Complications after bladder augmentation in children

PURPOSE : Bladder augmentation is an effective surgical procedure for increasing bladder capacity and reducing pressure on the urinary system. It is indicated for patients with anomalies such as spina bifida, myelomeningocele, urethral valve and bladder exstrophy, who progress with low tolerance of medication. CASES : This was a retrospective study conducted on pediatric patients submitted to bladder augmentation from 2000 to 2011. RESULTS : 34 patients aged 4 to 17 years were submitted to bladder augmentation, 30 of them with an ileal loop and 4 with a ureter.A continent urinary shunt was performed in 16 patients, the Mitrofanoff conduit was associated in 15, and the Macedo technique was used in one. Mean follow-up was 34.35 months (1 to 122 months). Mean creatinine was 1.5 ng/ml (0.4 to 7.5 ng/ml) preoperatively and 1.78 ng/ml postoperatively. Three patients required a renal transplant during follow-up. There was improvement or resolution of vesicoureteral reflux in 83.5% of the kidneys on the right and in 75% on the left. Bladder capacity increased, on average, from 152.5 ml to 410 ml. The main complications were vesical lithiasis in 3 patients and conduit perforation in one. CONCLUSION : Bladder augmentation showed good results in this series, preserving renal function in most of the patients.

Comparação entre a ileocistoplastia convencional e assistida por laparoscopia: estudo experimental em suinos / Laparoscopic assisted versus conventional ileocystoplasty

Introdução: A videolaparoscopia, na Urologia, vem sendo empregada em cirurgias reconstrutivas complexas. Devido às vantagens, como menor intensidade de dor e menor tempo de recuperação pós-operatória. Objetivo: Comparar a ileocistoplastia assistida por videolaparoscopia com sua versão convencional, utilizando um modelo experimental de suínos; avaliar os aspectos intraoperatórios, aspectos funcionais do reservatório, recuperação pós-operatória do animal e incidência de aderência intraperitonial. Material e Métodos: Foram utilizados 30 porcos machos da raça Large-White, com peso variando entre 20 e 25 Kg. Separados em 4 grupos, sendo Grupo I: 10 animais submetidos a ileocistoplastia assistida por videolaparoscopia, Grupo II: 10 animais submetidos a ileocistoplastia aberta, Grupo III: 5 animais submetidos a simulação por videolaparoscopia e Grupo IV: 5 animais submetidos a simulação de cirurgia aberta. As variáveis analisadas foram: o tempo operatório total, tempo da anastomose vesicoileal, ganho de peso, capacidade e pressão vesicais, incidência, tipo, grau e o escore de aderência intraperitonial. O método estatístico utilizou análise descritiva através de medidas de posição e dispersão para variáveis contínuas e tabelas de frequências para variáveis categóricas. Para comparação de proporções foi utilizado o teste Exato de Fisher. Para comparação de medidas contínuas ou ordenáveis entre 2 grupos, foi utilizado o teste de Mann- Whitney e entre 3 ou mais grupos, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Para comparação do ganho de peso, ao longo do tempo e entre os grupos, foi utilizada a ANOVA para medidas repetidas. Devido ao tamanho dos grupos e à variabilidade, foi aplicada a transformação por postos na medida de ganho de peso. O nível de significância adotado para os testes estatísticos foi de 5%...

Introduction: Based on the concept of less invasive surgical techniques, indications for video laparoscopy in Urology have grown and are well established either for ablative or reconstructive surgeries. The potential advantages of video laparoscopy are: less pain; shorter hospital stay; earlier recovery; biological advantages such as lower incidence of intraperitoneal adhesions, fewer stimuli to immunosuppression, smaller and more esthetic scars, less self-image aggression - especially in children. Laparoscopic reconstructive surgery takes longer than open surgery as it requires intracorporeal sutures. However, with the standardization of the operative technique and continuous training, it is possible to reduce duration, making it approximately the same as in an open surgery. Objective: Compare laparoscopic assisted ileocystoplasty with open ileocystoplasty in an experimental model in pigs, evaluating intraoperative aspects, postoperative recovery, development of peritoneal adhesions and functional results. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 30 Large-white male pigs (20- 25Kg). The animals were divided into 4 groups. Group I (10 animals that underwent laparoscopic assisted ileocystoplasty), Group II ( 10 animals that underwent open surgery), Group III (5 animals underwent laparoscopy simulation) and Group IV (5 animals that underwent open surgery simulation). Studied variables were: total operative time, ileovesical anastomosis time, postoperative urodynamic results (bladder capacity and compliance), daily and weekly weight gain and intraperitonial adhesions...

Vesicostomía cutánea: rol en la vejiga neurogénica / Cutaneous vesicostomy: in neurogenic bladder

Objetivo: En los casos de vejigas neurogénicas de alto riesgo (VNAR) se plantea la vesicostomía como una alternativa válida. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los resultados de este procedimiento desde la creación del policlínico de mielomeningocele (MMC) en nuestro hospital. Métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de fichas clínicas e imágenes radiológicas de todos los pacientes con MMC controlados en nuestra unidad entre los años 1992-2005.Resultados: En un período de 13 años hubo 195 pacientes con MMC. De ellos 120 fueron catalogados como VNAR 69 niñas y 51 niños, sólo 20 requirieron vesicostomía. Todas fueron realizadas antes de los 4 años. Sólo 11 pacientes se han desderivado en una edad promedio de 5 años 8 meses. Cuatro pacientes están en lista de espera, 2 se cambiaron de hospital y 3 se perdieron de controles. El período de seguimiento promedio fue de 4 años. Hubo sólo 2 ostomías que se estenosaron; 1 requirió revisión quirúrgica. No hubo prolapso de las vesicostomías en esta serie. En todos los pacientes se logró estabilizar las infecciones y disminuir la hidronefrosis. No hubo pérdida de función renal en ninguno. Todos los pacientes desderivados a la fecha han requerido una ampliación vesical. Conclusiones: Podemos concluir que la vesicostomía es una buena medida que preserva la función renal, controla las infecciones urinarias a repetición y hace más fácil el manejo para los padres. Su cierre es relativamente fácil y de preferencia debe realizarse antes de la etapa escolar. Generalmente debe asociarse alguna cirugía de agrandamiento vesical.

Objective: Neurogenic bladder is a condition of difficult management. In those cases of high-risk neurogenic bladder (HRNB), vesicostomy have been rise as an alternative. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of this practice since 1992, when the myelomeningocele (MMC) clinic was created. Methods: A retrospective case note review was carried out on all patients with diagnosis of MMC who assist our clinic between 1992-2005.Results: There were 195 patients with MMC in the 13 years period; 120 were HRNB (69 girls and 59 boys) and only 20 underwent vesicostomy. All of them were done before 4 years old. 11 were closed at a mean age of 5.8 years. Four are still in the waiting list, 2/20 moved to another hospital and 3/20had been lost from follow-up. After a mean follow-up of 4 years, there were 2 stenosis; one required surgical review. There was no prolapse in this series. All children were infection free and presented a decreased of the hydronephrosis measures. There was no lost of kidney function. The 11/11 patients who had the stoma closed required a bladder augmentation. Conclusions: Vesicostomy is a good alternative to preserve kidney function, manage urine infection and make parent supervision easier. Its closing is relatively simple and we recommend to perform it before school age. All the cases in this series required a concomitant bladder augmentation.

Hinman Syndrome: Long Term Follow up of 14 Case / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: Hinman syndrome is the most severe form of nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder causing damage of the upper urinary tract. Fourteen patients with Hinman syndrome followed at our institution were evaluated for their clinical characteristics and prognosis. Here we report the findings of this series of patients for this poorly understood syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 14 patients, 8 boys and 6 girls, diagnosed with Hinman syndrome from March 1993 to June 2006 were reviewed. The mean duration of follow up was 69 months. The ultrasonography, 99(m) Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan(DMSA), voiding cystourethrogram(VCUG), and urodynamic study(UDS) results were retrospectively analyzed and efficacy of each treatment method was evaluated based on the medical records on follow up. RESULTS: Hydronephrosis of grade III or greater on ultrasonography and renal scarring of both kidneys on the DMSA renal scan were observed in 12 and 14 patients, respectively. Severe bladder trabeculation and high grade VUR(IV, V) were observed on the VCUG in 14 and 8 patients, respectively. Decreased bladder compliance on the UDS was noted in 13 and detrussor-sphincter dyssynergia(DSD) was observed in eight. Medical treatment was not effective in all 14 cases and six patients who underwent botulinum injection of the bladder were unresponsive to that treatment as well. In spite of conservative treatments such as clean intermittent catheterization(CIC), seven patients eventually underwent bladder augmentations after a mean period of thirty-seven months from diagnosis because of concern about the loss of bladder capacity and renal function. One patient who did not perform CIC progressed to end-stage renal disease and had to be transferred to pediatric nephrology for dialysis. CONCLUSIONS: Patients diagnosed with the Hinman syndrome were treated similar to patients with neurogenic bladder. However, from the long- termfollow up data at our outpatient clinic, many patients eventually had bladder augmentation to prevent further loss of bladder capacity and renal function. Therefore, urologists must not hesitate in performing such treatment when necessary.

Is Pretransplant Bladder Augmentation Using Hydrostatic Pressure of Contracted Bladder in Chronic Renal Failure Really Effective? / 대한이식학회지

PURPOSE: Kidney transplantation is definite treatment in chronic renal failure (CRF). But CRF patients have contracted bladder due to disuse atrophy and fibrosis of bladder mucosa and muscle. Contracted bladder results in CRF itself and failure of transplantation. And this causes many difficulties in ureteroneocystostomy. So many authors suggest that preoperative bladder augmentations of contracted bladder (cystoplasty) using intestine increase success rate in kidney transplantation. But these methods have been usually studied in pediatric transplantation. Preoperative hydrostatic bladder dilatation is nonoperative treatment usually used in interstitial cystitis and hemorrhagic bladder tumor. METHODS: Since January 1996, we newly attempted pretransplant bladder augmentation using hydrostatic pressure in 22 CRF patients who had contracted bladder diagnosed through preoperative voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). RESULTS: Pre-augmented average bladder volume was 87.7 mL (60~100 mL) and post-augmented bladder volume was 210.5 mL (100~250 mL). There was no complication associated with pretransplant bladder augmentation itself, and there was no transplanted kidney loss. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that pretransplant bladder augmentation using hydrostatic pressure be useful in kidney transplantation of CRF patient who had contracted bladder.

The urodynamic evaluation of bladder augmentation using de-epithelialized segment of small intestine lined with urothelium / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To evaluate the urodynamic outcome after bladder augmentation using double de-epithelialized segment of small intestine lined with urothelium. Methods Twenty-five children with neurogenical bladder (age range,4 to 14 years;16 males and 9 females) underwent bladder augmentation using de-epithelialized segment of small intestine lined with urothelium.Pre- and post-operative voiding cystoureterography,urodynamic and clinical evaluation were performed on them.Of them 21 cases were followed up for 6 to 24 months after operation. Results Bladder volume was increased from pre-operative (142.14?45.88)ml to post-operative (242.62?60.04) ml,compliance from (3.26?1.57) ml/cmH 2O (1 cmH 2O=0.098 kPa) to(8.10?3.00)ml/cmH 2O,and maximum urine flow rate from (3.00?1.00) ml/s to (7.60?2.90)ml/s,respectively(P

Studer's Pouch: Clinical Experience and Evaluation / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Studer's pouch was evaluated clinically and urodynamically. The pouch was constructed for bladder substitution in 18 and for bladder augmentation in 2 from July 1990 to November l995. Three patients of substitution were not included in this review because of operation related death in 1 case and short period(<6 months) of follow-up in 2 cases. Mean age is 53.2(range: 22-69) years. Mean follow-up period is 22.2(range: 2-64) months. Mean cystometric capacity was 445 ml, mean intraluminal pressure at 200 ml and 400 ml filled was 12.8(range: 5-30) and 23.7(range: 5-45) cmH2O, respectively. Maximal urethral closure pressure was 54.3(range: 18-112) cmH2O in bladder substitution cases. Maximal flow rate was 19.1(range: 12.9-26.0) ml/sec. Mean residual urine was 37.8(range: 0-80) ml. Reflux into ileal limb occurred in all patient at mean volume of 227(range : 30-400) ml. Reflux into kidney occurred in 20 of 24 renal units at mean volume of 291(range : 50-450) ml, but it drained completely and rapidly in all cases. No pelvocalyceal ectatic changes were seen. Urine was sterilized in 9 patients. Recurrent bacteriuria occurred in 6 patients. All of them had been controlled by parenteral antibiotic therapy. All of 15 substitution patients were completely continent during daytime. Two had mild daytime stress incontinence in early postoperative period, but which is improved as time passing. Three of them have nighttime incontinence. One of three has intermittent incontinence and is using a diaper for prevention from bed wetting. Two have total nighttime incontinence using a kismo every night. Though longer follow-up should be needed to confirm the safety of upper tract, we think that Studer's pouch seems not only to guarantee the continence but to be rather simple and easy to perform.

Bladder augmentation: Siriraj experience.

Since 1987, 13 patients with low compliance bladder secondary to genitourinary tuberculosis, neuropathic bladder and contracted bladder from other causes underwent augmentation cystoplasty. Ileal segments were used in all of them and no serious complication was found. All eight patients with tuberculous cystitis and chronic scarring of the bladder from other causes, who had been suffering from frequent voiding, were free of these symptoms postoperatively. Three patients could void by themselves but the others required intermitted catheterization to remove residual urine. In five cases of neuropathic bladder, four patients with reflex incontinence were continent postoperatively and in one case with vesicoureteral reflux the symptoms subsided. All patients were satisfied with the outcome following surgery. Augmentation cystoplasty appears to offer a reliable procedure for low compliance bladder.

The experience of the bladder augmentation and substitution with Studer's ileal cup-patched bladder / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Sluder's ileal cup-patched bladder. one method of the bladder substitution. promises not only the low pressure reservoir but also the effective anti-refluxing mechanism. Further. this procedure is easy to perform and taking only 30-45 minutes longer than the standard ileal conduit. We successfully performed this procedure in 2 patients. one for the bladder augmentation in the tuberculotic contracted bladder. the other for the bladder substitution in the squamous carcinoma of the bladder (T3N0M0) and present the technique and the results of these two patients.

Initial Experiences of 15 Cases of Mainz Pouch / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Since continent urinary diversion and bladder substitution after cystoprostatectomy have been offered as alternative to standard urinary diversion, increasing numbers of patients seek to avoid a wet stoma. So since 1988 we have used a pouch constructed from a combination of large and small bowel(Mainz pouch), which offers a low pressure reservoir of adequate capacity, antirefluxing ureteral reimplantation and continent reservoir. Initial applications of the Mainz pouch were for bladder augmentation after subtotal cystectomy and for continent urinary diversion. Current indications have been extended to complete bladder substitution after radical cystectomy with anastomosis of the pouch to the membranous urethra. A total or 15 patients underwent a Mainz pouch procedure ;6 for bladder augmentation, 8 for continent urinary diversion and 1 for total bladder substitution after radical cystectomy. All bladder augmentation cases, 4 of 8 diversion cases and substitution case are completely dry day and night. There are no significant perioperative morbidity and mortality.

Bladder Augmentation and Continent Diversion Using the Mainz Pouch (Mixed Augmentation Ileum and Cecum) / 대한비뇨기과학회지

The Mainz pouch offers a low pressure reservoir of adequate capacity, antirefluxing ureteral implantation and continent reservoir for bladder augmentation and continent diversion. Reconstruction of a urinary reservoir using a Mainz pouch was performed on 2 patients in 1987. The Mainz pouch was used for bladder augmentation in one patient and for continent urinary diversion in other one. The operative technique and clinical results are described.