Is Waist to Height Ratio Better than Other Indices of Obesity in Determining Cardiovascular Risk?

Background: The indices of obesity (measured by Body Mass Index, waist circumference, and weight-to-height ratio) have been observed to be strongly associated with cardiovascular risk. Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of general obesity while waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) are used to measure central obesity, with the latter suggested to be the indicator for the prediction of cardiovascular risks. This study aimed to determine the advantage of WHtR for cardiovascular risk over the use of other indices of obesity.Methods: The study was a cross-sectional descriptive design carried out among 441 participants at the Metabolic Research Laboratory LTH Ogbomoso excluding pregnant or breastfeeding mothers, thyroid disease, those diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia, those on blood-pressure, blood-glucose or lipid-lowering medications; those on weight-control medications or supplements. A structured self-administer questionnaire was distributed to obtain socio-demographic data of participants. Physical examination was done with anthropometry measurements. Fasting blood samples were obtained for blood glucose and lipid profiles. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21.Results: The study included 441 subjects with male to female ratio of 1:1.47 mean age of 37.92�.80 and 34.72�.16 respectively. Blood pressure, pulse rate, height and other obesity indices except waist circumference were all statistically significantly higher in the males than in the females p <0.05. There was a statistically significant difference in the BMI between the sexes for all categories with the majority of female subjects having abnormal BMI and waist circumference. There was a statistically significant relationship between all the obesity indices (BMI, WHtR & WC) and the cardiovascular risk factors excluding TG and HDLC P <0.05.Conclusion: It was observed that all indices of obesity measured in this study were sensitive and significant in determining cardiovascular risk. It could be concluded that WHtR does not have a special or greater advantage over BMI and WC as all indices showed a significant association with cardiovascular risks. Also, the level of statistical significance suggested that either of these obesity indices could be used independently as a predictor of cardiovascular risk.

Anthropometric Characteristics, Body Composition and Nutritional Status of Younger Primary School Children in Montenegro: National Study / Características Antropométricas, Composición Corporal y Estado Nutricional de los Niños más Pequeños de la Escuela Primaria en Montenegro. Estudio Nacional

SUMMARY: This article has two aims: (a) first aim was to determine what is the most applicable and the simplest alternative for recommended BMI categories for underweight, overweight and obesity related to IOTF references, from the practical standpoint; (b) second aim was to determine the prevalence of the nutritional status in Montenegro on this representative sample of school children aged 9-13 years and compare them with peers from relevant and similar studies from both the local region and globally. A total sample of 1478 healthy children from Montenegro participated in this study divided into two sub-samples of 732 girls and 746 boys. According to the IOTF body mass index (BMI) reference values were used through ROC curve analysis to evaluate potential alternatives for estimation of the nutritional status of this sample of children. Only WHtR did not show significant age-related differences in the case of both genders. Considering the nutritional status of children from this study it has been found that boys have a considerably higher prevalence of being overweight (22.7 % vs. 16.4 %) and obese (7.5 % vs. 3.3 %) compared to girls. On the other hand, girls were more prevalent to be underweight (10.5 % vs. 7.5 %). WHtR seems like the best alternative for the estimation of obesity and being overweight due to simplicity and the equipment needed.

Este artículo tiene dos objetivos: (a) el primero fue determinar cuál es la alternativa más aplicable y más sencilla para las categorías de IMC recomendadas para bajo peso, sobrepeso y obesidad relacionadas con las referencias de la IOTF, desde el punto de vista práctico; (b) el segundo objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia del estado nutricional en Montenegro en esta muestra representativa de escolares de 9 a 13 años y compararlos con pares de estudios relevantes y similares tanto de la región local como a nivel mundial. En el estudio participaron 1478 niños sanos de Montenegro divididos en dos submuestras de 732 niñas y 746 niños. De acuerdo con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) de la IOTF, se utilizaron valores de referencia mediante análisis de curvas ROC para evaluar posibles alternativas para la estimación del estado nutricional de esta muestra en niños. Sólo el ICT no mostró diferencias significativas relacionadas con la edad en el caso de ambos sexos. Teniendo en consideración el estado nutricional de los niños, se determinó que los éstos tenían una prevalencia considerablemente mayor de sobrepeso (22,7 % frente a 16,4 %) y obesidad (7,5 % frente a 3,3 %) en comparación con las niñas. Por otro lado, las niñas tenían más prevalencia de bajo peso (10,5 % frente a 7,5 %). El WHtR parece la mejor alternativa para la estimación de la obesidad y el sobrepeso por su sencillez y equipamiento necesario.

Correlation of body mass index and waist to height ratio with cardiovascular risk factors in Colombian preschool and school children

Objective: To analyze the agreement between body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height Ratio (WHtR) to identify preschool and school children with cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs). Methods: Three-hundred-twenty-one kids were divided into preschool (3-5 years) and school children (6-10 years). BMI was used to classify children as overweight or obese. Abdominal obesity was defined with a WHtR ≥0.50. Fasting blood lipids, glucose and insulin were measured, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The presence of CRFs and multiple non-waist circumference (non-WC) metabolic syndrome factors (MetS-Factors) [high HOMA-IR, high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)] were analyzed. Results: One-hundred-twelve preschool and 209 school children were evaluated. WHtR ≥0.50 classified abdominal obesity in more than half of the preschool children, exceeding those classified with overweight+obesity by BMI (59.5% vs. 9.8%; p0.05). There were similar proportions of school children classified with abdominal obesity by the WHtR and overweight+obesity by the BMI (18.7% vs. 24.9%; p>0.05). There was substantial agreement between WHtR and BMI to identify school children with high total cholesterol values, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, non-HDL-C, insulin, HOMA-IR, low HDL-C values, and the presence of multiple non-WC MetS-Factors (kappa: 0.616 to 0.857, p<0.001). Conclusion: In preschool children WHtR ≥0.5 disagree with BMI results, but in school kids, it has good agreement with the BMI to classify the children´s nutritional status and to identify those with CRFs.

Objetivo: Analizar el grado de acuerdo entre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la relación/cintura estatura (rCE) para identificar niños con factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRC). Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico con 112 niños preescolares (3-5 años) y 209 escolares (6-10 años). El sobrepeso y la obesidad se clasificaron con el IMC y la obesidad abdominal con la rCE ≥0.50. Se tomaron muestras sanguíneas en ayuno para análisis de glucosa, insulina, lípidos y cálculo del índice HOMA-IR. Se analizó la presencia de FRC y de múltiples factores del síndrome metabólico (Factores-SinMet) diferentes a la cintura [HOMA-IR elevado, triglicéridos elevados y colesterol de alta densidad (HDL-C) bajo]. Resultados: rCE ≥0.50 clasificó con obesidad abdominal a más de la mitad de los niños preescolares, excediendo el número de niños clasificados con sobrepeso+obesidad por IMC (59.5% vs 9.8%; p0.05). Fueron similares las proporciones de niños escolares clasificados con obesidad abdominal por la rCE o con sobrepeso+obesidad por el IMC (18.7% vs. 24.9%; p>0.05). Hubo acuerdo sustancial entre la rCE y el IMC para identificar niños escolares con valores elevados de colesterol total, colesterol de baja densidad, triglicéridos, colesterol no-HDL, insulina, HOMA-IR, valores bajos de HDL-C y la presencia de múltiples Factores-SinMet diferentes a la cintura (kappa: 0.616 a 0.857, p<0.001). Conclusión: En niños preescolares la aplicación de rCE ≥0.5 no presenta acuerdo con el IMC, pero en escolares presenta un acuerdo sustancial con el IMC en la clasificación del estado nutricional y en la identificación de niños con FRC.

Association between the trajectory of waist-to-height ratio from childhood to adulthood and the risk of adult hypertension / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To analyze the trajectory of waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) from childhood to adulthood and its association with the risk of hypertension in adulthood.Methods:In this retrospective cohort study, based on the data of China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1991 to 2015, the group-based trajectory model was applied to identify the trajectory of WHtR in 1 794 subjects aged from 7 to 40 years living in 15 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China. The subjects aged 18 years and above with a systolic blood pressure≥140 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or those currently taking antihypertensive drugs were defined as having adult hypertension. And further, the Poisson regression model was used to assess the effect of WHtR trajectory from childhood to adulthood on adult hypertension, and the “E-value” approach was employed to evaluate the potential impact of unobserved confounders on the robustness of the results.Results:Of all the subjects surveyed, 3 trajectory groups were identified, and 750 (41.8%), 958 (53.4%) and 86 (4.8%) subjects were identified as having persistent normal, slow-growing and fast-growing WHtR trajectory, respectively; the incidence of adulthood hypertension in the up-mentioned 3 trajectory groups was 2.1%, 4.7% and 14.0%, respectively ( P<0.001). The risk of adult hypertension in the slow-growing trajectory group ( RR=1.94, 95% CI: 1.12-3.36) and the fast-growing trajectory group ( RR=5.70, 95% CI: 2.65-12.24) were both significantly higher than that in the persistent normal group (both P<0.05). The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the results were relatively robust (E-value was 3.29 and 10.88, respectively). Conclusion:Different trajectories of WHtR from childhood to adulthood exist in the surveyed population, and the increase of WHtR would be positively correlated with the risk of adulthood hypertension.

Association between anthropometry and cardiovascular risk in patients attending a diabetic clinic

Background Obesity is a well-documented risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with increasing evidence to suggest visceral adiposity as a greater risk factor for CVD than body mass index (BMI). Objectives To determine a relationship between hypertension (HPT) and anthropometry in people living with diabetes (PLWD) in an HIV endemic area. Methods This was a retrospective study analysing data captured from standardised clinic sheets from the DM clinic at the Harry Gwala Regional Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019. Results Data from 957 PLWD were used for the study, the majority of whom had T2DM (811; 86.2%). Approximately one-sixth of the cohort had HIV infection (146; 15.3%). There was no significant difference in HPT prevalence between the HIV-uninfected (77.9%) and PLWD who had HIV (PLWDHIV) (78.1%). Multivariate analysis revealed females with increased waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WTHR) were 57.8 (95% CI 3.04­1096.33) (p = 0.007) and 87.2 (95% CI 4.88­1558.28) (p = 0.002) times more likely to be hypertensive respectively. By contrast, only BMI in males was associated with HPT with a AOR 5.294 (95% CI 1.54 - 18.22) (p = 0.008). HIV status was non-contributory to anthropometry in predicting HPT in PLWD. Conclusion Our study found that anthropometric indices are not all equal predictors of HPT. The authors advocate for local guidance on gender-specific cut-offs on anthropometry in PLWD.

Sex-related differential prevalence of central obesity in diabetes mellitus: a multi-centred survey in North-Central Nigeria

Contrary to the old dictum that central obesity is more common among men than women, recent reports have shown a gradual reversal of this trend, as suggested by some studies. Objective: To compare the prevalence of central obesity among men and women with Diabetes mellitus in NorthCentral Nigeria. Methods: This multi-centred, cross-sectional study was conducted across 20 hospitals in Abuja, Nasarawa State, and Niger State, involving 1040 participants. Some obesity indices (body mass index, waist circumference and waist-toheight ratio) were measured. Results: The prevalence of central obesity (waist circumference criterion) was significantly higher in the females compared to male participants (89.6% vs 51.6%, χ2 = 1231.37, p<0.001), similar to the prevalence determined by waistheight ratio criterion (female vs male, 88.8% vs 71.5%, χ2 = 58.83, p<0.001). Following correction for age, duration of diabetes mellitus, blood pressure, blood glucose, and glycated haemoglobin using logistic regression, female gender remained a significant determinant of central obesity (OR = 2.76, 95% CI 1.81-3.83, p = 0.004). Conclusion: The prevalence of central obesity was higher among women than men in a cross-section of patients with diabetes mellitus in North-Central Nigeria

Utilização da Razão Cintura-Estatura na avaliação nutricional na primeira fase da adolescência / The use of Waist-to-Height Ratio for nutritional assessment in the first phase of adolescence

Objetivo: Este estudo visou avaliar o desempenho da razão cintura-estatura (RCE) como indicador complementar do estado nutricional na primeira fase da adolescência. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal com 148 adolescentes (10 a 13 anos de idade) de duas escolas de Macaé, RJ, realizado em 2016/2017. Foram coletadas informações de maturação sexual, peso, estatura e perímetro da cintura (PC). Para verificar como as classificações do índice de massa corporal-para-idade (IMC/I), PC e RCE dialogam em termos de triagem de risco em saúde, foi feito o teste Kappa. Os limites máximos de sensibilidade e especificidade da RCE segundo o IMC/I foram analisados pela curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics). Resultados: Dentre os avaliados, 51,4% eram meninas e mais de 60% encontravam-se nos dois primeiros estágios de maturação sexual. A prevalência de excesso de peso (sobrepeso+obesidade) foi 31,8%, obesidade 17,6% e RCE elevada 20,3%, sem diferença segundo sexo e maturação sexual. A RCE apresentou boa concordância com excesso de peso (Kappa=0,707) e obesidade (Kappa=0,780). Já a concordância entre IMC/I e PC foi pobre. O valor de 0,45 da RCE foi o ponto de corte mais adequado para identificar os adolescentes com excesso de peso. Conclusões: Este trabalho sugere que a RCE apresenta melhor desempenho que o PC como indicador complementar do estado nutricional no início da adolescência. A RCE agrega informação sobre a gordura central ponderada pela estatura, não requer curva de comparação e apresenta ponto de corte, o que facilita ações de triagem nos serviços de saúde e em estudos epidemiológicos.

Objective: This study evaluated the performance of the Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHR) as an additional indicator of nutritional status in the first phase of adolescence. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, developed in 2016/2017, with 148 adolescents (10 to 13 years old) from two public schools of Macaé, a municipality in Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil. We collected information on sexual maturation, weight, height, and waist circumference (WC). The Kappa Test was performed to verify the accordance among Body Mass Index-for-Age (BMI/A), WC, and WHR in relation to health risk screening. The maximum limits of sensitivity and specificity of WHR according to BMI/A were analyzed by ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristics). Results: Among the participants, 51.4% were girls, and more than 60% were in the first two stages of sexual maturation. The prevalence of excess weight (overweight+obesity) was 31.8%, obesity 17.6%, and high WHR 20.3%, with no difference according to sex and sexual maturation. WHR showed good agreement with excess weight (Kappa=0.707) and obesity (Kappa=0.780). The agreement between BMI/A and WC was poor. The value 0.45 was the most appropriate WHR cutoff point to identify adolescents with excess weight. Conclusions: This study suggests that WHR performs better than WC as an additional indicator of nutritional status in early adolescence. WHR brings information on central adiposity weighted by height, does not require a comparison curve, and has a cutoff point, which may facilitate screening in health services and epidemiological studies.

Panorama da saúde de um grupo de servidores de uma universidade pública de São Paulo: síndrome metabólica, índices antropométricos e adequação da dieta / Health overview of a group of public university employees in São Paulo: metabolic syndrome, anthropometric indices, and dietary adequacy

A obesidade constatada como um problema de saúde pública está relacionada ao maior risco por doenças cardiovasculares, hipertensão arterial, resistência à insulina, diabetes tipo II, dislipidemia e síndrome metabólica. Aliados ao estilo de vida sedentário e a uma dieta inadequada, elevados índices de massa corporal circunferência cintura e relação cintura e estatura foram constatados. O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar o quadro de Síndrome Metabólica, em adultos (mulheres 89 e 46 homens) pelos índices antropométricos, dados bioquímicos e a adequação da dieta. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo realizado com 135 servidores não docentes, categoria funcional básico, técnico e superior, de uma universidade pública no Estado de São Paulo. Foram coletados dados sóciodemográficos, inquérito alimentar, de peso, estatura, circunferência da cintura, medidas de pressão arterial e exames bioquímicos: glicemia, triglicérides e HDL-c (High-density lipoprotein-c). Resultados: 36 % dos participantes apresentou sobrepeso e 28% obesidade e 62,0% da amostra apresentou algum dos parâmetros bioquímicos alterados. O percentual de Síndrome Metabólica foi de 13,3% nos homens e 19,2% nas mulheres. Na relação cintura estatura, 81 % apresentaram índices no padrão de risco de doenças cardiovasculares ou metabólicas, a dieta inadequada nos três macronutrientes foi constatada nos participantes em 34,9% com Indice de massa corporal alterado e 37,0% com Circunferência da cintura alterado. Os resultados mostraram que a caracterização da síndrome metabólica com os parâmetros avaliados aliados à análise da dieta estabelece um quadro com informações que direcionam ações para programas até mesmo dentro de Instituições universitárias e ligadas a área da Saúde.

Obesity, recognized as a public health issue, is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Coupled with a sedentary lifestyle and inadequate diet, elevated body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio have been observed. This study aimed to characterize the Metabolic Syndrome profile in adults (89 women and 46 men) using anthropometric indices, biochemical data, and dietary adequacy. This descriptive epidemiological study was conducted with 135 non-teaching staff members, including basic, technical, and higher categories, at a public university in Sao Paulo. Sociodemographic data, dietary surveys, weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure measurements, and biochemical tests (glucose, triglycerides, and High-density lipoprotein-c) were collected. Results: 36% of participants were overweight, 28% were obese, with 62.0% of the sample showing altered biochemical parameters. The prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome was 13.3% in men and 19.2% in women. In the waist-to-height ratio, 81% had cardiovascular or metabolic disease risk range indices. An inadequate diet across all three macronutrients was observed in 34.9% of participants with altered body mass index and 37.0% with altered waist circumference. The results revealed that characterizing metabolic syndrome with the evaluated parameters and dietary analysis provides insights that guide actions for programs, even within university institutions and those connected to the health field.

Three obesity indicators predicting central obesity in Naxi and Pumi ethnic groups in Yunnan Province and inter-ethnic comparison / 解剖学报

Objective To compare the predicted value of three different obesity indicators of on center obesity of Naxi and Pumi adult in Lijiang City, Yunnan Province; To calculate the best cut-off point of waist-to-height ratio(WHtR), body mass index(BMI) and abdominal volume index(AVT); And to compare the differences of BMI and WHtR between the Naxi, Pumi and North-South ethnic groups, so as to provide scientific reference for central obesity and related diseases. Methods By random sampling, 658 cases of Naxi adults (278 cases for men and 380 cases for women) and 496 cases of Pumi adults (2 1 6 cases for men and 280 cases for women) were selected as the subjects of the study, taking the internationally recognized visceral fat level (V F L) as the diagnostic criterion of central obesity, the relationship between WHtR, BMI, AVI and VFL was discussed by regression analysis, and the value of three obesity indicators was predicted by comparing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the subjects. Using Excel 2019 to draw diagrams and SPSS 23. 0 to process data. Results The six indicators of age, weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference and AVI of Naxi and Pumi men were statistically significant among different ethnic groups (P < 0 . 05); Naxi and Pumi women' s age, height, waist circumference, WHtR, BMI and abdominal volume index, the six indicators were statistically significant among different ethnic groups (P < 0 . 0 1) . Correlation analysis showed that the three indicators of WHtR, BMI and AVI were positively related to VFL (P< 0 . 0 1) . The ROC showed that the WHtR had the highest value for predicting central obesity in Naxi and Pumi men (P<0. 01), BMI had the highest value of predicting central obesity in Naxi and Pumi women (P<0. 0 1) . Cluster analysis showed that Naxi and Pumi males were similar to southern ethnic groups such as Lisu and Sui, Naxi females were similar to Zang and Jingpo, and Pumi females were similar to southern ethnic groups such as Lisu and Sui. Conclusion WHtR, BMI, AVI to determine central obesity are statistically significant, can be combined with BMI and AVI to determine Naxi, Pumi central obesity.

Comparación del riesgo cardiovascular en estudiantes de la carrera de preparador físico en un instituto profesional de Chile / Comparison of cardiovascular risk in students of the physical trainer career in a professional institute of Chile

RESUMEN Los objetivos de este estudio fueron determinar y comparar el riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) en estudiantes de la carrera de preparador físico de las generaciones 2017 y 2019. Las variables medidas fueron peso corporal (PC), estatura (ES), circunferencia de cintura (CC), índice de masa corporal (IMC) e índice de cintura/estatura (ICE). Se utilizó al CC e ICE para la determinación del RCV y su posterior comparación. La metodología utilizada corresponde a un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, descriptivo: con una muestra de 324 participantes (año 2019 = 98 hombres y 62 mujeres; año 2017 = 103 hombres y 61 mujeres). Se utilizó una báscula mecánica con estadímetro marca DETECTO (para PC y ES) y una cintra métrica antropométrica SECA (para CC). Para las diferencias estadísticas se utilizó la prueba de ANOVA de dos vías y comparaciones múltiples de Sidak, se consideró el índice de D Cohen para el tamaño de efecto, con un alfa de 0.05), ni tampoco se clasifican como grupo de riesgo. Se concluye que las mujeres estudiantes tienen características antropométricas diferentes entre ambos años y que la generación del año 2019 presenta RCV.

ABSTRACT The aims of this study were to determine and compare the cardiovascular risk (CVR) in students of the physical trainer career of the 2017 and 2019 generations. The variables measured were body weight (BW), height (HE), waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and waist to height ratio (WHtR). The WC and WHtR were used to determine the CVR and its subsequent comparison. The methodology used corresponds to a quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive study: with a sample of 324 participants (year 2017 = 103 men and 61 women; year 2019 = 98 men and 62 women). A mechanical scale with a DETECTO brand stadiometer (for BW and HE) and a SECA anthropometric tape measure (for WC) were used. Sidak's two-way ANOVA test and multiple comparisons were used for statistical differences, the Cohen D index for effect size was considered, with an alpha of 0.05), nor are they classified as a risk group. It is concluded that female students have different anthropometric characteristics between both years and that the generation of 2019 presents CVR.

Associação entre funções executivas, antropometria e aptidão física de escolares / Association between executive function, anthropometry and physical fitness of school students

A aptidão física e parâmetros antropométricos têm sido associados ao aproveitamento acadêmico e melhoria da função cognitiva. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi de associar a função executiva, antropometria e aptidão física de escolares com idades entre 11 e 15 anos. Para tanto, 179 estudantes (85 meninas e 94 meninos) (13,18 ± 1,26 anos; 49,73 ± 12,30 kg; 159,21 ± 9,40 cm; 19,46 ± 3,79 kg/m²) foram submetidos a mensurações antropométricas (massa corporal, estatura e circunferência da cintura, com posterior cálculo de índice de massa corporal e relação cintura-estatura), realizaram dois testes cognitivos (Teste de Stroop e Teste de Trilhas) e realizaram uma bateria de testes físicos (PROESP-BR). Os dados foram analisados no SPSS versão 22.0 por meio de estatística descritiva e Correlação de Spearman. O nível de significância adotado foi de p<0,05. Os resultados indicaram que a maior parte dos escolares apresentou baixo desempenho nos testes de aptidão física. Nenhuma associação significativa foi encontrada entre as variáveis antropométricas e o tempo para completar os testes cognitivos. Por outro lado, correlações significativas negativas foram observadas na associação entre os testes de aptidão física e os testes cognitivos, indicando que participantes com melhor aptidão física necessitam de menos tempo para completar os testes cognitivos. Conclui-se que escolares com idades entre 11 e 15 anos apresentam baixa aptidão física. Ademais, foram observadas correlações negativas significativas entre a aptidão física e o tempo para completar os testes cognitivos.

Physical fitness and body composition parameters have been associated with academic performance and improved cognitive function. Thus, the aim of the present study was to associate executive function, anthropometry and physical fitness of students aged 11 to 15 years. In order to do so, 179 participants (85 girls and 94 boys) (13.18 ± 1.26 years; 49.76 ± 12.30 kg; 159.21 ± 9.40 cm; 19.46 ± 3.79 kg/m²) underwent anthropometric measurements (body mass, stature and waist circumference. Body mass index and waist-to-height ratio were also calculated), performed two cognitive tests (Stroop test and Trail making test) and performed physical fitness tests (PROESP-BR). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman's Correlation. The level of significance adopted was p<0.05. Results showed that the majority of the participants presented a weak performance in the physical fitness tests. No statistically significant associations were found between anthropometric indicators and time to complete the cognitive tests. However, significantly negative correlations occurred when associating the physical tests with the cognitive tests, indicating that students with better physical fitness need less time to complete the cognitive tests. School students aged 11 to 15 years presented low physical fitness. Moreover, negatively statistically significant correlations were found between the physical fitness tests and time to complete the cognitive tests.

Prevalence of overweight in adolescents from a Southern Brazilian city according to different anthropometric indexes / Prevalência de excesso de peso em adolescentes de uma cidade do sul do brasil, de acordo com diferentes índices antropométricos

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the prevalence of overweight in adolescents according to different classification criteria for obesity and somatic maturation stages. Methods: Cross-sectional study in 10 schools in a city from Southern Brazil, with 1715 adolescents. Height, weight, waist circumference, and neck circumference (NC) data were collected. Body Mass Index was classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria, and the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was classified according to Brazilian and European cut-off points. Somatic maturation was obtained through the Peak Height Velocity. The prevalence data were compared between sex and stages of somatic maturation; the concordance between different criteria was verified. Results: The prevalence of overweight was high in both sexes; WHO criteria showed that 34.5% of boys and 29.3% of girls were overweight. For the WHtR, the prevalence was 28.4% in boys and 23.7% in girls. NC classified 13.8% of boys and 15.8% of girls as being overweight. The prevalence of overweight was higher in adolescents before complete somatic maturation. Conclusions: The prevalence of overweight was high among adolescents. The boys presented higher frequency of overweight, except if NC was used to classify them. Adolescents before somatic maturation had a higher prevalence of overweight. NC showed a lower ability to track obese adolescents.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de excesso de peso em adolescentes de acordo com diferentes critérios de classificação de obesidade e estágios de maturação somática. Métodos: Estudo transversal em dez escolas de um município da região Sul do Brasil, com 1.715 adolescentes. Dados de estatura, peso, circunferência da cintura e circunferência do pescoço (CP) foram coletados. O índice de massa corpórea (IMC) foi classificado com os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e do Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, e a razão cintura-estatura (RCE) foi classificada de acordo com pontos de corte brasileiros e europeus. A maturação somática foi obtida por meio do pico de velocidade do crescimento (PVC). Os dados de prevalência foram comparados entre os sexos e os estágios maturacionais; verificou-se a concordância entre os diferentes critérios. Resultados: A prevalência do excesso de peso foi elevada em ambos os sexos. Com o critério da OMS, a prevalência foi de 34,5% nos meninos e 29,3% nas meninas. Para a RCE, a prevalência foi de 28,4% nos meninos e 23,7% nas meninas. A CP rastreou 13,8% de excesso de peso nos meninos e 15,8% nas meninas. A prevalência de excesso de peso foi mais elevada em adolescentes antes da maturação somática completa. Conclusões: A prevalência do excesso de peso foi elevada entre os adolescentes. Os meninos apresentaram maior percentual de excesso de peso, exceto na variável CP. Adolescentes antes da maturação somática apresentaram maior prevalência de sobrepeso. A CP tem menor capacidade de rastrear adolescentes obesos.

Nutritional status and age of menarche in adolescent girls in urban and rural area schools

Background: There are various factors that influences the age of menarche which includes genetic, nutritional status, socioeconomic status and environmental conditions. Further it has also proved that the malnutrition has delayed the age of menarche. Thus, the present study focuses on the study of relation between the nutritional status and age of menarche among the adolescent girls in a rural and urban area in Tamil Nadu, India.Methods: It is a community based cross-sectional study done in the adolescent girls of age between 11 to 15 years studying in school in the city of Chennai, India and surrounding rural areas. A total of 602 post-menarcheal adolescent girls were included in the study. The participants who were post-menarcheal were asked to recall the year and month of menarche and was noted. To assess the nutritional status, the parameters weight, height and waist circumference were determined.Results: The association between the age of menarche and BMI was studied. The study showed that there was an association with a Pearson coefficient (r) value of - 0.252 which is statistically significant (p?0.001). The association between the age of menarche and waist to height ratio was studied. The study showed that there was an association with a Pearson coefficient (r) value of - 0.261 which is statistically significant (p?0.001).Conclusions: This study has confirmed that the nutritional status has association with the age of menarche and is the contribution to the reduction in the mean of age of menarche in this geographical area.

Índice cintura talla un marcador de obesidad visceral relacionado a cistitis no complicada / Index Waist Size A Visceral Obesity Marker Related To Non-Complicated Cystitis

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el índice cintura-talla y la presencia de cistitis no complicada en los pacientes de consulta externa en un centro de atención primaria de Lima en el año 2018. Métodos: Se realizó un diseño observacional analítico, tipo casos y controles. Con una muestra de 131 casos y 131 controles, por muestreo aleatorio simple, sometidos a criterios de selección. Se revisó historias clínicas para la obtención retrospectiva de los datos. Se calculó el Odds Ratio como medida de asociación. Resultados: La media del índice cintura talla para cistitis no complicada fue de 61,91 ± 6.39 para los casos y 58.12 ± 3.87 para los controles. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia de cistitis y el índice- cintura talla (OR 5,27; IC95% 3,10 ­ 8,95; p <0,001). Asimismo, se encontró asociación con el perímetro abdominal (OR 2,11 IC 95% 1,26 ­ 3,55; p=0,005) e IMC (OR 2,02; IC95% 1,20 ­ 3,37; p=0,007). Conclusión: El índice cintura talla tuvo una fuerte asociación con la presencia de cistitis no complicada. Se sugieren estudios prospectivos para corroborar la asociación entre marcadores de obesidad visceral y el desarrollo de infección de tracto urinario.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between waist to height ratio and uncomplicated cystitis in a primary health care center in Lima, during the year 2018. Methods: We conducted an observational, analytical, case-control study, in which a total of 131 cases and 131 controls were obtained by simple random sample, applying exclusion and inclusion criteria. Retrospective recollection of the data was performed using the medical record of each selected patient. Odds ratio was calculated to measure the strength of association. Results: the waist to height ratio mean for uncomplicated cystitis was 61,9 ± 6.39 and 58.12 ± 3.87 for the controls. We found an statistical significant association between uncomplicated cystitis and waist to height ratio (OR 5,27; 95%CI 3,10 ­ 8,95; p <0,001). Waist circumference (OR 2,11 95%CI;1,26 ­ 3,55; p=0,005) and body mass index (OR 2,02; 95%CI 1,20 ­ 3,37; p=0,007) were also associated. Conclusion: we found a strong association between waist to height ratio and uncomplicated cystitis, prospective studies are suggested to confirm the association between visceral obesity and the appearance of urinary tract infections

Associations of body mass index, waist circumference, waist height ratio and hypertension in the elderly / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To explore the associations of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist height ratio (WHtR) and the prevalence of hypertension in elderly residents over 60 years in Baodi district, Tianjin. Methods Residents over 60 who underwent medical examinations in the Koudong Health Center, Baodi district, Tianjin, were all invited to participate in the study from April to May, 2018. Participants were asked to fill out structured questionnaires and undergo physical examinations. Stratified analysis and logistic regression analysis were applied to examine joint effects and interactions of BMI and WC (or WHtR) on the risk of hypertension. Results A total of 1 417 residents (83.75%) out of 1 692 residents participated in the study. The prevalence of hypertension in the participants was 46.36%. 66.50% of the participants were BMI overweight or obese. Participants with central obesity accounted for 74.66% (measured by the WC) and 75.38% (by the WHtR). Compared to the normal weight measured by the BMI or the WC, BMI overweight (OR=1.65, 95%CI: 1.19-2.30) or obesity (OR=3.41, 95%CI: 2.23-5.20) and WC central obesity (OR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.00-2.23) were associated with increased risk of hypertension. The joint effects of BMI and WC (OR=2.49, 95%CI: 1.78-3.46), or BMI and WHtR (WHtR overweight: OR=2.05, 95%CI: 1.41-2.99; WHtR obesity: OR=2.37, 95%CI: 1.50-3.76) were greater than the single effect of the latter (WC overweight/obesity: OR=1.39, 95%CI: 0.90-2.15; WHtR overweight: OR=1.02, 95%CI: 0.62-1.66; WHtR obesity: OR=1.44, 95%CI：0.55-3.81). Conclusions Of the three indices, BMI is strongly correlated with the risk of hypertension. BMI overweight or obesity has enhanced the association of WC or WHtR and the risk of hypertension, suggesting that weight control in the normal range, especially measured by the BMI index, may prevent and control hypertension.

Study on the correlation of waist-to-height ratio and triglyceride with cerebrovascular hemodynamics and stroke / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To explore the correlation of waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and triglycerides (TG) with changes in cerebral hemodynamic index (CVHI) and the risk of stroke. Methods From March 2018 to March 2019, a total of 500 medical examinees were selected from the civil servants who underwent a physical examination in the physical examination department of our hospital. According to the TG level, the subjects were divided into two groups: HTG group (208 cases) and normal group (292 cases). According to WHtR value, the subjects were divided into an abnormal group (216 cases) and a normal group (284 cases). According to the test results, CVHI and other information the stroke risk was analyzed among the 4 groups. Results The right Vmax and bilateral Qmean, Vmean, Vmin, and Dp in the HTG group were significantly lower than those in the normal group (P<0.05), while the bilateral Wv, Zcv, Rv, DR, and Cp were higher than those in the normal group (P<0.05). The parameters of bilateral Vmax, Qmean, Vmean, Vmin, and Dp in the abnormal group were significantly lower than those in the normal group (P<0.05), while the bilateral Wv, Zcv, Rv, DR, and Cp were higher than those in the normal group (P<0.05). The CVHI scores of the HTG group and the abnormal group were lower than those of the normal group (P<0.05), and the FSP scores were higher than those of the normal group (P<0.05). The proportion of high-risk strokes with CVHI<75 and FSP score ≥10 in the HTG group were both higher than that in the normal group (P<0.05). There were 4 predictors including HTG, WHtR, CVHI score, and FSP score. There was a statistically significant difference in the etiology of stroke between CVHI and FSP (P<0.05). The risk of stroke in patients with abnormal WHtR increased by 2.746 times, and the relative risk of stroke in patients with CVHI<75 increased by 3.298 times. Conclusion WHtR abnormality and CVHI<75 were two independent predictors of stroke risk. HTG may increase the risk of stroke by affecting cerebral hemodynamic indicators.

Body fat indices for identifying risk of hypertension in Indian children

Background: Studies in India shown high body fat indices were strongly associated with hypertension in Indian children, but such studies mostly not done in southern states of India. So, authors include children in Tamilnadu measure body fat indices and blood pressure to find which body fat index correlates closely with hypertension.Methods: Standing height was measured using stadiometer. Weight was measured using electronic scale. WC measured in standing position, by a stretch resistant.' WC above 90th centile will be considered as Adipose. Waist to height ratio optimal cut-off value is 0.44 for children. TSFT recorded using Harpenden caliper, on the non-dominant upper arm. Wrist circumference measured using stretch resistant tape.Results: In this study 2000 children were participated. More hypertensives are seen in 10 to 12 years(62) and 16 to 18 years(31).Increased weight correlated with hypertension. Study indicates waist circumference is significantly correlated with systolic BP p<0.003, diastolic BP p<0.000. This study shows significant correlation p<0.003 for systolic and p<0.000 for diastolic BP with triceps skin fold thickness estimation. In multivariate analysis with systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure shows very strong correlation with waist circumference, waist to height ratio and triceps skin fold thickness.Conclusions: In this study we investigate the correlation between body fat indices and blood pressure correlation was statistically analyzed which shows that waist circumference, waist to height ratio and triceps skin fold thickness were strongly correlated with systolic and diastolic BP.

A Comparative Study of Body Mass Index, Body Weight and Waist to Height Ratio to Depict Serum Cholesterol Level in Healthy Young Individuals

Introduction: Many external and internal factors eitherdirectly or indirectly regulate our health. Similarly, manyparameters such as high glucose, high cholesterol, and highblood pressure are the indicators of our healthiness. BodyMass Index (BMI) and Waist to Height Ratio (WtHR) aresuch parameters which indicate the degree of healthiness of anindividual. Current study aimed at estimation and comparisonof the statistical relationships of BMI, body weight and WtHRwith serum cholesterol level in healthy Individuals of agegroup of 18-30.Material and methods: This study was done on total 54healthy persons (27 male and 27 females) of age group 18-30. The data of age, height weight and waist circumference ofall participants were collected. In their fasting blood samples,total serum cholesterol was measured by colorimetric kit.In this study statistical correlation was confirmed by threedifferent statistical methods.Results: Our statistical analysis suggested that BMI, bodyweight and WtHR are positively correlated with average totalserum cholesterol level with a significant p value (<0.05).Statistical correlation coefficient values further suggestedthat BMI could be a better predictor of cholesterol levelassociated diseases as compared to body weight and WtHR inhealthy individuals of age group 18-30. High BMI and Waistcircumference are indicators of overweight and/ obesity.Conclusion: These findings indicated that BMI could be abetter predictor of cholesterol level associated diseases ascompared to body weight and WtHR in healthy individuals ofage group 18-30.

Serum alanine aminotransferase levels are closely associated with metabolic disturbances in apparently healthy young adolescents independent of obesity / 소아과

PURPOSE: Liver metabolism plays a pivotal role in the development of metabolic disorders. We aimed to investigate the clinical and laboratory risk factors associated with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in young adolescents from an urban population in Korea. METHODS: A population of 120 apparently healthy adolescents aged 12–13 years was included in the cross-sectional design study; 58 were overweight or obese and 62 were of normal weight. We estimated anthropometric and laboratory measurements, including waist-to-height ratio, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, aspartate aminotransferases (AST), ALT, and lipid profiles. RESULTS: The mean ages of the overweight or obese and normal weight participants were 12.9±0.3 and 13.0±0.3 years, respectively. Height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, AST, ALT, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) score were significantly higher and the high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index were significantly lower in the overweight/obese participants in comparison to the normal-weight participants (all P < 0.05). In multivariate linear regression analysis, waist-to-height ratio, systolic blood pressure, and HOMA-IR score were independently and positively associated with serum ALT levels. CONCLUSION: Screening for ALT levels in adolescents may help to differentiate those at risk of metabolic abnormalities and thus prevent disease progression at an early age.

Association between obesity and blood pressure in preschool children in urban areas / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To investigate the blood pressure status of preschool children in urban areas of Qingdao, and to determine the relationship between obesity and blood pressure in preschool children. Methods A stratified cluster sampling method was used to select a total of 13 kindergartens in urban districts of Qingdao. Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and blood pressure of children in three classes were measured. Body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio and waist to height ratio were calculated and the relationship between obesity and blood pressure was analyzed. Results The mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in preschool children in urban areas of Qingdao were (95.52±7.66) and (62.78±6.52) mmHg, respectively.The detection rate of hypertension in preschool children was 13.50%. The SBP and DBP were positively correlated with BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist to height ratio. There was a linear regression relationship between body mass index and age and blood pressure. The risk of hypertension in overweight and obese children was 5.191 and 2.824 times of normal body weight, respectively. Conclusions The prevalence of hypertension in preschool children in Qingdao urban areas is high.Overweight and obesity are risk factors for elevated blood pressure.Therefore, while preventing preschool children from obesity, preschool children's blood pressure monitoring and blood pressure monitoring and early intervention of hypertension of preschool children should be implemented.