Validity and reliability of the brief version of the Symptom Checklist SA-45

Given the prevalence of mental disorders and elevated psychological symptoms, there has been a call for action to scale up health services. To provide optimal care, detecting symptoms early and evaluating the psychological state is essential. Self-report measures are useful to evaluate specific diagnoses and explore psychological symptoms. The present study aimed to provide new psychometric evidence of the Argentine version of the Brief Symptoms Checklist. Through non-probabilistic and intentional sampling, 760 individuals aged 18 to 63 (M = 28.1; SD = 8.61) were selected. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the nine correlated factors model exhibited the best-fit indices and yielded full configural, metric and scalar invariance across gender and region. The factors mainly showed adequate reliability values similar to previous research. T values are provided as population-based norms. The results showed that the instrument is valid and reliable, and could be a valuable tool in various contexts, particularly in primary care, where the evaluation requires a very short time and useful information.

Dada la prevalencia de los trastornos mentales y los síntomas psicológicos elevados, ha habido un llamado a la acción para ampliar los servicios de salud. Para brindar una atención óptima, es fundamental la detección temprana de los síntomas y la evaluación del estado psicológico. Las medidas de autoinforme tienen una amplia utilidad para evaluar diagnósticos específicos y explorar síntomas psicológicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue aportar nuevas evidencias psicométricas de la versión argentina de la versión breve del Inventario de Síntomas Psicológicos. Mediante un muestreo no probabilístico e intencional, se seleccionaron 760 individuos de 18 a 63 años (M = 28.1; DE = 8.61). A través de análisis factoriales confirmatorios se halló que el modelo de nueve factores correlacionados mostró un mejor ajuste y se encontraron evidencias acerca de su invariancia escalar, métrica y configural según género y región. Los factores mostraron mayormente valores de confiabilidad adecuados, concordantes con investigaciones previas. Se proporcionaron puntajes normativos T. Los resultados mostraron que el instrumento es válido y confiable, y podría ser una herramienta valiosa en diversos contextos, particularmente en la atención primaria, donde la evaluación exige tiempos muy breves e información de utilidad.

Dada a prevalência dos transtornos mentais e sintomas psicológicos elevados, houve um apelo à ação para ampliar os serviços de saúde. A detecção precoce dos sintomas e a avaliação do estado psicológico são fundamentais para oferecer cuidados ideais. As medidas de autorrelato têm ampla utilidade para avaliar diagnósticos específicos e explorar sintomas psicológicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi gerar novas evidências psicométricas da adaptação argentina da versão curta do Inventário de Sintomas Psicológicos. Por meio de amostragem não probabilística e intencional, foram selecionados 760 indivíduos de 18 a 63 anos (M = 28,1; DP = 8,61). Por meio de análises fatoriais confirmatórias, constatou-se que o modelo de nove fatores correlacionados apresentou melhor ajuste e foram encontradas evidências sobre sua invariância escalar, métrica e configuracional segundo gênero e região. Os fatores apresentaram majoritariamente valores de confiabilidade adequados, condizentes com pesquisas anteriores. São fornecidos escores normativos T. Os resultados mostraram que o instrumento é válido e confiável, podendo ser uma ferramenta valiosa em vários contextos, particularmente na atenção primária, onde a avaliação requer tempos muito curtos e informações úteis.

Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff en Argentina

Objetivo: probar la versión adaptada al español de la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff en población argentina y analizar su consistencia interna y evidencias de validez basadas en la estructura interna y en la relación con otras variables. Método: se trabajó con dos grupos de participantes: uno de 3228 adultos argentinos (población general), con edades comprendidas entre los 20-83 años (M= 42.21; DE= 13.17). 81.9 % de género femenino. El otro grupo, de 153 estudiantes universitarios, edades entre 18-57 años (M= 26.71; DE =7.53), 85 % de género femenino. Resultados: A través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio pudo observarse un buen ajuste del modelo de Ryff, con cargas factoriales apropiadas. La confiabilidad se analizó mediante fiabilidad compuesta. Los resultados indicaron una buena confiabilidad para todas las dimensiones. Se analizaron las correlaciones con variables teóricamente relacionadas: ansiedad, depresión y personalidad. Se observaron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas en las variables bajo análisis, en el sentido esperado. Conclusión: esta versión del instrumento mostró un ajuste muy bueno, buena confiabilidad y asociaciones descriptas previamente de las dimensiones con variables de ansiedad, depresión y personalidad. Se considera que esta versión es adecuada para ser utilizada en población argentina como herramienta para el estudio del bienestar psicológico desde el enfoque eudaimónico, tanto en el ámbito de la investigación como la clínica.

Objetivo: Testar a versão adaptada ao espanhol da Escala De Bem-Estar Psicológico de Ryff em uma população argentina e analisar sua consistência interna e evidências de validade com base na estrutura interna e na relação com outras variáveis. Método: Foram estudados dois grupos de participantes: um de 3228 adultos argentinos (população geral) com idades entre 20 e 83 anos (M = 42,21; DP = 13,17), 81,9 % do gênero feminino; e outro grupo, de 153 estudantes universitários, com idades entre 18 e 57 anos (M = 26,71; DP = 7,53), 85 % do gênero feminino. Resultados: Por meio de uma análise fatorial confirmatória, pode-se observar um bom ajuste ao modelo de Ryff, com cargas fatoriais apropriadas. A confiabilidade foi avaliada por meio da confiabilidade composta. Os resultados indicaram uma boa confiabilidade para todas as dimensões. Foram analisadas correlações com variáveis teoricamente relacionadas, incluindo ansiedade, depressão e personalidade. Foram observadas correlações estatisticamente significativas nas variáveis analisadas, na direção esperada. Conclusão: Esta versão do instrumento demonstrou um ajuste muito bom, boa confiabilidade e associações previamente descritas das dimensões com variáveis de ansiedade, depressão e personalidade. Esta versão é considerada adequada para uso na população argentina como ferramenta para o estudo do bem-estar psicológico a partir de uma perspectiva eudemônica, tanto em pesquisas quanto em contextos clínicos.

Aim: To test the Spanish-adapted version of Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scale in Argentine population and analyze its internal consistency, validity evidence based on internal structure, and its relationship with other variables. Method: Two groups of participants were studied: one consisting of 3228 Argentine adults (general population) aged 20-83 years (M = 42.21; SD = 13.17), 81.9 % female, and another group of 153 university students aged 18-57 years (M = 26.71; SD = 7.53), 85 % female. Results: A confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good fit for Ryff's model, with appropriate factor loadings. Reliability was assessed using composite reliability, with results indicating good reliability across all dimensions. Correlations were analyzed with theoretically related variables, including anxiety, depression, and personality, revealing statistically significant correlations in the expected direction. Conclusion: This version of the instrument demonstrated a very good fit, good reliability, and previously described associations of the dimensions with variables such as anxiety, depression, and personality. This version is considered suitable for use in the Argentine population as a tool for studying psychological well-being from a eudaimonic perspective, both in research and clinical settings.

Autoeficácia docente e acesso a recursos no ensino remoto emergencial: Escalas psicométricas / Teaching Self-Efficacy and Access to Resources in Emergency Remote Education: Psychometric Scales / Autoeficacia del maestro y acceso a recursos en educación remota de emergencia: Escalas psicométricas

Resumo A autoeficácia dos docentes e seu acesso a recursos podem influenciar a transição do ensino presencial para o ensino remoto emergencial. Este estudo objetivou construir e verificar evidências de validade das escalas de Autoeficácia e Acesso a Recursos de Docentes do Ensino Superior que passaram pela transição para aulas remotas. As escalas foram construídas e submetidas à validação semântica e por juízes. A coleta de dados foi realizada a distância com 135 professores. Foram realizadas análises descritivas, exploratórias e confirmatórias. Ambas as escalas apresentaram cargas fatoriais acima de 0,4. A escala de Autoeficácia docente apresentou-se unifatorial com bom índice de consistência interna (α = 0,95) e bons indicadores de ajuste (x 2 : 256,794; df: 131; CMIN/DF: 1,96; GFI: 0,89; RMSR: 0,05; CFI: 0,93; TLI: 0,91; RMSEA: 0,07). A escala de acesso a recursos apresentou-se com dois fatores e obteve bons índices de consistência interna (α entre 0,80 e 0,88) e bons indicadores de ajuste (x 2 : 67,99; df: 31; CMIN/DF: 2,19; GFI: 0,90; RMSR: 0,12; CFI: 0,94; TLI: 0,92; RMSEA: 0,094). Este estudo amplia o conhecimento a respeito da transição do ensino presencial para o ensino remoto, e traz implicações práticas que poderão auxiliar no planejamento e desenvolvimento das ações educacionais.

Abstract Teachers' self-efficacy and access to resources can influence the transition to emergency remote teaching. This study aimed to build and verify validity evidences of the Self-Efficacy and Access to Resources scales of Higher Education Teachers who underwent the transition to remote classes. The scales were constructed and submitted to semantic and expert validation. Data collection was carried out remotely with 135 teachers. Descriptive, exploratory and confirmatory analyzes were carried out. Both scales presented factor loadings above 0.4. The Teacher Self-Efficacy scale was unifactorial with a good internal consistency index (α = 0.95) and good adjustment indicators (x2: 256.794; df: 131; CMIN/DF: 1.96; GFI: 0.89; RMSR: 0.05; CFI: 0.93; TLI: 0.91; RMSEA: 0.07). The access to resources scale had two factors and obtained good internal consistency indexes (α between 0.80 and 0.88) and good adjustment indicators 67.99; df: 31; CMIN/DF: 2.19; GFI: 0.90; RMSR: 0.12; CFI: 0.94; TLI: 0.92; RMSEA: 0.094). This study expands knowledge regarding the transition from face-to-face teaching to remote teaching, and brings practical implications that may help in the planning and development of educational actions.

Resumen La autoeficacia de los docentes y el acceso a los recursos pueden influir en la transición a la enseñanza remota de emergencia. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo construir y verificar evidencias de validez de las escalas de Autoeficacia y Acceso a Recursos de Profesores de Educación Superior que atravesaron la transición a clases remotas. Las escalas fueron sometidas a validación semántica y de expertos. La recolección de datos se realizó de forma remota con 135 docentes. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, exploratorios y confirmatorios. Ambas escalas presentaron cargas factoriales superiores α 0,4. La escala de Autoeficacia Docente fue unifactorial, con buen índice de consistencia interna (α = 0,95) y buenos indicadores de ajuste (x2: 256,794; gl: 131; CMIN/DF: 1,96; GFI: 0,89; RMSR: 0,05; CFI: 0,93; TLI: 0,91; RMSEA: 0,07). La escala de Acceso a Recursos tuvo dos factores y obtuvo buenos índices de consistencia interna (α entre 0,80 y 0,88) y buenos indicadores de ajuste X 67,99; df: 31; CMIN/DF: 2,19; GFI: 0,90; RMSR: 0,12; CFI: 0,94; TLI: 0,92; RMSEA: 0,094). Este estudio amplía el conocimiento sobre la transición de la enseñanza presencial a la enseñanza remota, y aporta implicaciones que pueden ayudar en la planificación y desarrollo de acciones educativas.

Validez y confiabilidad de las Escalas de siluetas de fatiga, caras de dolor revisada y catastrofización del dolor en adultos mayores / Validity and reliability of the Fatigue Silhouette, Revised Pain Faces, and Pain Catastrophizing Scales in older adults

Resumen Durante el proceso de envejecimiento aparece el dolor como uno de los síntomas más comunes y al que menos se le presta atención, este puede generar un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida de las personas mayores. También, la fatiga se manifiesta frecuentemente, pero no se suele evaluar o exteriorizar en consulta. Por esto, la presente investigación tuvo como propósito estudiar la validez y fiabilidad de las escalas Siluetas de Fatiga, Caras de Dolor Revisada y Catastrofización del Dolor en una muestra de adultos mayores del área metropolitana de Bucaramanga. La muestra estuvo conformada por 131 adultos mayores tanto institucionalizados como no institucionalizados. Los resultados evidenciaron altos valores de fiabilidad en las tres escalas y se revisan las evidencias de validez con el análisis factorial exploratorio. En conclusión, las escalas contribuyen a la medición del dolor en adultos mayores colombianos, brindando a los profesionales de la salud instrumentos confiables. Se sugiere ampliar la muestra con estudios en otras regiones del país.

Abstract Throughout the ageing process, pain arises as one of the most prevalent symptoms which regularly receives the least attention. As a result, pain can negatively impact the quality of life of older people. Fatigue is often present in older adults, yet it is frequently overlooked during consultations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Fatigue Silhouettes, Pain Faces Revised, and Pain Catastrophizing scales in a sample of older adults from the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga. The study included 131 older adults, both institutionalized and non-institutionalized. The results yielded high levels of reliability across all three scales. Moreover, the evidence of validity was assessed through exploratory factor analysis. Overall, these measuring scales provide reliable instruments to healthcare professionals evaluating pain in older adults in Colombia. Future research should expand the sample to other regions of the country.

Research and Publish. 2. Answering the Question: Study Design / Investigar y publicar. 2. Cómo responder la pregunta "diseño del estudio"

Abstract Introduction: Study design guides the methodology for obtaining an answer to a research question. Understanding the different types of research, their advantages, and disadvantages will help ensure the validity of our results. Objective: To describe experimental and non-experimental research designs, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages, in order to guide researchers in selecting the most appropriate design based on their research question. Results and Conclusions: The literature is reviewed to describe the main characteristics, the simplest and most useful classifications for determining the best study design. The study population, internal and external validity of the studies are also determined, in order to understand, based on our research question, the possible extrapolation of our results.

Resumen Introducción: El diseño del estudio dirige la metodología para obtener la respuesta a la pregunta de investigación, y tener claro cuáles son los tipos de investigación, sus ventajas y desventajas, ayuda a la validez de los resultados. Objetivo: Describir los diseños de investigación experimental y no experimental, las ventajas y desventajas de cada uno de estos diseños con el fin de guiar al investigador a la mejor escogencia de este con base en la pregunta de investigación. Resultados y conclusiones: Se revisa la literatura con el fin de describir las características principales, las clasificaciones más sencillas y de mayor utilidad para determinar el mejor diseño de estudio. Se determina además la población de estudio, validez interna y externa de los estudios a fin de entender, basados en la pregunta de investigación, la posible extrapolación de los resultados.

Persistent and Intrusive Negative Thoughts Scale (PINTS): Adaptação e evidências psicométricas em universitários brasileiros / Persistent and Intrusive Negative Thoughts Scale (PINTS): Adaptation and Psychometric Evidence for Brazilian University Students

Resumo Introdução: o pensamento repetitivo negativo (PRN) pode ser caracterizado como pensamentos intrusivos sobre preocupações (atuais, passadas ou futuras), experiências negativas e autocríticas, manifestando-se de forma excessiva e persistente. Em um processo transdiagnóstico, identifica-se que o PRN contribui para o aparecimento e manutenção de transtornos múltiplos. O presente estudo objetivou adaptar a Persistent and Intrusive Negative Thoughts Scale (PINTS) para o contexto brasileiro, averiguando as qualidades psicométricas do instrumento. Método: procedeu-se a dois estudos com participantes de diferentes estados brasileiros. No estudo 1 (n = 258), foi realizada a adaptação da PINTS e uma análise fatorial exploratória. No estudo 2, (n = 270), foi realizada uma análise fatorial confirmatória além de reunidas evidências de validade convergente. Resultados: primeiramente, o estudo 1 apontou uma estrutura unifatorial da medida. A partir do estudo 2, foram corroboradas a estrutura unifatorial e a adequada consistência interna (precisão), o que demonstrou que a PINTS se relacionou positivamente com a afetividade negativa (estresse, ansiedade e depressão) e com a ansiedade cognitiva de provas. Conclusão: conclui-se que a PINTS apresentou qualidades métricas satisfatórias, sendo uma medida curta e de fácil aplicação, podendo ser uma ferramenta útil para pesquisadores que buscam investigar o PRN desadaptativo e os seus correlatos.

Abstract Introduction: Repetitive Negative Thinking (RNT) can be characterized as intrusive thoughts about worries (current, past, or future), negative experiences, and self-criticism, manifesting excessively and persistently. In a transdiagnostic process, it is identified that the RNT contributes to the onset and maintenance of multiple disorders. The present study aimed to adapt the Persistent and Intrusive Negative Thoughts Scale (PINTS) for the Brazilian context, investigating the psychometric qualities of the instrument. Method: Two studies were carried out with participants from different Brazilian states. In Study 1 (n = 258), the adaptation of PINTS and an exploratory factor analysis was performed. In Study 2 (n = 270), a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, and evidence of convergent validity was gathered. Results: Firstly, in Study 1, a unifactorial structure of the measure was indicated. Through Study 2, the unifactorial structure was corroborated, demonstrating adequate internal consistency (precision), demonstrating that PINTS positively correlated with negative affectivity (stress, anxiety, and depression) and cognitive test anxiety. Conclusion: It is concluded that PINTS exhibited satisfactory metric qualities, being a brief and easy-to-administer measure, potentially serving as a useful tool for researchers investigating maladaptive repetitive negative thinking and its correlates.

Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de resiliencia de Wagnild y Young en personas adultas mayores costarricenses / Psychometric Properties of The Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale in Costa Rican Older Adults / Propriedades psicométricas da escala de resiliência wagnild e young em pessoas idosas da Costa Rica

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de resiliencia de Wagnild y Young, versión argentina, en un grupo de personas adultas mayores costarricenses. Materiales y métodos: Se contó con un grupo piloto (N = 40, X = 69.38) y otro para el análisis de las propiedades psicométricas (N = 100, X = 69.31). Se utilizó la escala de resiliencia de Wagnild y Young, versión argentina, de 25 ítems. Se efectuó un análisis por juicio de personas expertas y un estudio piloto, para establecer la escala por validar; posterior a esto, se realizó el estudio de validación completo. Se aplicaron análisis factoriales y alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: El análisis factorial extrajo dos factores denominados: a) "capacidad de autoeficacia" y b) "capacidad de propósito y sentido de vida". La consistencia interna en el nivel global fue 0.84 (21 ítems); para el primer factor, 0.81, y para el segundo factor, 0.74. Conclusiones: El instrumento es confiable y válido para valorar los niveles de resiliencia desde una óptica integral e interdisciplinaria, en una población de personas adultas mayores con las características similares a las de la muestra estudiada. A futuro, se recomienda realizar análisis cualitativos para delimitar mejor los constructos, con base en las características de la población.

Abstract Purpose: To analyze the psychometric characteristics of the Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale Argentine version in a Costa Rican elderly group. Materials and methods: The study had two groups, one for the pilot study (N = 40, X = 69.38), and another for the analysis of the psychometric properties (N = 100, X = 69.31). The 25-item Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale, Argentine version, was used. An analysis by expert judgment and a pilot study were carried out to establish the scale to be validated, after which, the complete validation study was carried out. Factor analyzes and Cronbach's alpha were applied. Results: They were obtained two factors named: a) "selfefficacy capacity", and b) "purpose in life capacity". The global internal consistency was 0.84, for the first factor was 0.81 and for the second factor was 0.74. Conclusions: The scale generated is reliable and valid to assess resilience in an elderly people with similar characteristics to the present study. In the future, it is recommended to carry out qualitative analyzes to better define the constructs based on the characteristics of the population.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Resiliência Wagnild e Young, versão argentina, em um grupo de pessoas idosas costarriquenhas. Materiais e métodos: Um grupo piloto (N = 40, X = 69,38) e outro grupo para a análise das propriedades psicométricas (N = 100, X = 69,31) foram utilizados. A Escala de Resiliência Wagnild e Young, versão argentina, com 25 itens, foi utilizada. Para estabelecer a escala a ser validada, foi realizada uma análise de julgamento por especialistas e um estudo piloto, após o qual foi realizado o estudo de validação completo. A análise fatorial e o alfa de Cronbach foram aplicados. Resultados: A análise fatorial extraiu dois fatores: a) "capacidade de autoeficácia" e b) "capacidade de propósito e significado na vida". A consistência interna ao nível global foi de 0,84 (21 itens); para o primeiro fator foi de 0,81 e para o segundo fator foi de 0,74. Conclusões: O instrumento é confiável e válido para avaliar níveis de resiliência a partir de uma perspectiva holística e interdisciplinar em uma população de idosos com características semelhantes às da amostra estudada. Recomendam-se futuras análises qualitativas para melhor delimitar as construções com base nas características da população.

Adaptación y validación de la Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4) en una muestra de quechua hablantes peruanos

Introducción: El Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4) es una medida de autoinforme ultrabreve de síntomas depresivos y ansiosos. El PHQ-4 no ha sido adaptado ni validado en la población quechua hablante. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo adaptar y validar el PHQ-4 en una muestra de población peruana quechua hablante en su variante Collao de Puno-Perú. Metodología: Participaron 221 personas hablantes de quechua variante collao (promedio de edad de 31,2 años, SD = 11,7, 47,1 % hombres y 52,9 % mujeres). Se evaluó la evidencia de validez basada en la estructura interna, mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA), la fiabilidad con el método de consistencia interna y las características de dificultad y discriminación de los ítems en base a la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (IRT). Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que todos los ítems del PHQ-4 son relevantes, coherentes y claros para representar adecuadamente los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión. El resultado del AFC apoyó un modelo unifactorial, donde los ítems de ansiedad y depresión conforman una sola variable latente con una fiabilidad alta. Todos los ítems del PHQ-4 presentas buenos parámetros de discriminación y los parámetros de dificultad indican que los ítems son comparativamente difíciles. Por lo tanto, se necesita una mayor presencia del rasgo latente (ansiedad y depresión) para responder las categorías de respuesta más altas. Discusión: En conclusión, la PHQ-4 presentó buenas propiedades psicométricas como una medida de detección primaria rápida, confiable y válida para personas quechuahablantes que necesitan una evaluación profunda, monitoreo de los síntomas para diagnóstico y tratamiento para la ansiedad o depresión.

Introduction: The Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4) is an ultra-brief self-report measure of depression and anxiety symptoms. The PHQ-4 has not been adapted or validated in the Quechua-speaking population. Objective: This study aimed to adapt and validate the PHQ-4 in a sample of the Peruvian Quechua-speaking population with its Collao variant from Puno-Peru. Methods: A total of 221 Quechua speakers of the Collao variant (mean age 31.2 years, SD = 11.7, 47.1% male and 52.9% female) participated. Evidence of validity based on internal structure was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), reliability using the internal consistency method, and item difficulty and discrimination characteristics based on Item Response Theory (IRT). Results: The results indicated that all items of the PHQ-4 were relevant, consistent, and clear enough to adequately represent anxiety and depressive symptoms. The CFA results supported a one-factorial model, in which anxiety and depression items form a single latent variable with high reliability. All items of the PHQ-4 had good discrimination parameters, and the difficulty parameters indicated that the items were comparatively difficult. Therefore, a higher presence of the latent trait (anxiety and depression) is needed to answer higher response categories. Discussion: In conclusion, the PHQ-4 presented good psychometric properties as a rapid, reliable, and valid primary screening measure for Quechua speakers in need of in-depth assessment and symptom monitoring for the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety and depression.

Evaluación de la consistencia interna y dimensionalidad de la Escala de Capital Social Cognitivo en adultos colombianos

Introducción: durante las últimas dos décadas, el concepto de capital social se ha utilizado con creciente frecuencia en las ciencias de la salud debido a las relaciones directas e indirectas entre el capital social y la salud física y mental de las poblaciones. Por tanto, es necesario construir un instrumento para cuantificar este concepto con seguridad y confiabilidad. Objetivo: analizar la consistencia interna y dimensionalidad de una escala de siete ítems para medir el capital social en adultos de la población general de Colombia. Metodología: se realizó un estudio de validación en línea, que incluyó una muestra de 700 adultos de entre 18 y 76 años, el 68 % eran mujeres. Los participantes completaron una escala de siete ítems llamada Escala de Capital Social Cognitivo (ECSC). El alfa de Cronbach y el omega de McDonald se calcularon para probar la consistencia interna. Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios para explorar la dimensionalidad de la ECSC. Resultados: la ECSC presentó una consistencia interna baja (alfa de Cronbach de 0,56 y omega de McDonald de 0,59) y pobre dimensionalidad. Seguidamente, se probó una versión de cinco ítems (ECSC-5). La ECSC-5 mostró una alta consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach de 0,79 y omega de McDonald de 0,80) y una estructura unidimensional con indicadores de bondad de ajuste aceptables. Discusión: la ECSC-5 presenta alta consistencia interna y una estructura unidimensional para medir el capital cognitivo social en adultos colombianos. Se recomienda la ECSC-5 para la medición del capital social en la población general colombiana. Futuras investigaciones deben corroborar estos hallazgos en aplicaciones de lápiz y papel y explorar otros indicadores de confiabilidad y validez.

Introduction: During the last two decades, the concept of social capital has been used increasingly frequently in health sciences due to the direct and indirect relationships between social capital and populations' physical and mental health. Therefore, it is necessary to build an instrument to quantify this concept confidently and reliably. Objective: The study aimed to internal consistency and dimensionality of a seven-item scale to measure social capital in Colombia's general population of adults. Methods: An online validation study included a sample of 700 adults aged between 18 and 76 years; 68% were females. Participants completed a seven-item scale called the Cognitive Social Capital Scale (CSCS). Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega were computed to test internal consistency. The authors explore the internal consistency and dimensionality of the CSCS. Results: The CSCS presented a low internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.56 and McDonald's omega of 0.59) and poor dimensionality. Then, the researchers tested a five-item version (CSCS-5). The CSCS-5 showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.79 and McDonald's omega of 0.80) and a one-dimension structure with acceptable goodness-of-fit indicators. Discussion: The CSCS-5 presents high internal consistency and a one-dimensional structure to measure cognitive capital social in the Colombian sample. Authors can recommend measuring social capital in the general Colombian population. Further research should corroborate this pencil and paper application findings and explore other reliability and validity indicators.

Extensión del empleo del criterio de expertos. Validez, consistencia y fiabilidad de los resultados científicos

El criterio (juicio o consulta) de expertos, en las últimas décadas, ha sido ampliamente utilizado en las investigaciones cualitativas, puede decirse que para muchos investigadores constituye la "regla de oro" para validar sus hallazgos. El propósito del artículo consistió en proponer un procedimiento para el procesamiento estadístico de los datos cuando se emplea una extensión del método convencional del criterio de expertos, para establecer la validez, consistencia y fiabilidad en los hallazgos científicos. El mismo fue aplicado en la toma de decisiones de una de las tres dimensiones de la variable de los componentes del ejercicio problémico interdisciplinario del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. En el proceso investigativo se utilizaron métodos empíricos como la revisión de documentos, la encuesta y el criterio de expertos. Los tests estadísticos aplicados arrojaron significación estadística (P < 0.05 hasta P < 0.001) entre las comparaciones y/o asociaciones realizadas. Los hallazgos encontrados demostraron, al aplicar el procedimiento, una aproximación hacia la validez, consistencia y fiabilidad de los resultados científicos.

O julgamento de especialistas (julgamento ou consulta) tem sido, nas últimas décadas, amplamente utilizado em pesquisas qualitativas, indiscutivelmente o "padrão ouro" para muitos pesquisadores validarem suas descobertas. O objetivo do artigo foi propor um procedimento para o processamento estatístico de dados ao usar uma extensão do método convencional de julgamento de especialistas para estabelecer validade, consistência e confiabilidade em descobertas científicas. Ele foi aplicado na tomada de decisão de uma das três dimensões dos componentes variáveis do exercício interdisciplinar de solução de problemas do processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Métodos empíricos, como análise de documentos, pesquisa e julgamento de especialistas, foram usados no processo de pesquisa. Os testes estatísticos aplicados mostraram significância estatística (P < 0,05 a P < 0,001) entre as comparações e/ou associações feitas. Os resultados demonstraram, ao aplicar o procedimento, uma abordagem voltada para a validade, a consistência e a confiabilidade dos resultados científicos.

In recent decades, expert judgment has been widely used in qualitative research, and it can be said that for many researchers it constitutes the "golden rule" for validating their findings. The purpose of the article was to propose a procedure for the statistical processing of data when an extension of the conventional method of expert judgment is used to establish the validity, consistency and reliability of scientific findings. It was applied in the decision making of one of the three dimensions of the variable of the components of the interdisciplinary problem-solving exercise of the teaching-learning process. Empirical methods such as document review, survey and expert judgment were used in the research process. The statistical tests applied showed statistical significance (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) among the comparisons and/or associations made. The findings found demonstrated, when applying the procedure, an approach towards the validity, consistency and reliability of the scientific results.

Escala de compasión hacia los animales. Confiabilidad y validez / Compassion Scale Towards Animals: Reliability and Validity Autores:

Resumen La compasión es aquella conducta que permite a la persona ser capaz de reconocer y validar el sufrimiento de otro ser vivo, generando apoyo que permita evitar ese dolor. El presente estudio buscó determinar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de compasión a los animales, elaborada por López y colaboradores en el 2021. En el presente estudio, participaron un total de 421 universitarios de ambos sexos, seleccionados mediante un muestreo no probabilístico. Según el Análisis Funcional de Conducta se reflejan índices de ajuste adecuados (X./gl=2,52 < 3, SRMR= 0,03 < 0.08, CFI=0,97 > 0,95), así altos niveles de confiabilidad (0,92). La validez convergente y divergente se realizó con la Escala de conductas prosociales y la escala de conductas agresivas. Estos resultados permiten concluir que la escala cuenta con confiabilidad y validez en población peruana.

Abstract Compassion is that behavior that allows a person to recognize and validate the suffering of another living being, generating support to avoid that pain. The present study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the animal compassion scale developed by López et al. in 2021. Four hundred twenty-one university students of both sexes participated in the present study; they were selected by non-probabilistic sampling. According to the Functional Behavior Analysis, adequate adjustment indices are reflected (X./gl=2.52 < 3, SRMR=0.03 < 0.08, CFI=0.97 > 0.95), as well as high levels of reliability (0.92). Convergent and divergent validity was performed with the Prosocial Behavior Scale and the Aggressive Behavior Scale. These results allow us to conclude that the scale has reliability and validity in the Peruvian population.

Validación de cuestionarios para la medición de variables en salud: conceptos fundamentales / Validation of questionnaires for the measurement of health variables: fundamental concepts

Dentro de la práctica clínica, así como en la salud poblacional, es habitual utilizar cuestionarios que permiten evaluar condiciones o variables que no son directamente observables. No obstante, la construcción y validación de estos instrumentos o cuestionarios suele ser poco conocida. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es sintetizar de manera general el proceso de construcción y validación de estos cuestionarios, para así tener una mejor comprensión de este proceso, de los aspectos que se evalúan y de la mejor forma de utilizarlos. La validación de cuestionarios corresponde a un proceso de análisis de este, cuya finalidad es medir una variable latente o constructo, así como sus dimensiones, las que no pueden ser observadas directamente. Una variable latente puede ser inferida a través de un conjunto de atributos específicos que forman parte de ella, como los ítems de un cuestionario y que sí son observables. En este artículo se abordan de manera teórica los conceptos fundamentales de validación de cuestionarios o test, variables latentes o constructos, estudio de la confiabilidad y de la validez, así como los factores que afectan a estas dos últimas características, a través de una revisión narrativa. En el texto, se presentan ejemplos sobre estos conceptos.

In clinical practice and population health, it is common to use questionnaires to assess conditions or variables that are not directly observable. However, the construction and validation of these instruments or questionnaires are often poorly understood. This narrative review aims to summarize in a general way the process of construction and validation of these questionnaires in order to have a better understanding of this process, the aspects that are evaluated, and the best way to use them. The validation of questionnaires corresponds to a process of analysis of the questionnaire, aiming to measure a latent variable and its dimensions, which cannot be observed directly. A latent variable can be inferred through a set of specific attributes that are part of it, such as the items of a questionnaire, which are observable. Through a narrative review, this article addresses the fundamental concepts of questionnaire or test validation, latent variables or constructs, reliability and validity studies, and the factors that theoretically affect the latter two characteristics. Examples of these concepts are presented in the text.

Evidencias psicométricas de la Wong-Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) en universitarios de Lambayeque-Perú / Psychometric evidence of the Wong-Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) in university students from Lambayeque-Peru

RESUMEN Introducción: La inteligencia emocional (IE) es una habilidad clave para el desarrollo personal y académico de los estudiantes universitarios. Por ello, es conveniente disponer de instrumentos pertinentes para medir este constructo. Objetivo: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las evidencias de validez y confiabilidad de la Escala de Inteligencia Emocional de Wong-Law (WLEIS) en estudiantes universitarios de la región de Lambayeque, Perú. Método: Nuestro estudio tiene un diseño instrumental. Aplicamos un cuestionario virtual distribuido en redes sociales a 317 estudiantes universitarios (124 varones y 193 mujeres) de diferentes carreras profesionales, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 30 años (M=20,3; DE=2,7). Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (estimador WLSMV) y se evaluó la consistencia interna. Resultados: Se encontraron cuatro factores correlacionados, de orden superior, y bifactoriales, siendo el primero el que presentó los índices de mejor ajuste: X2(98) = 262.63, p < .001, CFI = .97, TLI = .96, RMSEA = .07 (IC 90%; .06 - .08), SRMR = .04 y WRMR = .91. Los resultados de consistencia interna utilizando el coeficiente omega son ωSEA = .81, ωOEA= .79, ωUOE= .84 y ωROE = .85. Conclusión: La WLEIS en estudiantes universitarios de la región Lambayeque del Perú tiene suficientes evidencias de validez y confiabilidad para garantizar la pertinencia de su aplicación.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Emotional intelligence (EI) is a key skill for the personal and academic development of university students. Therefore, it is appropriate to have relevant instruments to measure this construct. Objective: This study aims to analyze the evidence of validity and reliability of the Wong-Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) in university students in the region of Lambayeque, Peru. Method: Our study has an instrumental design. We applied a virtual questionnaire distributed in social networks to 317 university students (124 males and 193 females) from different professional careers, aged between 18 and 30 years (M=20.3; SD=2.7). Confirmatory factor analysis was performed (WLSMV estimator), and internal consistency was assessed. Result: We found four correlated factors, higher order, and bifactor, the first being the one with the best-fit indices: X2(98) = 262.63, p < .001, CFI = .97, TLI = .96, RMSEA = .07 (CI 90%; .06 - .08), SRMR = .04 and WRMR = .91. Internal consistency results using the omega coefficient are ωSEA = .81, ωOEA= .79, ωUOE= .84 and ωROE = .85. Conclusion: The WLEIS in university students in the Lambayeque region of Peru has sufficient evidence of validity and reliability to guarantee the relevance of its application.

Development,reliability and validity of nurses'knowledge,attitude and practice questionnaire on medication management for patients with dysphagia / 重庆医学

Objective To develop nurses'knowledge,attitude and practice questionnaire on medication management for patients with dysphagia,and test its reliability and validity.Methods Based on the evidence-based summary of the best evidence of medication management for patients with dysphagia,guided by the the-ory of knowledge,attitude and practice,the basic dimensions and item pool of the questionnaire were deter-mined through group discussion,Delphi expert consultation and pre-investigation.In order to revise the ques-tionnaire,437 nurses from 10 tertiary hospitals in Jiangsu Province were conveniently selected for investigation,and the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were tested according to the survey results.Results The nurses'knowl-edge,attitude and practice questionnaire on medication management for patients with dysphagia included 43 items in three dimensions.The three dimensions were analyzed by exploratory factors,and six common factors with characteristic roots>1 were extracted.Two factors were extracted from the knowledge dimension,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 74.958%,One factor was extracted from the attitude dimen-sion,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 77.655%.Three factors were extracted from the prac-tice dimension,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 72.274%.The factor load of each item was 0.618-0.902,Cronbach's α coefficient of the total questionnaire was 0.949,and the test-retest reliability was 0.909.The overall content validity coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.922,and the content validity coeffi-cient for each item was 0.800-1.000.Conclusion The nurses'knowledge,attitude and practice questionnaire on medication management for patients with dysphagia developed in this study has good reliability and validi-ty,and could be used as an effective tool to evaluate the status quo of nurses'medication management for pa-tients with dysphagia.

Development and reliability and validity test of the Scale of Pain-Relevant Responses from Spouse for Chronic Pain Patients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To develop the Scale of Pain-Relevant Responses from Spouse for Chronic Pain Patients and to test its reliability and validity, so as to provide a reliable tool for the scientific assessment of the pain-relevant responses from spouses for chronic pain patients.Methods:Based on the interpersonal process model of intimacy, the first draft of the scale was formed through literature analysis, semi-structured interview, Delphi expert consultation and pre-investigation. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 388 patients with chronic pain who visited the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University from April 2022 to April 2023 using convenience sampling method to test the reliability and validity of the scale.Results:The Scale of Pain-Relevant Responses from Spouse for Chronic Pain Patients included 21 items in 4 dimensions: emotional support pain-relevant responses, behavioral support pain-relevant responses, distractive pain-relevant responses and negative pain-relevant responses. The range of I-CVI was 0.850-1.000. The results of structural validity analysis showed that four qualified common factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 71.173%. The confirmatory factor analysis model fit indicators were within the acceptable range. The correlation validity coefficient was 0.692 ( P<0.01). The Cronbach α coefficient of the total table was 0.894, the half reliability was 0.906, and the retest reliability was 0.927. Conclusions:The Scale of Pain-Relevant Responses from Spouse for Chronic Pain Patients has good reliability and validity, and is suitable for the evaluation of pain-relevant responses from spouse of chronic pain patients.

Reliability and validity of My Jump 2 application to measure lower limb vertical stiffness of college students / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Confirming the reliability and validity of the My jump 2 application for measuring lower limb vertical stiffness may offer the possibility of it as an alternative to the Kistler three-dimensional force platform for measuring lower limb stiffness. OBJECTIVE:To verify the reliability and validity of the My Jump 2 application in measuring lower limb vertical stiffness of college students. METHODS:The drop jump data of the participants were collected through the Kistler three-dimensional force platform and the My Jump 2 application,and the vertical stiffness of the participants'lower limb vertical stiffness was calculated.The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data measured by the My Jump 2 application and the Kistler three-dimensional force platform,attempting to verify the reliability of the My Jump 2 application.The bias and average between the two devices were drawn into a Bland-Altman diagram to verify the consistency between the two test methods.Finally,the test-retest reliability of the My Jump 2 applications at 30 cm and 40 cm was analyzed using the Cronbach's alpha(α)and coefficient of variation.Pearson product-moment correlation was used to analyze the correlation of My Jump 2 applications. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:My Jump 2 application has high reliability and validity when measuring the vertical stiffness of the lower limb.At the same time,due to its advantages of low cost,convenient portability and field testing for large samples,it can be used as an alternative to the Kistler three-dimensional force platform to test the vertical stiffness of the lower limb in college students and similar populations.

Development of self-care scale for patients with lymphedema after breast cancer surgery and verification of its reliability and validity / 现代临床护理

Objective To develop a self-care scale for patients with lymphedema after breast cancer surgery and verify its reliability and validity.Methods Based on the model of knowledge,belief and practice,a questionnaire item pool was constructed after literature reviews and qualitative interviews.A questionnaire-based scale was drafted based on the established item pool by carrying out two rounds of consultation with 15 clinical nursing specialists,nursing administrators and nursing educators from 8 provinces or cities in China.Reliability and validity of the scale were tested using convenience sampling,involving 444 patients with breast cancer surgery related lymphedema from 7 general hospitals in Hubei and Henan provinces,China,between May and July 2023.Results The response rates for the two rounds of expert consultation were 93.75%and 93.33%,respectively.The authority coefficients of the two rounds were 0.86 and 0.89,respectively,and the coordination coefficients for the 2 rounds were 0.130 and 0.379,respectively.In the first round,the average importance rating was from 4.33 to 4.93 with the coefficient of variation from 0.05 to 0.19,and the full score ratio from 53.33%to 93.33%.In the second round,the average importance rating ranged from 2.86 to 4.93 with the coefficient of variation from 0.05 to 0.36,and the full score ratios from 7.14%to 92.86%.A total of 421 patients completed the survey.The overall Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.943,the overall split-half reliability was 0.824,the scale-level content validity index(S-CVI)was 0.912,and the item-level content validity index(I-CVI)of the total scale ranged from 0.857 to 1.000.The KMO value of exploratory factor analysis was 0.919,the Bartrett spherical test value was 4671.724(P<0.001),and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 64.155%.Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good model fit.After the reliability and validity tests,the scale was finalised and determined to consist of three dimensions with 33 items:knowledge(9 items),attitude(6 items)and behaviour(18 items).Conclusion The self-care scale for the patients with lymphedema after breast cancer surgery has demonstrated good reliability and validity,and makes it an effective assessment tool for the patients with lymphedema after breast cancer surgery.

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of disability attitude scale / 现代临床护理

Objective Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of disability attitude scales(DAS-CN)toward disabled persons were created and tested to provide an assessment instrument for measuring the attitude of medical staff toward disabled persons in China.Methods Authorised by the author of DAS in August 2020,based on BRISLIN translation model,the English version of DAS was translated into Chinese followed by back translation,cultural debugging and then put it into pre-experiment in September 2020.The reliability and validity of the finalised DAS-CN were further tested in a survey with 400 randomly selected medical staff in rehabilitation from 8 general hospitals in Jinzhou,Panjin,Yingkou and Fushun in Liaoning Province,China by using the convenience sampling method in March 2021.Results A total of 357 surveyees completed the survey.The localised DSA-CN was composed of 4 dimensions with a total of 20 items,including 4 items in clinical knowledge and skills,4 in clinical responsibility,8 in clinical behaviour and 4 in emotional response.The Cronbach α coefficient of the scales was 0.943,with the split-half reliability and test-retest reliability at 0.824 and 0.899,respectively.The Cronbach α coefficient of each dimension was 0.843～0.944,and the split half reliability was 0.854～0.904.The test-retest reliability ranged from 0.701 to 0.913.The KMO value of exploratory factor analysis was 0.921.The Bartrett spherical test value was 5534.981(P<0.01).The total explanatory rate of variation was 73.050%.Conclusion The Chinese version of Disability Attitude Scales(DSA-CN)has good reliability and validity.Therefore,DSA-CN can be used as an instrument in investigation of the current status about the attitudes towards the disabled persons among the medical staff in China.

Reliability and validity of the outpatient satisfaction questionnaire in enterprise-run hospitals / 现代医院

Objective To develop and assess the reliability and validity of an outpatient satisfaction questionnaire tailor-ed for enterprise-run hospitals.Methods The initial questionnaire was formulated using interviewing and literature review,fol-lowed by a satisfaction survey administered to 380 outpatients at an enterprise-run hospital in Guangxi.Item analysis,exploratory factor analysis,and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to finalize the evaluation questionnaire and evaluate its reliability and validity.Results The final questionnaire comprised 18 items with the item reliability of 0.438-0.856,composite reliabili-ty of 0.846-0.956,and convergence validity of 0.668-0.782.The correlation coefficients among the common factors were less than the square root of the convergent validity values.Conclusion The outpatient satisfaction evaluation questionnaire developed is characterized by robust reliability and validity.

Development and validation of an Exercise Behavior Perception Scale for Lung Cancer Patients / 中华护理杂志

Objective To develop an Exercise Behavior Perception Scale for Lung Cancer Patients in China,and to test its reliability and validity.Methods According to the health belief model,the first draft of the scale was formed through literature review,semi-structured interview,research group discussion,2 rounds of expert correspondence and pre-survey.A total of 842 patients with lung cancer who received treatment in a tertiary A hospital in Zhengzhou City from October 2022 to April 2023 were selected for investigation,and item analysis,validity analysis,and reliability analysis were applied to adjust the items to form a formal scale.Results The Exercise Behavior Perception Scale for Lung Cancer Patients contained 24 items,and exploratory factor analysis generated 6 common factors,including physical rehabilitation benefits,emotional and mental benefits,information disorders,disease symptom disorders,condition disorders,and psychological disorders.The cumulative variance contribution rate reached 73.916％,and the results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model fit was good,the x2/df was 2.371,the root mean square error of approximation was 0.057,the normed fit index was 0.924,and the comparative fit index was 0.954,the scale score was moderately positively correlated with the total score of the Frenchay activities index(r=0.529,P＜0.001).The Cronbach's α,coefficient,half reliability,and retest reliability of the scale were 0.884,0.741,and 0.889,respectively.Conclusion The Exercise Behavior Perception Scale for Lung Cancer Patients had good reliability and validity,and it can be used to effectively evaluate the exercise behavior perception status of lung cancer patients.