Résumé
Availability of clean water is a serious problem, especially in developing countries like Nigeria; Water for consumption purpose needs to be treated to meet the quality guidelines of 5 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) according to World Health Organization, Wastewater treatment are mostly using Polyaluminum Chloride, a synthetic coagulant, which possess health risk and require expensive cost. This research was carried out to observe the effect of Moringa oleifera seed as natural coagulant to replace synthetic coagulant. Highly turbid water was collected from Gulbi River in Kaura-namoda, Zamfara State. Nigeria. M. oleiferaseedwas processed into flour and de-fated with different organic solvent. (AOY = Normal borehole water, BOY = Raw water sample from theriver, COY = Water treated with (de-fated M. oleiferaflour with Chloroform.), DOY = Water sample with (de-fated M. Oleiferaflour with acetone), EOY = Water sample with (de-fated M. Oleiferaflour with diethyl ether.), FOY = Water sample with Alum, GOY = Water sample with unde-fated M. oleiferaflour) and used as a coagulant in place of aluminium sulphate (Alum). Collected water samples were treated with different Moringa oleiferaflour coagulants samples The water treated with different coagulants samples were analyzed based on physic-chemical properties. The pH values ranged from 5.6 to 6.7. The turbidity, conductivity, total solid, temperature and coliform ranged from 4.19 to 76.5 NTU, 94.0to 188.4 μS/cm, 45.5 to 89.3 mg/l, 30.4 to 33.8ºC and 9 × 402cfu, respectively.The work has been considered as revolutionary for small household applications in rural areas, where water purification is absent and M. oleiferatrees are abundantly available.
Résumé
The quality of potable water depends not only on its physical and chemical characteristics but also on its biological characteristics. Potable water is often sourced from surface water, mainly rivers, streams, lakes and groundwater - boreholes and wells; of which boreholes are supposedly superior. In the present study, the physicochemical and microbiological status of six newly drilled boreholes in Rafi Local Government Area, Minna, Niger State was assessed. Twenty-two physicochemical parameters and coliform count were determined. Water samples were collected from newly drilled borehole water sources in Tsofomension 1, TsofoMension 2, Katako, Tunga Bako, Kagara and Kwana. The colour, odour, taste, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, pH, chloride and copper ions were within acceptable limits. Iron and manganese content of the three regions were highly elevated above the recommended level. It is of concern that the level of hydrogen sulphide (0.2 - 0.27) was far above the permissible level (0.05), being newly drilled sources of water. Only one of the studied boreholes was free of both total and faecal coliforms, other boreholes were contaminated with either total or faecal coliforms or both. The findings in this study necessitate a call for increased hygiene and construction of lined soak-away to eradicate indiscriminate discharge of human and animal wastes. Appropriate water treatment methods such as coagulation, filtration and boiling of water should be encouraged. Most importantly, newly dug water sources should be tested, monitored and elaborately treated before consumption.
Résumé
Objective To explore the feasibility of single port laparoscopy in classification and treatment of Meckel's diverticulum in children and its guiding treatment.Methods The clinical data in 75 children cases of Meckel's diverticulum with symptoms treated in our hospital from Aug.2011 to Aug.2015 were retrospectively analyzed.Meckel's diverticulum was classified under single port laparoscopy.The operation modes were selected according to different classifications.The excised materials were submitted to the pathologic examination.Results Among 75 children cases,50 cases were the simple type of Meckel's diverticulum and 25 cases were complex type of Meckel's diverticulum.The average operative time in the simple type and complex type was (38.93±8.75) min and(55.64 ± 13.27) min respectively,average bleeding amounts were (46.58 ± 15.81) mL and (50.12 [16.90) mL respectively,average postoperative hospitalization time was (7.33±1.41)d and (7.52 ± 1.68)d respectively,the operative time in the simple type was less than that in the complex type(P＜0.05),the other two indexes had no statistical difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).The ectopic gastric mucosal pathological change was only seen in the simple type,while the inflammatory manifestation in the complex type had higher proportion.The main clinical manifestations were lower gestational tract bleeding and infection.The two groups all obtained follow up.One case of simple type appeared the symptoms of abdominal pain and hematochezia and was cured after the second operation.Conclusion Meckel's diverticulum can be divided into the simple type and complex type under single port laparoscopy.The operation mode can be selected according to different types.This method is safe and reliable and is worthy of being clinically promoted.