Hypoglycemic activities of flowers of Xanthoceras sorbifolia and identification of anti-oxidant components by off-line UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-free radical scavenging detection / 中草药·英文版

OBJECTIVE@#To identify phytochemical constituents present in the extract of flowers of Xanthoceras sorbifolia and evaluate their anti-oxidant and anti-hyperglycemic capacities.@*METHODS@#The AlCl3 colorimetric method and Prussian Blue assay were used to determine the contents of total flavonoids and total phenolic acids in extraction layers, and the bioactive layers was screened through anti - oxidative activity in vitro. The Waters ACQUITY UPLC system and a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (2.0 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) were used to identify the ingredients. And anti-oxidative ingredients were screened by off-line UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-free radical scavenging. The ameliorative role of it was further evaluated in a high-fat, streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rat model and the study was carried out on NADPH oxidase (PDB ID: 2CDU) by molecular docking.@*RESULTS@#Combined with the results of activity screening in vitro, the anti - oxidative part was identified as the ethyl acetate layer. A total of 24 chemical constituents were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the ethyl acetate layer and 13 main anti-oxidative active constituents were preliminarily screened out through off-line UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-free radical scavenging. In vivo experiments showed that flowers of X. sorbifolia could significantly reduce the blood glucose level of diabetic mice and alleviate liver cell damage. Based on the results of docking analysis related to the identified phytocompounds and oxidase which involved in type 2 diabetes, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, and isoquercitrin showed a better inhibitory profile.@*CONCLUSION@#The ethyl acetate layer was rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids and had significant anti-oxidant activity, which could prevent hyperglycemia. This observed activity profile suggested X. sorbifolia flowers as a promising new source of tea to develop alternative natural anti-diabetic products with a high safety margin.

Application of fingerprint combined with quantitative analysis of multi -components by single marker in quality evaluation of Xanthoceras sorbifolia / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To establish the fingerprints of Xanthoceras sorbifolia and determine the contents of flavonoids . METHODS HPLC was adopted . Using epigallocatechin as reference ，the fingerprints of 11 batches（No. S1-S11）of X. sorbifolia were drawn with Similarity Evaluation System of Chromatographic Fingerprints of TCM （2004A edition ）. The similarity evaluation was conducted ，the common peaks were also confirmed . Cluster analysis （CA）and principal component analysis （PCA）were also performed. Epigallocatechin was selected as internal reference ，and quantitative analysis of multi -components by single marker （QAMS）was used to determine the contents of gallocatechin ，catechin，epicatechin，dihydromyricetin，taxifolin and myricetin in 16 batches（No. S1-S16）of X. sorbifolia. The results were compared with the results of one point external standard method and standard curve method . RESULTS There were 15 common peaks in 11 batches of X. sorbifolia，and the similarity of them were 0.910-1.000. A total of 7 common peaks were identified ，i.e. galliccatechin（peak 1），epigallocatechin（peak 2），catechin（peak 3），epicatechin（peak 5），dihydromyricetin（peak 6），taxifolin（peak 14）and myricetin （peak 15）. The results of CA showed that S5-S7 and S 9 were clustered into one category ，S8 and S 11 were clustered into one category ，S10 were clustered into one category，S1-S4 were clustered into one category . The results of PCA showed that accumulative variance contribution rate of 3 principal components was 99.24%；S5-S7 were clustered into one category ，S8-S11 were clustered into one category ，S3 and S 4 were clustered into one category ，S1 and S 2 were clustered into one category . With the exception of myricetin and a partial batches （S12，S14-S16） of catechin ，the RSDs measured by the three methods for galliccatechin ，catechin （remaining batches ）， epicatechin，dihydromyricetin and taxifolin in 16 batches of X. sorbifolia were less than 4% （n＝3）. CONCLUSIONS The established HPLC fingerprint and the method for content determination can be used for the quality control of X. sorbifolia. QAMS method can be used for the content determination of galliccatechin，epicatechin，dihydromyricetin and taxifolin .

Progress in research and development of Xanthoceras sorbifolia / 中国中药杂志

Xanthoceras sorbifolia, an excellent oil-rich woody species, has high comprehensive economic value in edible, medicinal, and ornamental fields. The chemical composition, pharmacological effect, and quality control of X. sorbifolia were introduced, and its development and application were reviewed in this study. As revealed by the previous research, the main chemical constituents of X. sorbifolia were triterpenoids, flavonoids, fatty acids, phenylpropanoids, steroids, phenolic acids, organic acids, etc. It possesses pharmacological effects, such as neuroprotection, bacteriostasis, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, analgesia, anti-HIV, and anti-coagulation. X. sorbifolia is widely applied in medical, food, chemical industry, and other fields, and deserves in-depth research and development.

A new coumarin glucoside ester from seeds oil leavings of Xanthoceras sorbifolia / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To study the coumarin from the seeds oil leavings of Xanthoceras sorbifolia. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by combination of silica gel, macroporous resin, Sephadex LH-20, and ODS column chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by spectral and chemical methods. The cytotoxicity of the new compound against 10 selected human cancer cell lines was assayed. Results: Five comarins were isolated and identified as fraxetin-7-O-β-D-[6’-(3’'‑hydroxyl‑3’’- methylglutaryl)] glucopyranoside (1), fraxoside (2), fraxetin (3), scopoline (4), and esculetin (5), respectively. Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new compound. Unfortunately, this compound exhibited no cytotoxicity with tested cell lines.

Analysis of the genetic relationships and diversity among 11 populations of Xanthoceras sorbifolia using phenotypic and microsatellite marker data

Background: Assessments of genetic diversity are essential for germplasm characterization and exploitation. Molecular markers are valuable tools for exploring genetic variation and identifying germplasm. They play key roles in a Xanthoceras sorbifolia breeding program. Results: We analyzed the genetic diversity of populations of this species using 23 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and data on kernel oil content. The 11 populations included in the study were distributed across a large geographic range in China. The kernel oil content differed significantly among populations. The SSR marker analysis detected high genetic diversity among the populations. All SSRs were polymorphic, and we identified 80 alleles across the populations. The number of alleles at each locus ranged from two to six, averaging 3.48 per primer pair. The polymorphism information content values ranged from 0.35 to 0.70, averaging 0.51. Expected heterozygosity, observed heterozygosity, and Shannon's information index calculations detected large genetic variations among populations of different provenance. The high average number of alleles per locus and the allelic diversity observed in the set of genotypes analyzed indicated that the genetic base of this species was relatively wide. The statistically significant positive correlation between genetic and geographic distances suggested adaptations to local conditions. Conclusions: Microsatellite markers can be used to efficiently distinguish X. sorbifolia populations and assess their genetic diversity. The information we have provided will contribute to the conservation and management of this important plant genetic resource.

Advances in studies on chemical constituents from husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia and their biological activities / 中草药

To review the research progress in the chemical constituents from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia and their biological activities for the first time. After a detailed investigation on the literatures at home and abroad, we had found that the primary chemical constituents from the husks of X. sorbifolia were triterpenoids and polyphenols (such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins etc), sterols, alkaloids, and so on. The biological activities of the chemical constituents from the husks of X. sorbifolia showed mainly as improving the ability of learning and memory, anticancer effects, inhibition on tyrosinase, curing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity. Xanthoceraside is a primary triterpenoid saponin purified from the husks of X. sorbifolia, with highest content and a variety of biological activities. The husks as the waste of the oil-extracting from X. sorbifolia, this paper provides the references for further understanding and utilization of the medicinal values in the husks of X. sorbifolia.

Simultaneous quantification of ten constituents of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge using UHPLC-MS methods and evaluation of their radical scavenging, DNA scission protective, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities / 中国天然药物

The present study was designed to investigate the bioactive constituents of Xanthoceras sorbifolia in terms of amounts and their antioxidant, DNA scission protection, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Simultaneous quantification of 10 X. sorbifolia constituents was carried out by a newly established ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry method (UHPLC-MS). The antioxidant activities were evaluated by measuring DPPH radical scavenging and DNA scission protective activities. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were investigated by using an assay with α-glucosidase from Bacillus Stearothermophilus and disaccharidases from mouse intestine. We found that the wood of X. sorbifolia was rich in phenolic compounds with the contents of catechin, epicatechin, myricetin, and dihydromyricetin being 0.12-0.19, 1.94-2.16, 0.77-0.91, and 6.76-7.89 mg·g(-1), respectively. The four constituents strongly scavenged DPPH radicals (with EC50 being 4.2, 3.8 and 5.7 μg·mL(-1), respectively) and remarkably protected peroxyl radical-induced DNA strand scission (92.10%, 94.66%, 75.44% and 89.95% of protection, respectively, at a concentration of 10 μmol·L(-1)). A dimeric flavan 3-ol, epigallocatechin-(4β→8, 2β→O-7)-epicatechin potently inhibited α-glucosidase with an IC50 value being as low as 1.2 μg·mL(-1). The established UHPLC-MS method could serve as a quality control tool for X. sorbifolia. In conclusion, the high contents of antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory constituents in X. sorbifolia support its use as complementation of other therapeutic agents for metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and hypertension.

Chemical constituents in carpophore of Xanthoceras sorbifolia / 中草药

Objective To study the chemical constituents in ethanol extract from the carpophore of Xanthoceras sorbifolia and explore a new potential part.Methods The constituents were isolated by macroporous resin and silica gel column chromatography and their structures were elucidated by the phisi-cochemical properties and spectral evidence.Results Compounds Ⅰ-Ⅵ wre obtained and their structures were identified as 21-angeloyl-24-hydroxy-R1-barrigenol(Ⅰ),23-hydroxybetulinic acid(Ⅱ),3?,23-dihydroxy-lup-20(29) en-28-oic acid-3-caffeate(Ⅲ),22,23-dehydroxy-?-chondrillasterone(Ⅳ),3-oxotirucalla-7,24-dien-21-oic(Ⅴ),and ?-spinasterol-3-O-?-D-glucopyranoside(Ⅵ),respectively.Conclusion Compound Ⅰ is a new natural product and compounds Ⅱ-Ⅳ are isolated from the plants of Xanthoceras Bunge for the first time.

Effects of n-Butanol Extract of Xanthoceras Sorbifolia Bunge on Rat Model with Adjuvant Arthritis and its Mechanism / 中药新药与临床药理

Objective:To study the effects of n-Butanol Extract (BEX)of Xanthoceras Sorbifolia Bunge on rat model with adjuvant arthritis(AA) in rats and its mechanism .Methods: Rat model of adjuvant arthritis(AA) was induced by FCA. Hind paw swelling was observed to evaluate the effect of BEX and phagocytic function of monocyte-macrophage system, antibody level and delayed hypersensitivity were examined to explore its mechanism. Results: BEX can inhibit the primary and secondary hind paw edema and improve the general symptoms (P