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Adansonia digitata (AD) Linn has been used to cure PU in Ayurveda but its efficacy has not been validated. The current study was so carried out to evaluate the antiulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp (ADFP), n hexane extract of Adansonia digitata seed oil (ADSO) & their combination (ADFP+ADSO) in rats. The effect of AD on gastric ulcer in pylorus ligation induced and ethanol induced models was studied using doses [ADFO (500 mg/kg), ADSO (300 mg/kg) & combination of ADFP & ADSO] for 10 days. Omeprazole (10 mg/kg) were used as the standard drug. Depending on the model, outcomes measures were gastric volume, pH, free acidity, total acidity, ulcer index, percentage inhibition of ulcer index, protein, pepsin, mucus, antioxidant marker enzyme level (Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Lipid peroxidation), morphological & Histopathological study. The result obtained with combination was set up near to the standard drug and consequence showed that the combination of ADFP & ADSO was found to be more effective than the individual extract of AD. The outcomes were statistically evaluated with the one-way ANOVA followed by the test of Dennett’s‘t’. The secondary-metabolites such as flavonoids, proteins, saponins, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids and Fatty acids (palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid) are potent as antioxidant, antiulcer and anti-inflammatory. The finding of this reading confirmed that AD has antiulcer activity due to 1 or more of the secondary-metabolites present in it. Therefore, this study validates its antiulcer use in Ayurveda. Future investigation on separation of specific phytochemicals and elucidate MOA are needed.
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The study assessed the effect of baobab (Adansonia digitata) seed meal (BSM) on some growth and reproductive parameters of rabbit does. A total of 24 adult does (age range) were used, the rabbits were grouped into four treatments having six replicates with each replicate consisting of one doe. Treatment 1 (T1) served as the control, treatment 2 (T2) had 5% BSM, treatment 3 (T3) had 10% BSM and treatment 4 (T4) had 15% BSM. The study lasted for 10 weeks. The antinutritional factor content of the diet increased with BSM inclusion. Tannin, saponin and alkaloid content in the control diet was 0.27, 260.00 and 0.86 mg/100 g respectively, while the diet with 15% BSM (T4) had 0.0055 mg/g (tannin), 7.73 mg/g (saponin) and 0.022 mg/g (alkaloid). However, the pure BSM had 0.0017 mg/g (tannin), 130.00 mg/kg (saponin) and 0.03 mg/g (alkaloid). Feed intake and weight gain were significantly (P<0.05) higher for does in T2 compared to the control diet. Does on T2 converted their feed better compared to does on T3 and T4 with 16.93 and 16.95 respectively. The weight change during gestation revealed that does in T2 had a significant (P<0.05) weight increase of 150.00 g compared with the control with a weight change of 137.00g. However, a weight loss of -30.00 g was observed for does fed T4 (15% BSM). No significant (P>0.05) difference was observed in the litter size of does fed different diets with means ranging from 5.33 to 6.00, although the highest birth weight of kindles was observed in T2 (5% BSM) but was not significantly (P>0.05) different from kindles of other treatments. It is concluded from the result of this study that inclusion of 5% ADSM in the diet of does did not result in any significant weight loss. However, inclusion levels above 5% posed a threat to the growth performance and reproductive attributes of does.
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ABSTRACT Recently there has been a renewed impetus in the search for novel ingredients to be used in the cosmetic industry and Baobab (Adansonia digitata L., Malvaceae) seed oil has received high interest. In this study, a commercial Baobab seed oil sample was characterised (fatty acid content) using GCxGC-ToF-MS and a pilot study on the safety and efficacy of the seed oil was performed. The safety and efficacy of Baobab seed oil after topical application was determined using healthy adult female caucasian participants (n = 20). A 2× magnifying lamp was used for visual analysis, while for monitoring and evaluation of the irritancy level, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and hydration level of the skin, Chromameter®, Aquaflux® and Corneometer® instruments, respectively, were used. In addition, Aquaflux® and Corneometer® instruments were used to assess occlusive effects. Thirteen methyl esters were identified using GCxGC-ToF-MS. The major fatty acids included 36.0% linoleic acid, 25.1% oleic acid and 28.8% palmitic acid with 10.1% constituting trace fatty acids. The irritancy of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in the patch test differed significantly compared to both de-ionised water (p < 0.001) and Baobab seed oil (p < 0.001) but the difference between the irritancy of Baobab seed oil and de-ionised water was not significant (p = 0.850). The moisture efficacy test indicated a reduced TEWL (p = 0.048) and an improved capacitance moisture retention (p < 0.001) for all the test products (Baobab oil, liquid paraffin, Vaseline® intensive care lotion and Vaseline®). The occlusivity wipe-off test indicated an increased moisture hydration (p < 0.001) and decreased TEWL particularly when Baobab oil was applied. Baobab possesses hydrating, moisturising and occlusive properties when topically applied to the skin. Baobab seed oil could be a valuable functional ingredient for cosmeceutical applications.
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Objectives: In the present study we report a simple, eco-friendly and cost effective method for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) from Adansonia digitata leaf extract and perform to know the antimicrobial potency on 07 bacterial and 05 fungal pathogens. Materials and Method: These green synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by UV-VIS spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, AFM, SEM, TEM and to know the antimicrobial potency of nanoparticles by disc diffusion method. Results and Discussion: A broad peak obtained at 431 nm of UV-VIS spectroscopic analysis confirms the synthesized nanoparticles are silver. Phenols and proteins of leaf extract is main responsible for reduction and stabilization of these nanoparticles confirmed by FTIR. XRD pattern of synthesized nanoparticles confirms the particles are crystalline in nature and owing 44 nm in size. EDAX analysis shows 34.22 weight percentage of Ag material in the reaction medium indicates purity of sample. High resolution microscopic studies with AFM, SEM and TEM analysis reveals the nanoparticles are polydispersed in condition, spherical in shape, having the size range from 5 to 64 nm without any agglomeration. Further, the antimicrobial studies confirm the nanoparticles having broad range of antimicrobial efficacy against clinically isolated pathogenic microorganisms. Conclusions: SNPs synthesized by using Adansonia digitata leaf extract acts as effective reducing agent for production of narrow range size of SNPs. This method provides pave a way for green, cost effective and eco-friendly method for production of SNPs and can be used as effective antimicrobial agents on clinically isolated microbial pathogens.
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Aims: To evaluate the protective effects of the aqueous extract of the fruit pulp of Adansonia digitata (AEFAD) in sodium arsenite (SA) and cyclophosphamide (CP) induced hepatotoxicity and clastogenicity in rats. Study Design/Methodology: Fifty four male Wistar rats were distributed into nine groups (A-I) of six animals each. Group A received distilled water and normal diet, Groups B received SA at 2.5 mg/kg body weight, Group C received CP at 10 mg/kg body weight, Groups D –I received the extract alone and with SA or CP. Results: A statistically significant (P <0.05) higher levels of: mean γGT, ALT and AST activities, number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (nMPCEs) scored in the bone marrow cells, proliferation of hepatic cells and lipid peroxidation were observed in rats exposed to (SA) or (CP) as compared with the control. Treatment with AEFAD along with SA or CP significantly (P <0.05) reduced the effects of the toxins on the above indices. Observations made with histological analysis of the liver sections revealed lesions ranging from general congestion, mild periportal cellular infiltration and hepatic necrosis to severe congestion in the treated groups. Conclusion: Findings from this study therefore reaffirmed the hepatoxicity and clastogenicity of SA and CP and revealed that AEFAD can ameliorate these toxicities in rats.
Résumé
Adansonia digitata L. (Malvaceae) is commonly known as baobab tree native to Africa. Baobab is a multi-purpose tree which offers protection and provides food, clothing and medicine as well as raw material for many useful items. The fruit pulp, seeds, leaves, flowers, roots, and bark of baobab are edible and they have been studied by scientists for their useful properties. The fruit pulp have very high vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, carbohydrates, fibers, potassium, proteins and lipids content, which can be used in seasoning as an appetizer and also make juices. Seeds contain appreciable quantities of phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, sodium, iron, manganese, whereas they have high levels of lysine, thiamine, calcium and iron. Baobab has numerous biological properties including antimicrobial, anti-malarial, diarrhoea, anaemia, asthma, antiviral, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities amongst others. Phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of flavonoids, phytosterols, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. The review summarizes the information on various aspects of traditional information, taxonomic description, medicinal properties and importantly nutritional value.
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Background: Parts of baobab tree (Adansonia digitata) including especially the barks are commonly used for their medicinal properties. Aims: The aim of this work is to evaluate the antisickling activity of baobab tree barks, which are used in Congolese traditional medicine to manage Sickle Cell Disease. Study Design: Baobab tree barks was extracted with water by maceration. Phytochemical tests were conducted with standard procedures. Antisickling activity and the minimum concentration of extract required to normalize sickled cells was determined by Emmel test. Place and Duration of Study: This work was done at department of chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Kinshasa (DR Congo), between November 2012 and February 2013. Methodology: The barks collected from Adansonia digitata were dried and powdered. A chemical screening was perform and extraction of anthocyanins done. Antisickling activity was evaluated by Emmel test, membrane stability by osmotic fragility test and Fe3+ evolution by following solution absorbance at 630nm. The rate of sickle cell shape normalization was determined at different plant aqueous extract concentrations in order to determine the minimal concentration of extract required to normalize sickle cells. The shape modification was quantitatively evaluated from the values of parameters such as surface, radius and perimeters of sickle blood cells before or after treatment with plant extract using Motic software. Results: The aqueous extract of Adansonia digitata showed an antisickling activity with a maximal normalization rate of 65.7% and a minimal concentration required to normalize sickled cells of 5.0mg/mL. The cell surface, perimeter and radius were significantly different before and after treatment with plant extract. The chemical screening showed the presence of polyphenols among which anthocyanins. The biological activity of this plant would be due to these pigments. The anthocyanins extract have also shown a stabilization effect on sickle blood red cells membranes and a reduction of methemoglobin to hemoglobin effect Conclusion: The results obtained show significant antisickling activity of Adansonia digitata barks thus justifying the use of this plant by traditional healers in Congolese traditional medicine in the management of Sickle Cell Disease.
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This study examined the total polyphenol content of eight wild edible plants from Ethiopia and their effect on NO production in Raw264.7 cells. Owing to its relatively high polyphenol concentration and inhibition of NO production, the methanol extract of Adansonia digitata L. leaf (MEAD) was subjected to detailed evaluation of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Antioxidant effects were assessed by measuring free-radical-scavenging activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and oxygen-radical-absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays, while anti-inflammatory effects were assessed by measuring inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In the ORAC assay, MEAD was 10.2 times more potent than vitamin C at eliminating peroxyl radicals. In DPPH assay, MEAD also showed a strong ROS scavenging effect. MEAD significantly inhibited iNOS activity (IC50=28.6 microg/ml) of LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 cells. We also investigated the relationship between iNOS expression and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation. MEAD inhibited IkappaBa degradation and NF-kappaB translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells without significant cytotoxic effects, as confirmed by MTT assay. These results suggest that MEAD inhibits anti-inflammatory iNOS expression, which might be related to the elimination of peroxyl radicals and thus the inhibition of IkappaBa-mediated NF-kappaB signal transduction.
Sujets)
Adansonia , Antioxydants , Acide ascorbique , Cytosol , Éthiopie , Méthanol , Facteur de transcription NF-kappa B , Nitric oxide synthase type II , Plantes comestibles , Transduction du signalRésumé
Background & objectives: Development of plant-based alternative compounds for mosquito control has gained importance now-a-days, in view of increasing resistance in mosquito vectors to existing insecticides. The larvicidal and repellent activities of benzene, chloroform, hexane and methanol leaf extracts of Indian medicinal plant, Adansonia digitata were investigated against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi. Methods: In all, 25 III instar larvae of An. stephensi were exposed to various concentrations (30–180 mg/l) in the laboratory by using the standard protocol described by WHO (2005). The larvae were exposed for 24 h and mortalities were subjected to log-probit analysis. Repellent activity of crude leaf extract at the dosages of 2, 4 and 6 mg/cm2 was evaluated in a net cage (45 × 30 × 45 cm) containing 100 blood starved female mosquitoes of An. stephensi using the protocol of WHO (1996). Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of A. digitata showed the presence of triterpenoids and saponins. The LC50 and LC90 values of hexane, benzene, chloroform, and methanol extracts of A. digitata against An. stephensi larvae in 24 h were 111.32, 97.13, 88.55, 78.18 and 178.63, 176.19, 168.14, 155.42 mg/l, respectively. The repellent activity of methanol extract was found to be most effective and at higher concentration of 6 mg/cm2 benzene, chloroform hexane and methanol extracts provided 100% protection up to 150, 180, 120 and 210 min against An. stephensi, respectively. Conclusion: The preliminary study indicated that A. digitata showed larvicidal and repellent activities against An. stephensi and could be used for controlling mosquitoes. Further studies are indicated to purify the active compounds from these plants for developing larvicide and repellents.
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An experiment was conducted to investigate the uterotropic and anabolic properties of the root bark of Adansonia digitata Linn in female Wistar rats. Mature normal cycling female rats between 80 to 90 days old and of average weight 158 ± 20g were blocked by weight and distributed into four groups A, B, C and D. Each group comprised of eight rats and groups A,B and C received 1000 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight of the ethanol extract per os for seven days, while group D which served as the control, received 0.5ml of distilled water in the same manner. All animals were weighed on the first and seventh day, while on the tenth day, all rats were sacrificed. The uteri and ovaries were harvested, weighed, and histopathologically examined.The effects of the extract on uterine and ovarian weights were not statistically significant (P>0.05).However, the groups given 1000mg/kg and 800mg/kg body weight of the extract produced significant increases (P < 0.01) in body weight [10.25 ± 2.18 g and 9.75 ± 2.18 g respectively] when compared to control [2.00 ± 2.18 g]. Histopathologic examination revealed stratified squamous metaplasia of the endometrial epithelial cells, empty spaces within epithelial layer and exfoliation of the epithelial layer.The ethanolic extract of the root bark of Adansonia digitata Linn has uterotropic effects and increased body weight in Wistar rats.