Profile for body fat percentage of Serbian working population, aged from 18 to 65, measured by multichannel bioimpedance method / Perfil del porcentaje de grasa corporal de la población activa serbia, de 18 a 65 años, medido por el método de bioimpedancia multicanal

SUMMARY: Obesity prevalence and trends of PBF related to age were defined on a sample of 8100 people among whom, 4955 were male (Age = 31.2 ± 10 yr) and 3145 were female (Age = 32.1 ± 11.3 yr). Body structure measurements were performed using a standardized method of multichannel bioimpedance analysis (BIA), using a body structure analyzer - InBody 720. The total sample was divided into two subsamples according to sex, where every subsample was divided into five different age groups.The mean PBF values of the Male total sample were 18.2 ± 8.0 % and the female total sample was 28.3 ± 9.2 %. Results of Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner post-hock showed that there are statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) between all age groups among themselves except groups 50 - 60 and 60 - 65 (p = 0.09). Analysis of obesity prevalence according to the PBF indicator in different age groups revealed the existence of statistically significant (p < 0.001) trends of increasing obesity with age, both in men and women. Based on the result of this study, it can be concluded that most of the Serbian working population are in the range of normal PBF values, excluding the male 30-39.9 yr and female 60-65 yr age categories as groups which are more prone to obesity levels.

RESUMEN: La prevalencia de obesidad y las tendencias de PBF relacionadas con la edad se determinaron en una muestra de 8100 personas, de las cuales 4955 eran hombres (Edad = 31,2 ± 10 años) y 3145 eran mujeres (Edad = 32,1 ± 11,3 años). Las mediciones de la estructura corporal se realizaron utilizando un método estandarizado de análisis de bioimpedancia multicanal (BIA), usando un analizador de estructura corporal - InBody 720. La muestra total se dividió en dos submuestras, según el sexo, donde cada muestra se dividió en cinco grupos de edad diferentes. Los valores de PBF de la muestra total masculina fueron 18,2 ± 8,0% y la muestra total femenina fue 28,3 ± 9,2%. Los resultados del ANOVA de Kruskal-Wallis con Dwass-Steel-Critchlow- Fligner post-corvejón mostraron que existían diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p <,001) entre todos los grupos de edad, excepto los grupos 50 - 60 y 60 - 65 (p = 0.09). El análisis de la prevalencia de obesidad según el indicador PBF en diferentes grupos de edad, reveló la existencia de tendencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,001) de un aumento de la obesidad con la edad, tanto en los hombres como en las mujeres. Con base en el resultado de este estudio, se puede concluir que la mayoría de la población activa de Serbia se encuentra en el rango de valores normales de PBF, excluyendo las categorías de edad de hombres de 30 a 39,9 años y de mujeres de 60 a 65 años, como los grupos que son más propensos a los niveles de obesidad.

Discussion on teaching swstrategies of human anatomy for undergraduates of medical related majors / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Human body structure,as a national excellent course,is a professional basic course for the students in medical related majors.After years of teaching practice,many teaching experience are collected,however,some problems in teaching practice still occurre such as how to carry out teaching methods specific for different majors,how to accomplish the course for teachers and how to grasp the macro-and micro-cosmic human structures for students in fewer class hours,and how to improve the students' self-regulation of learning.Aiming at the problems above,the human body structure teaching team improves teaching methods,teaching content and assessment system,and effectively enhance the teaching effectivene.

Discrimination of different body structure indexes of elite athletes in combat sports measured by multi frequency bioimpedance method / Discriminación de diferentes índices de estructura corporal de atletas de elite en deportes de combate medidos por el método de bioimpedancia de múltiples frecuencias

In order to achieve high results in sports, it is necessary to provide an adequate status of an athlete in according to various factors, among which the body structure is one of greater importance. The aim of this research is to define the most discriminated indicators of body structure indexes, thanks to which a specific change of physical structure can be observed according to a branch of sport and type of combat sport. Variables in the research were: body height, body mass, body mass index, free fat mass index, fat mass index, protein mass index, skeletal muscle mass index, percent of body fat, percent of skeletal muscle mass and protein fat index. The measuring of the body composition is realized by using multichannel segmental bioimpedance with InBody 720 apparatus, applied on the total of 112 male high level senior-age athlete members of different national team's member of Republic of Serbia (62 judokas, 29 Greco-Roman style wrestlers and 21 karatekas). The discriminative analysis has shown that subsamples of the athletes statistically differ in morphology on Wilks' lambda level (0.435, p = 0.000), and that following variables have the highest discrimination compared to athlete respondents in sport function: percent of skeletal mass (0.34), percent of body fat (0.28) and protein fat index (0.26), as the first isolated factor (p = 0.000) by which is explained 86.3 %, that is body weight (0.74), skeletal muscle index (0.73), protein mass index (0.72), body mass index (0.72) and free fat mass index (0.70), as the second factor (p = 0.030) by which 13.7 % variability of measured body structure space is explained. By establishing body structure models of judokas, wrestlers and karatekas for variables examined and by using modern technological method of measuring (InBody 720, 2008) we got new information that characterize specificity of the sport, which all contribute to spreading and improving already existing knowledge in the sports sciences and sport body morphology area.

Para obtener logros deportivos de alto nivel, es necesario conseguir el estatus adecuado dependiendo de varios factores, entre los cuales destaca el factor morfológico. El objetivo de este estudio fue definir los indicadores más discriminantes de la composición corporal o índices morfológicos, por lo cual se puedan monitorear los cambios específicos en la estructura del cuerpo en relación con la rama del deporte y el tipo de deportes de combate. Las variables del estudio fueron: altura del cuerpo, masa corporal, índice de masa corporal, índice de masa grasa, índice de proteína masa, índice de masa del músculo esquelético, porcentaje de grasa corporal, porcentaje de masa del músculo esquelético y el índice grasa proteína. La medición de la composición corporal fue realizada utilizando la bioimpedancia segmentaria multicanal con Inbod café 720 sobre una muestra de 112 deportistas de sexo masculino de categoría sénior, miembros nacionales seleccionados de la República de Serbia (62 practicantes de judo, 29 practicantes de lucha grecorromana y 21 practicantes de karate). El análisis discriminativo demostó que las submuestras de los atletas en general difieren significativamente en la morfología a nivel de lambda de Wilks ­ 0.435, (p = 0.000), y que las siguientes variables tienen la mayor discriminación en relación con la prueba de los atletas en la función del deporte: porcentaje de la masa esquelética (0.34), porcentaje de grasa corporal (0,28) y el índice de grasa proteína (0.26), como el primer factor aislado (p = 0.000), lo que explica 86,3 %, respectivamente la masa corporal (0.74), el índice de músculo esquelético (0,73), el índice de proteína de masa (0,72), índice de masa corporal (0,72), e índice de masa libre de grasa (0,70), como el segundo factor (p = 0,030), lo que explica 13,7 % de las mediciones espaciales de variabilidad. Al definir los módulos morfológicos de los practicantes de judo, karate y lucha grecorromana para las variables investigadas y usando el método tecnológico de medida más nuevo (InBody 720), hemos obtenido nuevas informaciones que caracterizan las especificidades de los deportes, lo que contribuye a la ampliación y el desarrollo de los conocimientos anteriores sobre dicho asunto.

Estimação de parâmetros genéticos para escores visuais e características de desenvolvimento ponderal na raça Nelore / Genetic parameter estimation for visual score and ponderal development traits in Nellore cattle

O objetivo foi avaliar a associação genética entre os escores visuais de estrutura, precocidade e musculosidade, com as características peso aos 18 meses, ganho de peso diário e o perímetro escrotal em machos Nelore. Foram utilizados 7.256 registros de animais participantes de provas de ganho de peso. As estimativas dos componentes de (co)variâncias foram obtidas por meio de Máxima Verossimilhança Restrita, empregando-se um modelo animal. Os efeitos fixos de grupo contemporâneo, idade e peso como covariável linear foram considerados; o único efeito aleatório foi o genético aditivo direto. As estimativas de herdabilidade de estrutura, precocidade e musculosidade foram: 0,30; 0,37; 0,32, respectivamente. As estimativas das correlações genéticas entre os escores variaram de 0,76 a 0,95, indicando que os escores são controlados, em grande parte, pelo mesmo grupo de genes. As estimativas das correlações genéticas dos escores visuais com as características de ganho de peso diário, peso aos 18 meses e o perímetro escrotal apresentaram valores semelhantes entre os escores 0,45 a 0,50; 0,80 a 0,83 e -0,05 a -0,03, respectivamente; indicando que a seleção para os escores trará mudanças genéticas no mesmo sentido para o peso aos 18 meses e em menor medida para o ganho de peso.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic association between visual scores of structure, finishing precocity and muscling with weight at 18 months, daily weight gain and scrotal circumference in male Nellore. A total of 7,256 records of animals participating in weight gain trials were used. The (co)variance components were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood, under an animal model. Contemporary group, age and weight as covariate linears were included as fixed effects. Additive genetic effects were the only random effect. The heritability estimates for structure, precocity and muscling were 0.30; 0.37 and 0.32 respectively. The genetic correlations between visual score were 0.76 to 0.95, indicating that the visual scores are controlled by the same set of genes, a fact making individual selection more complex. The visual scores showed similar genetic correlations with daily weight gain, weight at 18 months and scrotal circumference, ranging from 0.45 to 0.50, from 0.80 to 0.83 and from -0.05 to -0.03, respectively, indicating that individual selection for visual scores will result in genetic changes in the same direction in weight at 18 months and, to a lesser extent, in daily weight gain.

"Study on Congenital Constitution Terms Consist of ""Bing"" Before Qing Dynasty" / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to investigate the congenital constitution terms consist of Bing and connotation in medical books before Qing dynasty. By searching the character Bing as a keyword in the Encyclopedia of Tradi-tional Chinese Medicine (TCM), 6480 articles were retrieved. Through reading each of the articles, 9 congenital con-stitution terms were concluded. The results showed that Sui dynasty recorded the earliest congenital constitution term. And till the end of Ming dynasty, altogether 9 terms, which were Bing Qi, Bing Zhi, Bing Shou, Bing Fu, Suo Bing, Fu Bing, Qi Bing, Bing Ti and Su Bing, appeared in sequence. The terms appeared with high frequency were Bing Shou ( 33 . 27%) and Bing Fu ( 32 . 99%) . There were 5 congenital constitution relat-ed factors altogether , which were physique , parental heredity , life span , qi and blood as well as region , ap-peared in sequence . And the term appeared with high frequency was physique ( 32.11%) . It was concluded that before Qing dynasty, all congenital constitution terms occurred with the character of Bing (endowment). The usage of different terms to state congenital constitution was intended to describe different associated factors . It reflected the understanding of congenital constitution process. The first known congenital constitution factor was not parental heredity but physique . Qi and blood was the second most appeared factor . This indicated that con-genital constitution does not only involve the structure of the body ( physique ) , but also the function of the body (qi and blood). The investigation about congenital constitution of ancient TCM brings a positive practical signifi-cance for the modern health cognition and health maintenance .

Study on Congenital Constitution Components in Medical Books before Qing Dynasty / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to discuss the connotation of congenital constitution in medical books before Qing dynasty. By searching the character Bing as a keyword in the Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), 6 480 articles were retrieved. Through reading each of the articles, 9 congenital constitution terms were con-cluded. A total of 1 041 valid entries involved in 165 medical books were retrieved. The results showed that congen-ital constitution was affected by parent heredity and region factors. Parent heredity factor includes the influence of both parents and the influence of mother during pregnancy where the influence of both parents includes both parents' habits and conditions when having sex; the influence from the mother includes habits and medication during her pregnancy. Congenital constitution embodiment includes the body's growth and development, body structure and vis-cera, qi and blood, pulse and forefinger blood vessels (of young children), mental state and life span. In three other factors of congenital constitution (i.e. qi and blood, body structure and life span), both body structure and life span depend on the endowment of qi and blood. It was concluded that TCM practitioners before Qing dynasty judged one's congenital constitution through observing the speed of its growth and development, appearance, mental state, strength of visceral functions, condition of its mind, forefinger blood vessels, pulse, susceptible to types of disease and etc. Therefore, body structure is an important factor of congenital constitution judgment. TCM practitioners before Qing dynasty paid attention to the effect on mother to her offspring's health.

Estimation of genetic parameters for a new model for defining body structure scores (frame scores) in Nellore cattle

Models for estimation of frame scores in Nellore beef cattle (FRAME_GMA) were developed, comparing them with frame scores estimated using equations proposed by the Beef Improvement Federation (FRAME_BIF, USA). Correlation among frame scores obtained by these two methodologies, along with the independent variables considered in the estimation models, were also studied. A data set with 12,728 animals, with ages between 490 and 610 days, was used. The models that best adjusted to FRAME_GMA included hip height, weight and interaction between height and weight. Estimates of heritability for FRAME_GMA and FRAME_BIF were 0.26 +/- 0.03 and 0.23 +/- 0.03, respectively, in single trait analysis, and 0.28 and 0.24, respectively, in multi-trait analysis. Phenotypic Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients between FRAME_GMA and FRAME_BIF for males were 0.87 and 0.83, respectively, being lower than those found for females (0.92 for both coefficients). Genetic correlation between the frame scores did not differ between genders, with values of 0.92 for the Pearson coefficient and 0.91 for the Spearman coefficient. We concluded that FRAME_GMA was better adapted to this data set than FRAME_BIF. Other studies need to be made to evaluate the applicability of this proposed model to other populations of Nellore beef cattle and for other age groups.