Artritis séptica. Revisión descriptiva / Septic Arthritis. Descriptive Review / Artrite séptica. Revisão descritiva

Introducción: La artritis séptica es considerada una emergencia en ortopedia. Se define como el proceso inflamatorio desproporcionado, desencadenado por la colonización de algún microorganismo en el espacio articular que con los cambios fisiopatológicos ocasionados degradan el cartílago y aumentan la morbimortalidad, la prolongación de la estancia hospitalaria, las secuelas irreversibles, así como los costos para el sistema de salud. Por tal razón, es vital que el médico general, quien tiene el primer contacto con el paciente, sea capaz de reconocer las manifesta-ciones, e instaure un tratamiento para evitar complicaciones y secuelas del paciente. Objetivo: Identificar los aspectos importantes de la artritis séptica y proporcionar al lector información relevante de forma práctica y concreta para su actuar médico diario. Método: Búsqueda de artículos originales en bases de datos, empleando términos MeSH y DeCS, consulta de textos guía, en el periodo 2010-2022. Resultados: Con mayor frecuencia se ven afectados pacientes en extremos de edad, como los mayores de 60 años y los menores de 20 años, y la rodilla es la principal articulación afectada. La fiebre no es un criterio necesario para el diagnóstico de artritis séptica y el principal factor de riesgo es la enfermedad articular previa. Conclusiones: El análisis del líquido sinovial y la tinción de Gram, junto con el cultivo, permiten hacer el diagnóstico. El tratamiento antibiótico empírico es guiado por los factores de riesgo del paciente y, posteriormente, por los resultados del cultivo

Introduction: Septic arthritis is considered an emergency in orthopedics, it is defined as the dispro-portionate inflammatory process triggered by the colonization of some microorganism in the joint space, causing pathophysiological changes that degrade the cartilage causing increased morbidity and mortality, prolongation of hospital stay, irreversible sequelae, as well as increased costs for the health system, for this reason it is of vital importance that the general practitioner who has the first contact with the patient can recognize the manifestations, and establish treatment to avoid compli-cations and sequelae of the patient.Objective: To identify the important aspects of septic arthritis and provide the reader with relevant information in a practical and concrete way for his daily medical practice.Method: We searched for original articles in databases using MeSH and DeCS terms, consulting guide texts, with a search period from 2010 to 2022. Results: Patients in extremes of age are more frequently affected, such as patients older than 60 years and younger than 20 years, being the knee the main affected joint. Fever is not a necessary criterion for the diagnosis of septic arthritis and the main risk factor is previous joint disease. Conclusions: Synovial fluid analysis and Gram stain together with culture allow making diagnosis. Empirical antibiotic treatment is guided by the patient's risk factors, then by the culture results.

Introdução: a artrite séptica é considerada uma emergência na ortopedia. É definida como um processo inflamatório desproporcional, desencadeado pela colonização de um microrganismo no espaço arti-cular que, com as mudanças fisiopatológicas causadas, degrada a cartilagem e aumenta a morbidade e a mortalidade, a permanência hospitalar prolongada, sequelas irreversíveis, assim como os custos para o sistema de saúde. Por esta razão, é vital que o clínico geral, que tem o primeiro contato com o paciente, seja capaz de reconhecer as manifestações, e instituir tratamento para evitar complicações e sequelas para o paciente. Objetivo: Identificar os aspetos importantes da artrite séptica e fornecer ao leitor informações relevan-tes de uma forma prática e concreta para a prática médica diária. Método: Pesquisa de artigos originais em bancos de dados, usando termos MeSH e DeCS, consulta de textos guias, no período de 2010-2022. Resultados: Os mais frequentemente afetados são os pacientes em extremos de idade, como aqueles com mais de 60 anos e menos de 20 anos, e o joelho é a principal articulação afetada. A febre não é um critério necessário para o diagnóstico de artrite séptica e o principal fator de risco é a doença articular prévia. Conclusões: A análise do líquido sinovial e a coloração de Gram, junto com a cultura em meios espe-cíficos, permitem que o diagnóstico seja feito. O tratamento antibiótico empírico é orientado pelos fatores de risco do paciente e, posteriormente, pelos resultados da cultura

Artrocentesis en el tratamiento de artritis séptica en articulación temporomandibular: reporte de un caso / Arthrocentesis in the treatment of septic arthritis in the temporomandibular joint: a case report

Objetivo: El objetivo de este reporte de caso es presen- tar a la artrocentesis como una alternativa quirúrgica mínima- mente invasiva en el tratamiento de la artritis séptica tempo- romandibular. Caso clínico: Un paciente hombre de 26 años con an- tecedente de flegmón perimandibular derecho tratado, acude a la Unidad Hospitalaria de Cirugía Maxilofacial por dolor articular temporomandibular, impotencia funcional y trismus, a un mes de haber sido dado de alta de un primer cuadro infec- cioso. Luego de los exámenes clínicos y complementarios, se diagnostica artritis séptica de articulación temporomandibular derecha, la cual fue tratada quirúrgicamente mediante dos ar- trocentesis acompañadas de terapia farmacológica (AU)

Aim: The aim of this case report is to present arthrocen- tesis as a minimally invasive surgical alternative in the treat- ment of temporomandibular septic arthritis. Clinical case: A 26-year-old male patient, with a his- tory of treated right perimandibular phlegmon, came to the Maxillofacial Surgery Hospital Unit due to temporomandibu- lar joint pain, functional impairment and trismus, one month after having recovered from his first infectious process. After clinical and complementary examinations, septic arthritis of the right temporomandibular joint was diagnosed, which was treated surgically by means of two arthrocenteses and phar- macological therapy (AU)

Effectiveness of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of degenerative diseases of the temporomandibular joint: literature review / Efectividad del ácido hialurónico en el tratamiento de enfermedades degenerativas de la articulación temporomandibular: revisión de literatura

Objetive: The degenerative diseases of the tempo-romandibular joint (TMJ) are characterized by a progressive destruction of the articular tissues of the condyle and the glenoid fossa. The main aim of this review is to describe the effectiveness of the hyaluronic acid (HA) in the treatment of degenerative diseases of the TMJ in accordance with the available scientific evidence. Material and Methods: A literature search was made in the following databases EBSCO, Pubmed, Cochraneand Trip Database, using the keywords hyaluronic, hyaluronan, NaH, hyaluronate, TMJ, TMD, CMD, craniomandibular, orofacial pain and temporomandibular. There were no date or language restrictions applied. Results: After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 studies were included in this review (11 randomized controlled clinical trials and 3 non-randomized clinical trials). Conclusion: The studies reported a decrease in pain and improvement in functional parameters after treatment of TMJ osteoarthritis with HA . The use of arthrocentesis associated with the administration of HA provides effects synergistic, reaching a superiority the protocols with multiple injections with respect to those of a single session. The adverse effects related to the injection of HA with or without associated arthrocentesis were minor and transitory.

Resumen: Objetivo: Las enfermedades degenerativas de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM) se caracterizan por una destrucción progresiva de tejidos articulares en el cóndilo y la fosa glenoidea. El objetivo principal de esta revisión es describir la efectividad del uso de ácido hialurónico en el tratamiento de enfermedades degenerativas de la articulación temporomandibular de acuerdo con la evidencia científica disponible. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos electrónicas EBSCO, PubMed, Cochrane y Trip Database, utilizando las palabras claves hyaluronic, hyaluronan, NaH, hyaluronate, tmj, tmd, cmd, craniomandibular, orofacial pain y temporomandibular, sin límite de fecha ni de idioma hasta Mayo del año 2020, complementada con una búsqueda retrógrada. Resultados: Con base en los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, 14 estudios fueron incluidos en esta revisión (11 ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados y 3 ensayos clínicos controlados no aleatorizados). Conclusión: Los estudios reportaron una disminución del dolor y mejora en los parámetros funcionales luego del tratamiento de osteoartritis de la ATM con AH. El uso de artrocentesis asociada a la administración del AH provee efectos sinérgicos, alcanzando una superioridad los protocolos con múltiples inyecciones con respecto a aquellos de una sola sesión. Los efectos adversos relacionados con la inyección de AH con o sin artrocentesis asociada fueron menores y transitorios.

Double-needle arthrocentesis with viscosupplementation in patients with temporomandibular joint disc displacement without reduction

OBJECTIVES: Arthrocentesis is the simplest surgical intervention for the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It can be performed on an outpatient basis at a low cost and with low morbidity. The objective is to release the articular disc by disrupting the adhesion formed between its surfaces and the mandibular fossa through hydraulic pressure generated by irrigation of the upper compartment of the TMJ. Viscosupplementation with hyaluronic acid during or after arthrocentesis improves clinical outcomes, increases mouth opening, and reduces pain levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid viscosupplementation through clinical examination and preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in patients with unilateral disc displacement without reduction (DDwoR). METHODS: This analytical retrospective cross-sectional study clinically and radiologically evaluated 72 patients of both sexes with unilateral DDwoR. The following data were collected: sex, pain, age, duration of pain, maximum mouth opening, and patient pain perception on a visual analog scale. TMJ arthrocentesis was performed only once for each of the indicated joints. Data were collected before arthrocentesis (baseline) and at 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, and 180 days after the procedure (final evaluation). RESULTS: Between the baseline and final evaluation, there was a significant reduction in pain (p=0.001) and restoration of articular function. In addition, there was a significant increase in maximum mouth opening (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients with DDwoR undergoing arthrocentesis combined with hyaluronic acid injection showed significant improvement in the perceived pain and maximum mouth opening in the mid-term follow-up periods.

Management of internal derangement of temporomandibular joint disc displacement with reduction using two different lines of treatment / Manejo do desarranjo interno do deslocamento de disco temporomandibular com redução utilizando dois tipos diferentes de tratamento

Objetive: This study was to compare the effectiveness of arthrocentesis versus the insertion of anterior repositioning splint (ARS) in improving the mandibular range of motion (MRM) for patients with the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDwR). Methods: 36 patients diagnosed as ADDwR were recruited and divided randomly into two groups. The first group (G1) was treated by arthrocentesis, and the second (G2) was treated using ARS. All patients were reexamined after six months. Results: Except that for protrusive movement, there were significant differences between the two groups for the percentage changes of the MRM as measured by the amount of pain free opening, unassisted opening, maximum assisted opening, right lateral and left lateral movements (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Within the context of the current study, the non-invasive, lower cost ARS, provided better results in improving the MRM when managing ADDwR cases. (AU)

Objetivo: O presente estudo comparou a eficácia da Artrocentese em relação à inserção da Placa Reposicionadora Anterior (PRA) na melhoria da Amplitude de Movimento Mandibular (AMM) para pacientes que apresentam Deslocamento de Disco Anterior com Redução (DDAcR) da Articulação Temporomandibular (ATM). Método: 36 pacientes diagnosticados como DDAcR foram recrutados e divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos. O primeiro grupo (G1) foi tratado através da Artrocentese e o segundo (G2), tratado com a PRA. Todos os pacientes foram reexaminados após seis meses. Resultados: Com exceção do movimento protrusivo, houve diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos para as mudanças percentuais das medidas de AMM pela quantidade de abertura sem dor, abertura sem assistência, abertura máxima com assistência, movimentos laterais direitos e laterais esquerdos (p < 0,05). Conclusão: Dentro do contexto do estudo atual, a PRA, não invasiva e de menor custo, proporcionou melhores resultados na melhoria da AMM no gerenciamento de casos de DDAcR (AU)

Application of percutaneous pie-crusting deep medial collateral ligament release for posterior horn surgery of medial meniscus / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore clinical and radiographic effects of percutaneous pie-crusting deep medial collateral ligament release in patients with posterior horn tear of medial meniscus combined with tight medial compartment.@*METHODS@#From January 2012 to December 2016, 35 patients with medial meniscus posterior horn injury were treated with percutaneous pie crusting deep medial collateral ligament release technique, including 21 males and 14 females, aged from 21 to 55 years old with an average of (39.1±6.5) years old. Degree of meniscus extrusion were recorded before and 24 months after operation. The knee valgus stress test was performed to evaluate stability of medial collateral ligament, and compared difference between healthy and affected side. Lysholm and IKDC functional scores were compared before and 24 months after operation.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up from 27 to 60 months with an average of (36.7±6.8) months. All patients were underwent operation, the wound healed well without complications. Operative time ranged from 0.5 to 1.2 h with an average of (0.8±0.4) h. Nineteen patients were performed partial meniscectomy, 16 patients were performed repair suture. Convex of meniscus before operation was (1.5±0.7) mm, and (1.7±0.4) mm after operation;had no statistical difference(@*CONCLUSION@#For patients with medial meniscus tear of posterior horn combined with tight medial compartment, percutaneous pie-crusting deep medial collateralligament release could improve medial compartment space, and Knee valgus instability and meniscus extrusion are not affected.

Temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis: a technique proposal. Case report / Artrocentese da articulação temporomandibular: uma proposta de técnica. Relato de caso

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Arthrocentesis is an effective treatment to reduce or eliminate pain, increase maximal interincisal distance, and to eliminate joint effusion in patients with disc displacement without reduction. This study aims to expose and to discuss a new technique proposal of temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis applied in the treatment of a single case of disc displacement without reduction. CASE REPORT: Female patient, 18-year-old patient sought treatment due to joint pain and mouth opening limitation. The maximal interincisal distance was 30.28mm. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the diagnosis of disc displacement without reduction with signs of joint effusion in the right temporomandibular joint. Temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis was performed under selective sensory nerve block of the auriculotemporal, the masseteric and posterior deep temporal nerves. Two needles were inserted in the upper compartment of the temporomandibular joint. In the second needle, a transparent catheter was connected into a vacuum pump. Clinically, after the arthrocentesis, the maximal interincisal distance increased to 46.25mm, and the patient referred no more pain. After six months, a magnetic resonance imaging was performed to observe the results, and there were no more signs of joint effusion. CONCLUSION: Temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis was an effective treatment for this patient with disc displacement without reduction. The aspect of this technique that is particularly relevant for clinical practice was the connection of a transparent catheter to a vacuum pump. In fact, it allowed the visualization of the solution fluidity, as well as guides the flow of the solution used for joint washing, optimizing the irrigation. However, new studies are necessary to compare different protocols of irrigation with and without the associated use of a vacuum pump.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS : A artrocentese e um tratamento eficaz para diminuir ou abolir a dor, aumentar a máxima distância interincisal e eliminar o derrame articular em pacientes com deslocamento de disco sem redução. O objetivo deste estudo foi expor e discutir uma nova proposta técnica de artrocentese da articulação temporomandibular aplicada no tratamento de um caso de deslocamento de disco sem redução. RELATO DO CASO : Paciente do sexo feminino, 18 anos procurou tratamento devido a dor na articulação temporomandibular e limitação da abertura da boca. A distância interincisal máxima foi de 30,28mm. A ressonância magnética confirmou o diagnóstico de deslocamento de disco sem redução com sinais de derrame articular na articulação temporomandibular direita. A artrocentese foi realizada com o bloqueio anestésico do nervo auriculotemporal, masseterino e temporal profundo posterior. Depois disso, duas agulhas foram inseridas no compartimento superior da articulação temporomandibular. Na segunda agulha foi conectado um cateter transparente e nesse uma bomba de vácuo. Clinicamente, após a artrocentese, a distância interincisal máxima aumentou para 46,25mm e não houve mais dor. Na nova ressonância magnética realizada 180 dias após, não havia mais sinais de derrame articular. CONCLUSÃO : A artrocentese da articulação temporomandibular foi eficaz no tratamento do paciente com deslocamento do disco sem redução. O aspecto dessa técnica, que é particularmente relevante para a prática clínica, foi a conexão de um cateter transparente a uma bomba de vácuo. Isso permitiu a visão da solução, sua fluidez, além de orientar o fluxo da solução utilizada para lavagem, otimizando a irrigação. No entanto, novos estudos são necessários para comparar diferentes protocolos de irrigação com e sem o uso associado de uma bomba de vácuo.

Evaluation of success criteria for temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to use four sets of success criteria to evaluate the outcomes of arthrocentesis treatment with hyaluronic acid injection in patients with internal derangement (ID) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 40 patients diagnosed with unilateral Wilkes stage III TMJ dysfunction. Clinical parameters, including maximum mouth opening (MMO) and pain during function, were evaluated preoperatively, 6 months, and 1 year after TMJ arthrocentesis. Outcomes were assessed and compared using four sets of success criteria from the following: the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS; MMO ≥35 mm and visual analogue scale [VAS] score ≤3), Murakami et al.'s criteria (MMO >38 mm and VAS score 50% pain reduction), and patient self-reports (self-evaluation of treatment as successful or unsuccessful). RESULTS: Significant improvements in MMO and pain reduction during function were observed between the preoperative period and 6 months and 1 year postoperatively (P < 0.01). The success rates of treatment determined using AAOMS (52.5%), Emshoff and Rudisch criteria (57.5%), and self-reported patient criteria (40.0%) were similar. Application of the Murakami et al. criteria reported the lowest success rate (12.5%). CONCLUSION: The AAOMS and Emshoff and Rudisch criteria are consistent with patient expectations and can be used to assess treatment efficacy.

Clinical factors affecting the outcome of arthocentesis

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of clinical factors on the outcome of arthrocentesis in the treatment of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) internal derangement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients with TMJ internal derangement underwent arthrocentesis using ringer's lactate. The present study evaluated the contribution of the clinical variables of age, time since onset, visual analogue scale (VAS) pain level, and range of motion (ROM) on the outcomes of TMJ arthrocentesis: age (≤25 years, >25 and ≤40 years, >40 and ≤60 years), VAS pain level (≤5, >5 and ≤7, >7 and ≤10), and ROM ( 7 (OR, 11.25; P=0.039), and a maximum vertical opening of < 25 mm (OR, 7.70; P=0.038). CONCLUSION: Lavage of the superior joint space with ringer's lactate resulted in significant reduction in pain and improvement in mouth opening. Patients with a greater inflammatory component and younger patients benefitted more from arthrocentesis. Evaluation of these clinical variables helped in predictive modelling, which may provide clinicians with the opportunity to identify “at-benefit” patients early and initiate specific treatment.

Investigation of the effects of temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis on blood volume of the retinal structures

OBJECTIVE: Arthrocentesis is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that is used to alleviate the symptoms of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of arthrocentesis on the blood supply to the retinal structures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Arthrocentesis was performed on 20 patients with TMJ disorders, and choroidal thickness (CT) in patients was measured to evaluate retinal blood circulation. The blood volume of the retinal structures was evaluated ipsilaterally before and after arthrocentesis, and these measurements were then compared with measurements obtained from the contralateral side. RESULTS: Before arthrocentesis, there were no differences in retinal blood volumes between the ipsilateral and contralateral sides (P = 0.96). When ipsilateral CT measurements taken before and after arthrocentesis were compared, retinal blood supply was found to have significantly decreased after arthrocentesis (P = 0.04). When contralateral CT measurements taken before and after arthrocentesis were compared, retinal blood supply was also found to have decreased after arthrocentesis, but not significantly (P = 0.19). CONCLUSION: The solution of local anesthesia with epinephrine applied before the arthrocentesis procedure was found to reduce the blood volume of the retinal structures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has investigated the blood volume of the retinal structures following arthrocentesis.

An unusual complication during arthrocentesis: N. facialis paralysis, with N. lingualis and N. alveolaris inferior anesthesia

This case report aims to review complications that can occur during arthrocentesis and report an unusual complication observed in a 55-year-old man. The patient received arthrocentesis in an attempt to treat painful locking episodes of his right temporomandibular joint (TMJ). One hour after the operation, the patient experienced temporary facial paralysis in the area of the facial nerve and anesthesia of the lingual and alveolar inferior nerves. No persistent complications were detected during the postoperative follow-up. We suspected this complication occurred after anesthetic solution overflowed from a traumatic perforation in the joint capsule to the infratemporal area during the operation. To our knowledge, this complication has not been previously reported in the literature.

Artrotomía versus artroscopia en el tratamiento de artritis séptica en rodilla / Arthrotomy versus arthroscopy in the treatment of septic knee arthritis

INTRODUCCIÓN. La artritis séptica aguda de rodilla puede provocar daño grave en las articulaciones o sepsis, si no se logra un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz, lo que incluye drenaje de la articulación, cobertura adecuada de antibióticos y reposo de rodilla. Clásicamente, el drenaje de la rodilla se realiza con múltiples artrocentesis o con artrotomía. El abordaje artroscópico es cada vez más aceptado, pues permite el drenaje adecuado del material purulento y el desbridamiento con la sinovectomía parcial o total de la articulación. OBJETIVO. Evaluar las diferencias entre la artroscopia y la artrotomía en los resultados clínicos y la tasa de recurrencia en pacientes con artritis séptica de la articulación de rodilla. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Revisión de 20 artículos científicos de los últimos 5 años de publicación. Además se analizó los artículos seleccionados para este estudio, como criterios de inclusión se revisaron los que contenían recomendaciones acerca de artrotomía vs artroscopia en el tratamiento de la artritis séptica aguda, excluyendo otro tipo de procedimientos quirúrgicos. RESULTADOS. Se hizo una selección aleatoria de artículos científicos. No existió diferencia en la efectividad del tratamiento en ambos grupos. El dolor fue más alto en los sometidos a tratamiento por artrotomía a los 7 y 14 días postoperatorios. El regreso a las actividades de la vida diaria tomó un promedio de 5,7 días para ambos grupos: 7,1 días para el grupo de artrotomía y 4,3 días para el grupo de artroscopia. CONCLUSIÓN. Esta revisión recolectó información sin evidencia concluyente que demuestre que la artroscopia es más efectiva en el manejo de la artritis séptica. La artrotomía se mantiene como terapéutica estándar en el tratamiento de la artritis séptica de rodilla.

INTRODUCTION. Acute knee septic arthritis can cause serious joint damage or sepsis if early diagnosis and treatment is not achieved, including drainage of the joint, adequate antibiotic coverage and knee rest. Classically, the knee is drained with multiple arthrocentesis or arthrotomy. The arthroscopic approach is increasingly accepted, since it allows adequate drainage of purulent material and debridement with partial or total synovectomy of the joint. OBJECTIVE. To assess the differences between arthroscopy and arthrotomy in clinical outcomes and the recurrence rate in patients with septic arthritis of the knee joint. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Review of 20 scientific articles of the last 5 years of publication. In addition, the articles selected for this study were analyzed, as inclusion criteria were reviewed, which included recommendations about arthrotomy vs arthroscopy in the treatment of acute septic arthritis, excluding other types of surgical procedures. RESULTS A random selection of scientific articles was made. There was no difference in the effectiveness of the treatment in both groups. The pain was highest in those undergoing arthrotomy treatment at 7 and 14 days postoperatively. The return to activities of daily life took an average of 5,7 days for both groups: 7,1 days for the arthrotomy group and 4,3 days for the arthroscopy group. CONCLUSION. This review collected information without conclusive evidence demonstrating that arthroscopy is more effective in the management of septic arthritis. Arthrotomy remains the standard therapy in the treatment of septic knee arthritis.

Clinical effect and mechanism of heat sensitive moxibustion for knee joint synovitis / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of heat sensitive moxibustion based on the articular injection for knee joint synovitis.@*METHODS@#Sixty-seven patients with knee joint synovitis were randomly assigned into an observation group (34 cases) and a control group (33 cases). Articular injection of triamcinolone was used in the control group for 2 courses, 2 times as a course, once 5 days. Based on the treatment in the control group, heat sensitive moxibustion was used in the observation group for 2 courses, 2 weeks as a course, 5 times a week. The acupoints were Yanglingquan (GB 34), Yinlingquan (SP 9), Liangqiu (ST 34), Xuehai (SP 10), Heding (EX-LE 2) or the pain point, subcutaneous nodules around the patella. American Knee Society (AKS) score was measured before and after treatment and one month after treatment. At the same time, the knee joint synovium thickness was measured by MRI; the knee joint effusion was observed by ultrasound; the serum interleukin-1 (IL-1) and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) were measured.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, the AKS scores increased in the two groups (both <0.05); after treatment and at follow-up, the AKS scores in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (both <0.05); at follow-up, the AKS score in the control group was lower than that after treatment (<0.05). After treatment, the synovium thickness, effusion, IL-1 and MMP-3 were lower than those before treatment in the two groups (all <0.05); after treatment and at follow-up, the four indexes in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (all <0.05); at follow-up, the four indexes in the control group increased than those after treatment (all <0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Heat sensitive moxibustion combined with medicine articular injection can improve synovium inflammatory reaction and the absorption of effusion in the articular cavity,with long-time effect, which are better than simple medicine articular injection.

Septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint: a case report

Septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a rare disease. The most common symptoms of this disease are acute malocclusion, limited mouth opening, swelling, and tenderness of affected TMJ. These symptoms are often confused with internal derangement of the articular disc, rheumatoid arthritis, retrodiscitis, or osteoarthritis. Therefore, differential diagnosis by image examination is required. Usually, antimicrobial treatment and surgical drainage by needle aspiration, arthroscopy, or arthrotomy are effective treatment approaches. In this study, a patient who was diagnosed with septic arthritis was treated with arthrocentesis and antibiotics without significant complications. We present a case report with a review of the literature.

Temporomandibular joint disorder from skull-base osteomyelitis: a case report / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

Skull-base osteomyelitis is a rare disease affecting the medulla of the temporal, sphenoid, and occipital bones. In general, it occurs due to external ear canal infections caused by malignant external otitis. Skull-base osteomyelitis usually affects elderly diabetic patients. The patient, a 58-year-old man, was referred for evaluation and management of the left jaw. Clinical examination of the patient revealed pain in the left jaw and mouth-opening deflection to the left. The maximum active mouth opening was measured to about 27 mm. Panoramic, CT, and CBCT revealed bone resorption patterns in the left condyle. Through control of diabetes, continued pharmacological treatment, arthrocentesis, and occlusal stabilization appliance therapy were carried out. The extent of active mouth opening was increased to 45 mm, and pain in the left jaw joint was alleviated. This was a case wherein complications caused by failure to control diabetes induced skull-base osteomyelitis. There is a need for continued discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of arthrocentesis with lavage for patients with skull-base osteomyelitis and other treatment options.

Influencing factor on the prognosis of arthrocentesis

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this article is to evaluate factors influencing prognosis of arthrocentesis in patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects included 145 patients treated with arthrocentesis at the Dental Center of Ajou University Hospital from 2011 to 2013 for the purpose of recovering mouth opening limitation (MOL) and pain relief. Prognosis of arthrocentesis was evaluated 1 month after the operation. Improvement on MOL was defined as an increase from below 30 mm (MOL or =40 mm), and pain relief was defined as when a group with TMJ pain with a visual analog scale (VAS) score of 4 or more (VAS > or =4) decreased to a score of 3 or more. The success of arthrocentesis was determined when either mouth opening improved or pain relief was fulfilled. To determine the factors influencing the success of arthrocentesis, the patients were classified by age, gender, diagnosis group (the anterior disc displacement without reduction group, the anterior disc displacement with reduction group, or other TMJ disorders group), time of onset and oral habits (clenching, bruxism) to investigate the correlations between these factors and prognosis. RESULTS: One hundred twenty out of 145 patients who underwent arthrocentesis (83.4%) were found to be successful. Among the influencing factors mentioned above, age, diagnosis and time of onset had no statistically significant correlation with the success of arthrocentesis. However, a group of patients in their fifties showed a lower success rate (ANOVA P=0.053) and the success rate of the group with oral habits was 71% (Pearson's chi-square test P=0.035). CONCLUSION: From this study, we find that factors influencing the success of arthrocentesis include age and oral habits. We also conclude that arthrocentesis is effective in treating mouth opening symptoms and for pain relief.

Effect of simultaneous therapy of arthrocentesis and occlusal splints on temporomandibular disorders: anterior disc displacement without reduction

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the effect of simultaneous application of arthrocentesis and occlusal splint. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 43 patients (3 males, 40 females) whose symptoms had improved was conducted at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dong-A University Hospital between 2008 and 2010. Subjects were divided into three groups: Group A (17 patients with arthrocentesis and occlusal splints simultaneously applied), Group B (13 patients whose symptoms did not improve with occlusal splints, undergoing arthrocentesis after occlusal splint use for 8 weeks), and Group C (13 patients that only used occlusal splints). We compared these groups in maximum comfortable opening (MCO) and the visual analogue scale of pain and noise. Follow-up was performed at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. RESULTS: The improvement of symptoms was noted in all three groups, but Group A had a quicker improvement than the other groups, in terms of pain reduction and MCO increases. CONCLUSION: The simultaneous application of arthrocentesis and occlusal splints can reduce patient discomfort more quickly.

Effect of simultaneous therapy of arthrocentesis and occlusal splints on temporomandibular disorders: anterior disc displacement without reduction

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the effect of simultaneous application of arthrocentesis and occlusal splint. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 43 patients (3 males, 40 females) whose symptoms had improved was conducted at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dong-A University Hospital between 2008 and 2010. Subjects were divided into three groups: Group A (17 patients with arthrocentesis and occlusal splints simultaneously applied), Group B (13 patients whose symptoms did not improve with occlusal splints, undergoing arthrocentesis after occlusal splint use for 8 weeks), and Group C (13 patients that only used occlusal splints). We compared these groups in maximum comfortable opening (MCO) and the visual analogue scale of pain and noise. Follow-up was performed at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. RESULTS: The improvement of symptoms was noted in all three groups, but Group A had a quicker improvement than the other groups, in terms of pain reduction and MCO increases. CONCLUSION: The simultaneous application of arthrocentesis and occlusal splints can reduce patient discomfort more quickly.

Técnicas de artrocentese aplicadas às disfunções artrogênicas da articulação temporomandibular / Arthrocentesis techniques applied to arthrogenic temporomandibular joint disorders

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Realizar uma revisão a cerca das diferentes técnicas de artrocentese empregadas nas disfunções artrogênicas da articulação temporomandibular (ATM), bem como das suas indicações, seu possível mecanismo de ação e complicações. CONTEÚDO: Pesquisas têm sido realizadas, nesses últimos anos, na tentativa de padronizar diferentes protocolos de artrocentese empregadas nas disfunções temporomandibulares (DTM), no intuito de definir quando e como empregá-las. Essas técnicas são pouco invasivas, de baixo custo, podendo ser realizadas sob anestesia local, com ou sem sedação, replicáveis e de baixa morbidade. São indicadas para aliviar ou eliminar o quadro de dor e disfunção artrogênica presente. CONCLUSÃO: Várias técnicas de artrocentese combinadas ou não com anti-inflamatórios, opioides, substâncias viscoelásticas, produzem resultados adequados nas DTM artrogênicas, porém o sucesso terapêutico depende da cronicidade da doença, de suas características clínicas e de imagem, do diagnóstico correto, da colaboração do paciente, da experiência do profissional e da técnica empregada.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This is a review of different arthrocentesis techniques used for arthrogenic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, as well as their indications, their possible action mechanisms and complications. CONTENTS: Studies have been carried out in recent years in the attempt to standardize different arthrocentesis (TMD), protocols used for temporomandibular joint disorders, to define when and how to use them. These are minimally invasive and low cost techniques which may be performed under local anesthesia, with or without sedation, in addition to being replicable and having low morbidity. They are indicated to relief or control pain and arthrogenic disorders. CONCLUSION: Several arthrocentesis techniques, combined or not with anti-inflammatory, opioids or viscoelastic substances, produce adequate results for arthrogenic TMD, however the therapeutic success depends on disease chronicity, on its clinical and imaging characteristics, on the accurate diagnosis, on patients' cooperation, on professionals' experience and on the technique used.

Open Synovectomy for Chronic Infectious Arthritis of the Wrist

PURPOSE: We reported the results of open synovectomy for chronic infectious arthritis of the wrist. METHODS: Fifteen patients who had chronic infectious arthritis of the wrist and underwent open synovectomy were reviewed retrospectively baesd on preoperative periods, symptoms, results of laboratory tests, radiological findings including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hospitalization period, and others. Pain scale and subjective satisfaction were checked by phone interview. RESULTS: Average preoperative period was 96.1 days. Pain on motion and edema were observed in all cases. Four patients had positive bacterial cultures and three were identified as tuberculous infection. Signal changes of bones were observed in MRI of 10 patients. Osteomyelitis was found in 8 patients during the operation and bone resection or fusion should be performed in three. Average number of operation times was 1.53. CONCLUSION: When the patients show chronic swelling and pain on motion of the wrist, diagnostic work-ups for chronic infectious arthritis should be performed including arthrocentesis and MRI. Treatment including open synovectomy should be done immediately.