.1 vs 27.3±5.2 d), shorter ICU-LOS (12.4±2.9 vs 24.1±5.6 d), shorter duration of mechanical ventilation (10.8±3 vs 22.1±5.9 d), and earlier VAPdiagnoses (hospital day 4.4±0.6 vs 7.1±1.4, p<0.001). Conclusions:Initial CPIS calculations after VAPdiagnosis have no clinical value. While not associated with survival to discharge, CPIS calculated 72 hours after VAPdiagnosis may be used as a prognostic indicator for MDROs and improved short-term outcomes for trauma patients.

Ventilator associated pneumonia: incidence and risk factors in a tertiary care hospital

Background: The objective of this study is to find the occurrence and contributing risk factor of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) in 2 months-5 years age group.Methods: This was a prospective, observational, hospital-based study carried out in a tertiary care setting hospital. All patients between 2 months-5 years age admitted in the ICU who had undergone MV were included in the study. Inclusion criteria includes patients who developed pneumonia after the 48 hours of mechanical ventilation and those patients were excluded who developed pneumonia within 48 hours of mechanical ventilation and having respiratory system findings /involvement prior to the MV. After recruiting patients baseline clinical characteristics (age, sex, diagnosis, duration of MV) were taken, monitored and diagnosed VAP using CDC guidelines until they were discharged or deceased. The parameters such as fever, oxygenation, leucocytosis, other risk factors. chest X-ray and ETA>105CFU/ML or microscopy (grain stain>l bacteria/>10 polymorphonuclear cells) were collected every 48 hours.Results: This study was done in 133 patients while 42 patients (31.58%) developed VAP during their ICU stay. Early onset VAP occurred in 34 (80.9%) while late onset VAP was observed in the remaining 8 (19.1%) patients. In ETA culture CFU>105 Klebsiella (38%) was the predominant isolate followed by Pseudomonas (23%), Acinetobacter (17%), Staphylococcus (13%) and Citrobacter (10%) are offending organism responsible for VAP in MV patient in present study. On analysis (univariate) reintubation, altered sensorium at intubation and use of antacid are found significantly associated risk factors with the development of VAP.' Multivariate analysis revealed that reintubation was an important risk factor for the development of the VAP.Conclusions: The various risk factors can be minimized for better outcome of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Risk factors such as reintubation, altered sensorium at intubation and use of antacid are associated with VAP and also the physician treating must have knowledge and awareness about prevention of these risk factor to improve the outcome of patients.

Determinación del poder mecánico en pacientes en ventilación mecánica invasiva en modalidad espontánea / Determination of the mechanical power in patients in invasive mechanical ventilation in spontaneous mode / Determinação da potência mecânica em pacientes com ventilação mecânica invasiva no modo espontâneo

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar cuál es el poder mecánico (mediante un modelo matemático que puede englobar las posibles causas de lesión pulmonar) otorgado por el ventilador en pacientes bajo ventilación mecánica invasiva en modalidad espontánea VAP (ventilación asisto-proporcional). Material y métodos: Se calculó el poder mecánico y de distensión con las fórmulas: p o d e r m e c a n i c o r s = F R . ∆ V 2 . 1 2 . E L r s + F R . 1 + I : E 60 . I : E . R a w + ∆ V . P E E P 2. Poder mecánico rs = (0.098) · (FR . ΔV) · (Ppico − ½ · ΔP) 3. PD = (0.098) · (PPL − PEEP) · Vt · FR Se realizó en 60 pacientes, la mitad de ellos con ventilación mecánica invasiva en modalidad espontánea VAP, estimando la presión meseta (P pl ) mediante el volumen corriente (Vt), la distensibilidad (C rs ) y la presión positiva al final de la espiración total (PEEPt) dadas por el ventilador mecánico. Resultados: Se incluyeron datos de 60 pacientes bajo ventilación mecánica invasiva, 30 de ellos en la modalidad espontánea: ventilación asisto-proporcional (VAP), de los cuales 100% tuvo retiro de la ventilación exitoso; 30 pacientes como controles emparejados en modalidades controladas, con edad de 65 (DE ± 15) años, 63% hombres y parámetros generales: frecuencia respiratoria (FR) media de 18 (DE ± 5.5) min-1, Vt medio de 0.46 (DE ± 0.1) Lts, Crs media de 55 (DE ± 22) mL/cm H2O, PEEPt de 7.6 (DE ± 3.3) cm H2O, presión pico (P pico ) 20.4 (DE ± 6.9) cm H2O, Ppl de 17.05 (DE ± 5.8) cm H2O. Al calcular el poder mecánico, todas las comparaciones fueron menores en pacientes en modalidad espontánea versus aquellos ventilados con modalidad controlada; se determinaron los siguientes valores: 6.98 (DE ± 1.69) versus 18.49 (DE ± 8.20) J/min (p < 0.001), 7.17 (DE ± 1.67) versus 20.92 (DE ± 9.05) J/min (p < 0.001) y de 4.6 (DE ± 1.64) versus 12.33 (DE ± 7.04) J/min (p < 0.001), en las fórmulas 1, 2 y 3 respectivamente, con un valor promedio para los pacientes en modalidad espontánea de 6.25 (DE ± 1.66) J/min. Conclusiones: La posibilidad de determinar un valor promedio del poder mecánico en pacientes bajo ventilación mecánica invasiva en modalidad VAP puede permitir obtener un parámetro como objetivo a seguir bajo el contexto de su equivalencia estimada en condiciones fisiológicas y, sobre todo, en pacientes en quienes se desean conservar medidas de protección pulmonar y progresar para retirar la ventilación invasiva.

Abstract: Objective: To define which would be the mechanical power (using a mathematical model that can apply to possible causes for lung injury) used by a ventilator, in patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation in spontaneous PAV (proportional assist ventilation). Material and methods: The mechanical and distention powers are calculated using the equations: p o d e r m e c a n i c o r s = F R . ∆ V 2 . 1 2 . E L r s + F R . 1 + I : E 60 . I : E . R a w + ∆ V . P E E P 2. Mechanical power rs = (0.098) . (FR . ΔV) . (Ppeak − ½ . ΔP) 3. PD = (0.098) . (PPL − PEEP) . Vt . RF Sixty patients were selected, half of them with invasive mechanical ventilation PAV in spontaneous mode, estimating the plateau pressure (P pl ) though tidal volume value (Vt), distensibility (C rs ), and the positive pressure at the end of a normal exhalation (PEEPt) given by the mechanical ventilator. Results: Data from 60 patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation was included, 30 of them through spontaneous modality: proportional assist ventilation (PAV), from which 100% had a successful ventilator tube removal; 30 patients were paired as controls with controlled modalities, with age 65 years (SD ± 15), 63% were men, with the general parameters: mean respiratory frequency (RF) of 18 (SD ± 5.5) min-1, mean Vt of 0.46 (SD ± 0.1) Lts, mean C rs of 55 (SD ± 22) mL/cm H2O, PEEPt of 7.6 (SD ± 3.3) cm H2O, peak pressure (Ppico) 20.4 (SD ± 6.9) cm H2O, Ppl of 17.05 (SD ± 5.8) cm H2O. When comparing the mechanical power, all the results were inferior in patients with spontaneous modality versus patients undergoing controlled modality ventilation, determining the following values: 6.98 (SD ± 1.69) versus 18.49 (SD ± 8.20) J/min (p < 0.001), 7.17 (SD ± 1.67) versus 20.92 (SD ± 9.05) J/min (p < 0.001) and of 4.6 (SD ± 1.64) versus 12.33 (SD ± 7.04) J/min (p < 0.001), in the equations 1, 2, and 3 respectively, with an average value for the patients undergoing spontaneous modality of 6.25 (SD ± 1.66) J/min. Conclusions: The probability of determining a mean value for the mechanical power used in patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation on a PAV mode may allow to obtain a standard parameter to follow under the context of its estimated equivalence in physiological conditions, mainly for patients in whom lung protective measures are desired in order to obtain a positive progress and the eventual removal of the invasive ventilation.

Resumo: Objectivo: Determinar qual seria a potência mecânica (usando um modelo matemático que pode englobar às possíveis causas de lesão pulmonar) outorgada pelo ventilador, em pacientes submetidos a ventilação mecânica invasiva no modo espontâneo PAV (Ventilação assistida proporcional). Métodos: Calculamos a potência mecânica e de distensão com as fórmulas: p o d e r m e c a n i c o r s = F R . ∆ V 2 . 1 2 . E L r s + F R . 1 + I : E 60 . I : E . R a w + ∆ V . P E E P 2. Poder mecánico rs = (0.098) · (FR · ΔV) · (Ppico − ½ · ΔP) 3. PD = (0.098) · (PPL − PEEP) · Vt · FR Foram selecionados 60 pacientes, metade com ventilação mecânica invasiva PAV, estimando a pressão de platô (Ppl) mediante o volume corrente (Vt), distensibilidade (Crs), e a pressão positiva ao final de uma expiração total (PEEPt) dadas pelo ventilador mecânico. Resultados: Foram incluídos dados de 60 pacientes com ventilação mecânica invasiva, 30 no modo espontâneo: ventilação assistida proporcional a (PAV), dos quais 100% tinham remoção bem sucedida de ventilação, 30 pacientes com controles em modalidades controladas, com idade de 65 (SD ± 15) anos, 63% homens e parâmetros gerais: frequência respiratória (FR) média de 18 (SD ± 5.5) min-1, Vt médio 0.46 (SD ± 0.1) Lts, Crs média de 55 (SD ± 22) mL/cm H2O, PEEPt de 7.6 cm (SD ± 3.3) com H2O, pressão de pico (Ppico) 20.4 (SD ± 6.9) cm H2O, Ppl de 17.05 (SD ± 5.8) cm H2O. Todas as comparações ao calcular a potência mecânica, foram menores em pacientes no modo espontâneo vs os pacientes ventilados com modo controlado, determinando os seguintes valores: 6.98 (SD ± 1.69) vs 18.49 (SD ± 8.20) J/min (p < 0.001), 7.17 (SD ± 1.67) vs 20.92 (SD ± 9.05) J/min (p < 0.001) e 4.6 (SD ± 1.64) vs 12.33 (SD ± 7.04) J/min (p < 0.001), nas fórmulas 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente, com um valor médio para os pacientes em modo espontâneo de 6.25 (SD ± 1.66) J/min. Conclusões: A possibilidade de determinar um valor médio da potência mecânica em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica invasiva no modo PAV, permitiu obter um parâmetro como objetivo a seguir; no contexto da sua equivalência estimada em condições fisiológicas e acima de tudo, os pacientes que desejamos preservar medidas de proteção pulmonar e progressar para remover a ventilação invasiva.

Assessment of the effectiveness of a ventilator associated pneumonia prevention bundle that contains endotracheal tube with subglottic drainage and cuff pressure monitorization

ABSTRACT The effectiveness of prevention bundles on the occurrence and mortality of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) was evaluated in many studies. However, the effectiveness of endotracheal tube with subglottic secretion drainage (ETT-SD) and cuff pressure monitorization in VAP bundles have not been adequately assessed. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of VAP bundle containing ETT-SD and cuff pressure monitorization. This was a prospective, controlled study that was carried out between March 2011 and April 2012 including intubated patients. The study was conducted at the Anesthesiology Intensive Care Unit 1 and 2 (10 beds each) in a 898-bed university hospital. Occurrence of VAP and compliance with the parameters of the VAP prevention bundles were assessed daily. Patients intubated with the standard endotracheal tube were recruited as controls, mainly in the first six months of the study as ETT-SD and cuff pressure monometer had not yet been implemented. In the second term, patients intubated with ETT-SD were included as cases. Occurrence of VAP, mortality, and compliance with VAP prevention bundles were monitored. A total of 133 patients, 37 cases and 96 controls were recruited. VAP incidence declined from 40.82 to 22.16 per 1000 ventilator days among controls and cases, respectively (p < 005). On average, VAP occurred 17.33 ± 21.09 days in the case group and 10.43 ± 7.83 days in the control group (p = 0.04). However, mortality of cases and controls at the 14th and 30th days was not different. VAP prevention bundles including the utilization of ETT-SD, monitoring cuff pressure, and oral care with chlorhexidine were efficient in reducing the rate of VAP.

Effects of budesonide suspension combined with terbutaline on the VAP and rehabilitation of thoracic surgery / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of budesonide suspension combined with terbutaline on the ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and rehabilitation in patients undergoing thoracic surgery. Methods Fifty-five patients underwent thoracic surgery from June 2006 to January 2017 in our hospital. The patients were treated with budesonide suspension combined with terbutaline atomization solution for inhalation. Forty patients with thoracic surgery were selected as the control group. Comparison of the two groups after the blood gas indicators, the incidence of VAP, mechanical ventilation and hospital stay. Results There was no significant difference in white blood cells, neutrophils and CRP between the two groups.The oxygen saturation of the observation group was higher than that of the control group, the arterial oxygen partial pressure was higher than the control group, PaCO2 was lower than the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The VAP of the observation group was lower than that of the control group. The time of mechanical ventilation was shorter than that of the control group. The hospitalization time was shorter than that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The combination of budesonide suspension and terbutaline atomization can improve the postoperative effect of thoracic surgery and reduce the incidence of postoperative VAP and promote the early rehabilitation of patients.

Endo-tracheal tube associated bacterial infection, prevalence and their drug susceptibility pattern in NICU.

Aim of this article is to provide an overview of modifiable and nonmodifiable factor in the development of Nosocomial Infections (NIs) in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs).Endotracheal tube intubation/Mechanical ventilation is a lifesaving invasive procedure which is associated with their own potential complications, like ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), sepsis, Ventilator associated-tracheo-bronchitis(VAT), acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, Barotrauma and pulmonary edema, which can occur among the patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Among the above listed complication, Neonatal sepsis is the most common and VAP is the second most common encountered Nosocomial infection, which account for the most of the morbidity and mortality in the NICUs and ventilated patients. PubMed, Embase and google scholar have been searched for the articles meeting our criteria,total fourteen articles have been used. Neither any alterations or modifications nor any Software’s were used in this article. In some recent research article and literature, some strategy have been mentioned, which are resulting in better control of Nosocomial infection due to ventilator or endotracheal tube intubation. Gram-negative bacteria are most prevalent in the developing countries and Gram-positive in the developed countries, Klebsiella pneumonia, E. coli and staphylococcus aureus are the most common reason for NIs. Increasing number of NIs and multidrug resistance bacteria are matter of concern for Neonatologist around the world.

Impacto de um bundle nas taxas de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAV) em uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica em Londrina-PR / Impact of the ventilator bundle on ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rates in a pediatric intensive care unit in Londrina-PR

Infecções associadas aos cuidados de saúde (IRAS) constituem importante preocupação à segurança do paciente ao redor do mundo. Pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (VAP) é a principal causa de morte entre IRAS, com mortalidade de 15 a 70%, dependendo da população de pacientes. O Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (CDC) recomendou que todas as UTIs implementassem um bundle depara reduzir a taxa de PAV. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram analisar o efeito do pacote de intervenções de controle da infecção, a educação, as taxas de PAV na Unidade Pediátrica de Terapia Intensiva (UTIP)do Hospital Universitário de Londrina-PR. Este estudo foi realizado entre janeiro e dezembro de 2013 e consistiu em três períodos: pré-intervenção, intervenção e pós-intervenção. A intervenção educativa foi dada a 86 trabalhadores da saúde (PS), e um questionário também foi realizado no pré e pós-intervenção. No geral,foram avaliadas 135 oportunidades de atendimento ao paciente. A higiene das mãos diminuiu do período pré para o pós-intervenção, entretanto a intubação gástrica por via oral, a manutenção da cabeceira da cama entre 30-45º, a pressão do cuff endotraqueal e remoção de condensação do circuito respirador aumentaram significativamente do período pré para o pós-intervenção. A taxa de PAV foi 49,6% durante o período de pré-intervenção e 17,5% durante o período pós-intervenção demonstrando uma redução de 64,8%. Nossos resultados mostram que a implementação do pacote de intervenções de controlo da infecção foi associada com uma redução significativa na taxa de VAP.

Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) are an important patient safety concern around the globe. Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is the leading cause of death among HAI, with attributable mortality ranging from 15 to 70% depending on the patient population. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended that all ICUs implement a ventilator bundle to reduce the VAP rate. The purposes of the present study were to examine the effect of the bundle of infection control interventions, education, VAP rates in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of the Hospital Universitário of Londrina-PR. This study was conducted between January and December 2013 and consisted of three periods: pre-intervention, intervention and post-intervention. An educational intervention was given to 86 health care workers (HCWs) about bundles to prevent VAP, and a questionnaire was also performed pre and post-intervention. Overall, 135 opportunities of patient care were evaluated. The compliance with hand hygiene and the use of gloves and gowns did not improve, but orotracheal intubation, maintenance of the patients in a 30-45º head of bed elevation, endotracheal cuff pressure and removal of condensate from ventilator circuts increased significantly when comparing pre-and post-intervention. The VAP rate was 49.6% during the pre-intervention period and 17.5% during the post-intervention period demonstrating a 64.8% reduction in VAP rate. Our results show that implementation of the bundle of infection control interventions was associated with a significant reduction in VAP rate.

Evaluation of the efficacy of the layered method of sputum suction in the acute stage of the postoperative elderly patients with craniocerebral trauma / 中国现代医生

Objective To observe the efficacy and safety in the postoperative craniocerebral trauma elderly patients us-ing the layered method of sputum suction. Methods Senventy patients aged 60 and above with craniocerebral trauma were divided into the layered method group (group A) and the traditional method group (group B). The vital sign, mu-cosa damage frequency, the times of average daily sputum suction and the incidence of VAP were compared. Results Compared with group B, group A could reduce the vital signs change and the times of average daily sputum suction, with lower airway mucosa damage and the incidence of VAP, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Con-clusion The layered method of sputum suction is safer and more effective than traditional method in treatment of the postoperative elderly patients with craniocerebral trauma.

Relationship between antibiotic consumption, oropharyngeal colonization, and ventilator-associated pneumonia by Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit of a Brazilian teaching hospital / Relação entre consumo de antibióticos, colonização de orofaringe e pneumonia associada à ventilação por Staphylococcus aureus em um hospital de ensino brasileiro

INTRODUCTION: his study evaluated the consumption of major classes of antibiotics, the colonization of the oropharynx of patients on mechanical ventilation, and the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit for adults. METHODS: A case-control study was carried out using colonized patients (cases) by oxacillin-resistant S. aureus (ORSA) and (controls) oxacillin-sensitive S. aureus (OSSA) from May 2009 to August 2010. The occurrence of VAP by S. aureus was also evaluated in the same period. Antibiotic consumption was expressed as the number of defined daily doses (DDD)/1,000 patient-days for glycopeptides, carbapenems, and extended-spectrum cephalosporins. RESULTS: Three hundred forty-six (56.1 percent) patients underwent mechanical ventilation with a frequency of oropharyngeal colonization of 36.4 percent, corresponding to 63.5 percent for ORSA and 36.5 percent for OSSA. The risk of illness for this organism was significant (p<0.05), regardless of whether colonization/infection was by ORSA or OSSA. The consumption of antibiotics was high, mainly for broad-spectrum cephalosporins (551.26 DDDs/1,000 patient-days). The high density of use of glycopeptides (269.56 DDDs/1,000 patient-days) was related to colonization by ORSA (Pearson r=0.57/p=0.02). Additionally, age >60 years, previous antibiotic therapy, and previous use of carbapenems were statistically significant by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant relationship between the colonization of the oropharyngeal mucosa and the risk of VAP by both phenotypes. The use of glycopeptides was related to colonization by ORSA.

INTRODUÇÃO: Este estudo avaliou o consumo das principais classes de antibióticos, a colonização de orofaringe de pacientes sob ventilação mecânica e o risco de pneumonia associada à ventilação (PAV) causada por Staphylococcus aureus em uma unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) de adultos. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo caso-controle, sendo caso os pacientes colonizados pelo oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA), e controle aqueles pelo oxacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (OSSA), no período de maio de 2009 a agosto de 2010. A ocorrência de PAVs por S. aureus também foi avaliada no mesmo período. O consumo de antibióticos foi expresso pelo número de doses diárias definidas (DDDs)/1.000 pacientes-dia para glicopeptídeos, carbapenêmicos e cefalosporinas de amplo espectro. RESULTADOS: Trezentos e quarenta e seis (56,1 por cento) dos pacientes foram submetidos à ventilação mecânica com uma frequência de colonização de orofaringe de 36,4 por cento, correspondendo a 63,5 por cento e 36,5 por cento de ORSA e OSSA, respectivamente. O risco de adoecimento por este microrganismo foi significativo (p<0,05), considerando se a colonização/infecção foi por ORSA ou OSSA. O consumo de antibióticos foi alto, principalmente para cefalosporinas de amplo espectro (551,26 DDDs/1.000 pacientes-dia). A elevada densidade de uso de glicopetídeos (269,56 DDDs/1.000) foi relacionada com a colonização pelo ORSA (Pearson r=0.57/p=0.02). Adicionalmente, idade > 60 anos, terapia antibiótica prévia e uso prévio de carbapenêmicos foram estatisticamente significantes por análise multivariada. CONCLUSÕES: Foi observada uma relação significativa entre a colonização da mucosa de orofaringe e o risco de PAV por ambos fenótipos. O uso de glicopeptídos foi relacionado com a colonização pelo ORSA.

A clinical predictor of varices and portal hypertensive gastropathy in patients with chronic liver disease

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to identify the parameters that could noninvasively predict the presence of esophageal/gastric varices and portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), and to determine the accuracy of those parameters. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 232 patients with CLD who underwent both upper endoscopy and liver CT within an interval of 3 months. The multidimensional index (M-Index) for spleen volume was obtained from the multiplication of splenic length, width, and thickness, as measured by computer tomography. RESULTS: The multivariate analysis revealed that platelet, albumin, and M-Index were independently associated with the presence of varices and PHG. We combined three independent parameters, and developed a varices and portal hypertensive gastropathy (VAP) scoring system (=[platelet count (/mm3)xalbumin (g/dL)]/[M-Index (cm3)]). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the VAP score was 0.850 (95% confidence interval, 0.801-0.899). The VAP cut-off value of 861 had a sensitivity of 85.3%, a positive likelihood ratio of 3.17, and a negative predictive value of 86.4%. For predicting high-risk lesions for bleeding, with a cut-off value of 861 the sensitivity was 92.0%, the positive likelihood ratio was 2.20, and the negative predictive value was 96.4%. CONCLUSIONS: The VAP score can predict the presence of varices and PHG in patients with CLD and may increase the cost-benefit of screening endoscopy in the clinical practice setting. A prospective validation study is necessary in the future.

Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Patients with Ventilator Associated Pneumonia / 대한구급학회지

BACKGROUND: Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) is known as a marker of inflammation in asthma, cystic fibrosis and exacerbation of COPD. However, its importance has not been established in patients using mechanical ventilation. We assessed whether FENO is elevated in patients with ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), and physiologic or pathologic factors affecting levels of FENO in patients with mechanical ventilation. METHODS: All patients (over 18-year-old) using mechanical ventilation were included, and among them, VAP patients were diagnosed on the basis of clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS). We measured FENO in air collected during the end-expiratory pause via an off-line method. We compared the levels of FENO between patients with VAP and without, and assessed the relationship between FENO and other physiologic or pathologic characteristics; age, gender, PaO2, oxygenation index, CPIS. RESULTS: A total of 43 patients (23 male, mean age 67.7 +/- 10.7) in an ICU were enrolled; 19 of them were VAP-patients (10 male, mean age 64.8 +/- 12.9). The level of FENO in the VAP-patients was substantially higher than in the non-VAP group (55.8 +/- 25.3 ppb Vs. 31.8 +/- 13.5 ppb, p < 0.001). CPIS on day 1 and day 3, and duration of mechanical ventilation, were associated with the level of FENO, but oxygenation index, PaO2, PaO2/FiO2, and the mean PEEP were not. CONCLUSIONS: FENO may be useful for the diagnosis of VAP, and is related to CPIS, as well as the duration of mechanical ventilation.

Rhodococcus equi Parte 2: imunologia e profilaxia / Rhodococcus equi Part 2: immunology and profilaxy

Rhodococcus equi é um patógeno ubíquo e habitante da flora intestinal dos equinos de importância na neonatologia equina. Todos os potros são expostos à doença ao nascimento, porém alguns a desenvolvem e outros não. Este artigo revisa características da resposta imune, tanto em adultos competentes quanto em potros suscetíveis ao patógeno. A resposta imune humoral é abordada, incluindo uma discussão sobre o uso do plasma hiperimune como ferramenta profilática. O papel dos mecanismos de imunidade inata na suscetibilidade de alguns potros ao R. equi é também abordado. Da mesma maneira, os componentes envolvidos na resposta cito-mediada são revisados, com atenção particular às pesquisas direcionadas ao desenvolvimento de uma vacina efetiva para ser utilizada em potros.

Rhodococcus equi is an important pathogen in equine neonatology that is ubiquitous and a normal intestinal inhabitant of equines. All foals are exposed at birth, however, some foals develop disease and others do not. This article reviews concepts of the equine immune response, both in the immune adult and susceptible neonate, with respect to this pathogen. Humoral immune responses are addressed, with a discussion on the use of hyperimmune plasma as a prophylactic tool. The role that innate immune mechanisms play in the susceptibility of some foals to R. equi infection is also highlighted. Likewise, cell-mediated immune components are reviewed, with particular attention directed towards research to develop an effective vaccine for foals.

Prevalent strains of pathogens with antibiotic resistance isolated from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric intensive care unit / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To study the pathogenic bacteria strains with drug-resistance prevailing in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP)in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit(PICU)in order to provide a reasonable guidance to the clinical use of suitable antibiotics.Method A retrospective clinical study in 46 patients with VAP was carried out in PICU of Wuhan Children's Hospital between January 2008 and June 2010.The prevalent strains of the pathogenic bacteria with drug-resistance isolated from lower respiratory tract by aspiration were analyzed.Results In total,119 pathogenic microbial strains were isolated including Gram-negative bacilli(G-,65.55%),fungi(21.01%)and Gram-positive cocci(G+,13.45%).Among pathogens,the most common pathogenic strains were Acinetobacter baummannii, Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,candida albicans and coagulase-negative staphylococci.Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that the situation of the multiple drug-resistances to antibiotics found in G- and G+ Was serious. Most of G- were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, imipenem, meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbaetam and piperacillin-tazobactam.The G+ cocci were 100% susceptibility to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid.Fungi were almost sensitive to all the anti-funaus agents. Conclusions The oredominant oathogens of VAP were G- bacilli,and their multiple drug-resistances to antibiotics were the serious problems.The monitoring of the drugresistance should be emphasized, and the option of antibiotics should depend on the antibiotic sensitivity test.

The Clinical Analysis of Bacteria and Drug Sensitivity in Neonatal Ventila-tor-associated Pneumonia / 中国现代医生

Objective To detect the bacteria and drug sensitivity in new borus with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Methods The study included 128 new horns. We detected the bacteria and drug sensitivity of trachea secretion in neonatal VAP. Results Klebsiella pneumonia, acinetobacter baumannii, enterobacter cloacae, pseudomonas aerubinosa and escherichia coli were the most common bacteria in VAP. They were widely resistance to main antibioties. Conclusion Gram-negative bacilli are the most bacteria. Mixed infection and muhidrug resistance are important clinical characteristic in VAP.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia in Newborns:Clinical Features Nursing Measures / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To explore the into clinical features and nursing measures for neonates with ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP).METHODS Totally 74 newborns were hospitalized and received ventilating treatment during 2003-2007.RESULTS Thirty out of 74 baby patients have been found out VAP,whose occurring rate was 41.9% and death rate was 14.3%.Its main original bacteria are G-bacteria,covering 82.2% of all bacteria.CONCLUSIONS While we are carrying out ventilating treatment,we must pay much attention to VAP occurance,useing antibiotic correctly and rationally,strengthen ventilator′s air passage management,follow aseptic technique strictly,and shorten the time of ventilator so as to raise the success rate of the ventilating treatment.

Distribution and Resistance of Sputum Isolates from Children with VAP in PICU / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution and the resistance of pathogens from the children with VAP in PICU,and to analyze the reasons of antibiotics resistance of the pathogens.METHODS The sputum obtained from the children with final diagnosis of VAP in PICU was cultured and identified from Jan 2005 to Dec 2006.The resistance of the bacteria identified to antibiotics used frequently was determined by Kirby-Bauer method.RESULTS A total of 187 strains were isolated from sputum specimens,of which Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci accounted for 76.5% and 23.5%,respectively.Acinetobacter baumannii(17.7%),Escherichia coli(16.0%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(15.0%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae(13.9%) were the most frequently isolates of Gram-negative bacilli.Their resistant rates to ?-lactam antibiotics were high,especially the ESBLs-producing strains in E.coli and K.pneumoniae.The Staphylococcus epidermidis(5.9%),Staphylococcus aureus(4.8%) and Enterococcus faecalis(4.3%) were the most common strains of Gram-positive cocci.No vancomycin-resistanct strains were found,but resistance rates to ?-lactam antibiotics and other antibiotics were high in S.epidermidis and S.aureus.CONCLUSIONS The main strains cultured from the sputum specimens of children with VAP in PICU are Gram-negative bacilli with high resistance rates to antibiotics,especially the ESBLs producing bacilli to ?-lactam antibiotics.Staphylococcus are the main Gram-positive cocci.