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Background: Most of the studies described anatomical parameters on X-ray. Here the measurements were carried out on adult human cadavers. This study will essentially help orthopedicians to make suitable hip joint prosthesis, also help forensic expert in disputed sex and help to understand biomechanics of hip joint. These parameters help us to understand etiopathogenesis of disease like osteo-arthritis of hip joint. Methodology: A total 60 hip joints were studied in 20 male and 10 female cadavers. Measurements taken with soft tissue in situ for depth of acetabulum. These measurements were taken using vernier caliper and a steel scale. Mean values of measurements were recorded and compared between males and females. The mean values also compared with right and left side for males and females. Results: The mean depth of acetabulum was found to be 31.78 mm in males and 29.70 mm in females. The mean values of parameter were found to be greater in males than in females.The mean values of parameters was found to be greater on right side in both males and females. Conclusions: The mean values of depth of acetabulum were found to be significantly greater in males than in females. The parameters of hip joint are immense importance to orthopaedicians, radiologists, and prosthetists. These values are useful to identify the fragment of bone for sex determination sent to forensic expert.The acetabulum was relatively deeper in this study compared to other similar study. This explains why congenital subluxation is rare in Indians. These parameters will help the orthopaedicians, prosthetist to design suitable hip prosthesis.
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Introduction: Boston University (BU) approach is a method for early prediction of unerupted permanent mandibular teeth widths based on the mesiodistal widths (MDWs) of primary mandibular canines and first molars. The present study was conducted to test the validity of BU approach by comparing it with Tanaka–Johnston (T/J) approach in the contemporary population. Aims and Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the applicability of BU approach for prediction of the MDWs of canines and premolars in the primary schoolchildren of rural Bengaluru. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 100 healthy schoolchildren of rural Bengaluru aged between 7 and 11 years. The MDWs of canines and premolars were predicted using both T/J and the considered BU approaches for all the children and were compared. Results: The correlation coefficient showed a statistically significant correlation between the predicted tooth size from the two predicted methods in the upper and lower arches (P < 0.001), with Pearson's correlation coefficient showing the very strong positive relationship (r = 0.7). Significant differences were seen between the mean predicted width of canines and premolars by both the approaches (P < 0.001). Conclusion: In spite of the limitations, we recommend the use of BU approach to predict arch length-tooth material discrepancy at an early age and to get at least an approximate estimation of the required space. We also advocate the necessity of further research on this approach prospectively.
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Introduction: Boston University (BU) approach is a method for early prediction of unerupted permanent mandibular teeth widths based on the mesiodistal widths (MDWs) of primary mandibular canines and first molars. The present study was conducted to test the validity of BU approach by comparing it with Tanaka–Johnston (T/J) approach in the contemporary population. Aims and Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the applicability of BU approach for prediction of the MDWs of canines and premolars in the primary schoolchildren of rural Bengaluru. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 100 healthy schoolchildren of rural Bengaluru aged between 7 and 11 years. The MDWs of canines and premolars were predicted using both T/J and the considered BU approaches for all the children and were compared. Results: The correlation coefficient showed a statistically significant correlation between the predicted tooth size from the two predicted methods in the upper and lower arches (P < 0.001), with Pearson's correlation coefficient showing the very strong positive relationship (r = 0.7). Significant differences were seen between the mean predicted width of canines and premolars by both the approaches (P < 0.001). Conclusion: In spite of the limitations, we recommend the use of BU approach to predict arch length-tooth material discrepancy at an early age and to get at least an approximate estimation of the required space. We also advocate the necessity of further research on this approach prospectively.
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Occurrence of Scleral Dellen is rare but serious complication with stromalinflammation with tissue loss and scarring. Scleral dellen results from localdehydration & thinning of scleral tissues with exposure of underlying uvea leading toblueish colour. Occular surgical causes of occurrence of scleral dellen are strabismussurgery, pterygium excision (with or without use of adjunctive treatment like betaradiation, conjunctival autograft and Mitomycin C), cataract extraction.1,2 Patientscomplain of foreign body sensation & mild discomfort. Treatment consists ofreduction or elimination of contributing perilimbal elevation, & rapid rehydrationwith artificial tears, eye ointment and patching3. If treated properly dellen usuallyresolves completely without permanent sequelae. We report a case of severe scleraldellen that occurred 14 days after the uneventful surgical excision of primarypterygium without adjuvant therapy. We describe a patient with scleral dellen, whichoccurred after an uneventful pterygium excision without adjunctive therapy.
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According to the guidelines of the American and Indian Boards of Orthodontics, it is essential to include second molars, while managing an orthodontic case. Therefore, the present study was planned to determine maxilla-mandibular tooth material discrepancy.METHODSThe study sample consisted of study casts of 300 subjects in the age range of 18-30 years. Samples having a full complement of teeth with Angle’s Class I molar and canine relationships, good intercuspation, normal overjet and overbite and minimal crowding and spacing were included in the study. Tooth dimensions were measured using digital vernier caliper (accurate to 0.01 mm) and overall ratio was calculated. The data was statistically analysed for range, mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation.RESULTSViVan ratio was found to be 90.79 with standard deviation of 3.13, variance of 9.81 and range was 83.55 - 95.82.CONCLUSIONSIdeal tooth proportions play an important role in achieving good occlusion at the end of orthodontic treatment. The ViVan ratio obtained in the study included second molars and this would benefit the orthodontist in proper treatment planning. This ratio will add importance for improved results at the finish of orthodontic treatment.
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Bolton’s ratio is an indispensable parameter used in orthodontic diagnosis to evaluate the tooth size discrepancy. However, these norms have been established for Caucasian population and population variations necessitate the evaluation of these ratios for Vidarbha population. The objectives of the present study were to determine Bolton’s ratio for Vidarbha population, compare them with original Bolton’s ratios and determine the clinical significance of these differences.METHODSThe study sample consisted of study casts of 300 subjects in the age range of 18-30 years, all belonging to Vidarbha population, having a full complement of teeth. Tooth dimensions were measured using digital vernier caliper and Bolton’s overall ratio and anterior were calculated. The data calculated was statistically analysed for range, mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation. Unpaired t-test was applied to draw a difference between the results of this study and the results from Bolton’s study.RESULTSBolton’s overall and anterior ratio norms for Vidarbha population sample were found to be 88.15 and 78.50, respectively, with standard deviation of 3.27 and 3.19, respectively. The range of overall ratio noted was 80.36–98.44, and the range of anterior ratio was 67.74–89.70.CONCLUSIONSIn general, the values obtained from this study for the Vidarbha population differ from the data of Caucasian population. So, it can be inferred that the established Bolton’s values for Caucasians cannot be used for the Vidarbha population. Hence, population specific standards are necessary for clinical assessment.
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@#AIM: To analyze the correlation and agreement of corneal horizontal diameter(WTW)measured with caliper, IOL Master and Oculyzer anterior segment analysis system.<p>METHODS: Totally 41 patients with 80 eyes who underwent ICL V4c implantation in our hospital from July 2018 to January 2019 were enrolled. Compare the correlation and agreement of preoperative WTW measured with caliper, IOL Master and Oculyzer anterior segment analysis system respectively.<p>RESULTS: The mean WTW value measured with caliper, IOL Master and Oculyzer anterior segment analysis system were: 11.73±0.40, 12.03±0.46, 11.54±0.39mm respectively, the value of caliper and IOL Master, caliper and Oculyzer, IOL Master and Oculyzer were highly correlated(<i>r</i>=0.809, 0.826, 0.785, all <i>P</i><0.01), and the 95% <i>LoA</i> of Bland-Altman analysis were(-0.84, 0.22),(-0.27, 0.64),(-0.07, 1.05)mm respectively.<p>CONCLUSION: Among the three measuring instruments, IOL Master has the largest measurement value and Oculyzer is the smallest. The three measurement methods have poor consistency and cannot be replaced in clinical application. Whereas, their measurements are highly correlated. In clinical application, the measurements of IOL Master and Oculyzer can be corrected based on the difference with caliper.
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CONTEXT: The accurate determination of vertical jaw relation is extremely important for successfully achieving comfort, function and esthetics for an edentulous patient.AIM:The aim of this study was to find a correlation between vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) and length of right hand palm.METHODS AND MATERIAL:The study was conducted on 60 dentate subjects (30 Males and 30 Females) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Anthropometric measurements of vertical dimension of occlusion and length of right hand palm were recorded. Correlation between VDO and length of right hand palm was studied using Pearson's correlation test and unpaired t test used to find correlation among males and females VDO & right palm.RESULTS:Pearson's correlation test showed that VDO in both males (r=0.8001, p value=000) and females (r= 0.9556, p value=000) has strong coefficient correlation with the length of right hand palm. The study also suggested by unpaired t test that there is no statistical correlation between the males and females VDO (t= -0.3366, p value=0.7377) and length of right palm (t= -0.1046, p value=0.9170)CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that for males and female subjects VDO and length of right hand palm was highly correlated and this anthropometric measurement can be used to determine VDO in edentulous patient.
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Teeth are an excellent material in living and non-living populations for anthropological and forensic investigations as they are the hardest and chemically most stable tissues of the body. The dentition used in gender determination has been explored, as they exhibit the least turnover of natural structure and are readily accessible for examination as they are resistant to various insults. Our aim was to determine and evaluate the usefulness of Intercanine, Intermolar arch width for gender determination and for ethnicity difference of the people living in Uttrakhand and to validate its use as a forensic tool. Methods: 100 subjects were selected and impressions were made for maxillary arch with alginate. Study models were made and analysed with digital Vernier calliper. Results: The mean Inter canine width and the mean intermolar width were higher in males than females and the differnces were highly significant statistically [P < 0.008].On comparing between Punjabi and native population of Uttarakhand ,the ICD & IMD values were higher in Punjabi population [P < 0.001]. Conclusion: Therefore , we can conclude that the Intercanine and intermolar widths are useful in determining the gender/ ethnicity of the population.
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Background:The gold standard for pulmonary artery pressure measurement is right heart catheterization but its invasive nature precludes its routine use. Main pulmonary arterial trunk calibreincrease is a strong indicator of underlying pulmonary arterial hypertension. MDCT can accurately measure the diameter of main pulmonary artery. The objective of the study was to establish the normative values of main pulmonary artery caliber using contrast enhanced CT and try to ascertain any significant difference in main pulmonary artery calibers between two genders and correlation of age and main pulmonary artery diameter. Methods:Contrast enhanced CT images of 462 subjects were analysed on a PACS workstation monitor and widest diameter perpendicular to long axis of the main pulmonary artery as seen on reformatted axial image was measured with electronic caliper tool at the level of the main pulmonary artery bifurcation.Results:The mean main pulmonary artery diameter in females was 22.54±2.19 mm and 23.34±3.06 mm in males. The mean pulmonary artery diameter in males was larger than females with statistically significant difference seen (p<0.05). The correlation coefficient between age of whole sample and their mean main pulmonary artery was found to be 0.1006 with no statistically significant difference.Conclusions:There is a statistically significant difference in the mean main pulmonary artery calibre between males and femaleswith no strong correlation between the age and mean main pulmonary artery calibre. Further studies are warranted to find the complex interaction between main pulmonary artery diameter and sex, age and body mass index
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Introduction: Age estimation has always been a crucial concern in permissible and scandalous investigations for establishing one’s identity. Assessment of chronological age of an individual by dental hard tissues is an important specialty in the turf of forensics especially in enigmatic conditions including mass disasters and festering postmortem residues. Teeth bestowing the properties of hardness, resilience prove to be the reliable material for age estimation in the identification of the unknown. Translucency in root dentin is considered to be one of the best criteria for estimation or assessment of dental age. Objectives: The present investigation evaluates and compares the effectiveness of conventional, stereomicroscopic and digital methods for age estimation by measuring root dentin translucency & concluding the best method among them. Methods: A total of 30 permanent teeth of the age group 21- 80 years were sectionioned longitudinally of thickness 250µm & translucency in root dentin was calculated using conventional, stereomicroscopic & digital methods and was compared. Results: There was no statistically considerable difference (p=0.584) observed in translucency length obtained by the three methods. Linear regression equations derived from the three methods revealed most accurate method as digital followed by conventional and stereomicroscopic to assess age. The digital method is statistically significant with highest accuracy allowing better visualization, easy to use and less time consuming. Conclusion: Taking into consideration the benefits, the present study recommends the use of digital method to assess translucency for age estimation.
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@#AIM: To analyze the correlation and consistency of five corneal diameter measurements.<p>METHODS: Totally 25 cases(50 eyes)who underwent ICL implantation in West China Hospital. The preoperative horizontal corneal diameter was measured using measuring caliper, SIRIUS anterior eye assay system, IOL Master500, anterior segment OCT and UBM. <p>RESULTS: The mean WTW distances were 11.54±0.30 mm as obtained with measuring caliper, 11.77±0.33mm with SIRIUS anterior eye assay system, 11.98±0.33mm with IOL Master500, 11.63±0.35mm with anterior segment OCT and 11.53±0.34mm with UBM. No statistical difference was found between measuring caliper and UBM, measuring caliper and anterior segment OCT, UBM and anterior segment OCT. The linear correlation analysis found significant correlation between the measurements of the five measurements. The Bland-Altman analysis for the measuring caliper and SIRIUS, measuring caliper and UBM, measuring caliper and anterior segment OCT found that the absolute values of 95% LOA upper and lower limits were less than 0.5mm.<p>CONCLUSION: The results of the four kinds of corneal horizontal diameter measurements can be interchanged including SIRIUS, UBM, anterior segment OCT and measuring caliper. IOL Master500 results are the largest, that cannot be used as a diagnostic basis for measuring the size of corneal horizontal diameter. The results of other measurement equipment should be combined with clinical practice.
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Objective To observe the effects of insulin caliper for blood glucose control on glycemic central tendency, fluctuation and incidence of hypoglycemia in patients with sepsis, and evaluate its application value. Methods One hundred sepsis patients with significant hyperglycemia from December 2015 to December 2017 were selected. All patients needed continuous intravenous insulin infusion to maintain blood glucose. The patients were divided into caliper group and conventional group by random digits table method with 50 cases each, patients of 2 groups adopted an insulin dose modification scheme based on insulin caliper for blood glucose control and paper-based insulin dose modification scheme respectively to control blood glucose. Finally, 92 cases completed the study, including 47 cases in caliper group and 45 cases in conventional group. Blood glucose was measured every 2 hours 0 to 12 hours after intravenous insulin and every 4 hours 16 to 72 hours after intravenous insulin. The incidence of hypoglycemia, insulin dose, ICU time, total hospital stay and hospitalization cost were observed. The proportion of hypoglycemia to total blood glucose measurement, proportion of achieving the glucose control target at each time point, glycemic coefficient of variance, glycemic lability index (GLI) and mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE) were calculated. Results A total of 1 379 blood glucose values were obtained in caliper group, and a total of 1 332 blood glucose values were obtained in conventional group. There were no statistical difference in blood glucose values 0 to 12 hours after intravenous insulin between 2 groups (P＞0.05). The blood glucose values 16 to 72 hours after intravenous insulin in caliper group were significantly lower than those in conventional group, and there were statistical differences (P＜0.01 or ＜0.05). There were no statistical differences in glycemic coefficient of variance, insulin dose, incidence of hypoglycemia and proportion of hypoglycemia to total blood glucose measurement between 2 groups (P＞0.05). The GLI and MAGE in caliper group were significantly lower than those in conventional group: 12.96 (8.73, 19.58) vs. 23.27 (13.07, 44.61) and (0.66 ± 0.22) mmol/L vs. (0.87 ± 0.28) mmol/L, the proportion of achieving the glucose control target at each time point was significantly higher than that in conventional group: 41.99% (579/1 379) vs. 27.18% (362/1 332), and there were statistical differences (P＜0.01). There were no statistical differences in ICU time, total hospital stay, hospitalization cost, nosocomial infection rate and prognosis between 2 groups (P＞0.05). Conclusions For emergent and critical patients with sepsis, insulin caliper for blood glucose control presents favorable application value for achieving glucose control target, reducing glycemic fluctuation, lowering the incidence of hypoglycemia, low cost and good operability.
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Objective To observe the effects of insulin caliper for blood glucose control on glycemic central tendency, fluctuation and incidence of hypoglycemia, etc., in emergent and critical patients to evaluate its application value.Methods A prospective single-blinded randomized parallel controlled intervention study was conducted. One hundred patients with severe hyperglycemia requiring treatment with insulin infusion admitted to emergency department and intensive care unit (ICU) of the First Hospital of Jiaxing from November 2015 to November 2017 were enrolled, and they were divided into the caliper group (used patented product insulin calipers for blood glucose control to adjust insulin dose for blood glucose control) and the conventional group (used paper-based insulin dose modification scheme to adjust insulin dose for blood glucose control) on average by random number table, 50 in each group. The gender, age, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), the principal diseases, main factors affecting blood glucose (hepatic and renal insufficiency, hypoglycemic drugs, glucocorticoids, mechanical ventilation, enteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition, intravenous glucose use, etc.), blood glucose levels at each time node (once every 2 hours after insulin use and once every 4 hours after 16-72 hours), glycemic coefficient of variance (CV), glycemic lability index (GLUGLI) and mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (GLUMAGE), insulin dose, incidence of hypoglycemia, proportion of achieving the glucose control target at each time point, the length of ICU stay and hospitalization cost per patient were recorded and compared between the two groups.Results After excluding those with incomplete data and withdraw in the midway, 92 patients were enrolled in the analysis finally,47 in caliper group and 45 in conventional group. There were no significant differences in the incidence of the gender, age, APACHEⅡ, SOFA, presence of infection at admission, previous diabetes history, glycosylated hemoglobin level, blood glucose at admission, proportion of patients after surgery, major diseases at admission and major factors affecting blood glucose between the two groups. A total of 1379 blood glucose measurements were obtained in the caliper group and 1332 blood glucose measurements were obtained in the conventional group. The glycemic measurements in caliper group were significantly lower than that in conventional group at each time point from 6-72 hours. Compared with conventional group, GLUGLI and GLUMAGE were significantly decreased in the caliper group [GLUGLI: 12.96 (8.73, 19.58) vs. 23.27 (13.07, 44.61), GLUMAGE (mmol/L): 0.66±0.22 vs. 0.87±0.28, bothP< 0.01]; there was a tendency towards decreasing incidence of hypoglycemia in the caliper group [8.51％ (4/47) vs. 15.56％ (7/45)], but no statistical difference was found (P > 0.05); the proportion of achieving the glucose control target was significantly increased in the caliper group [41.99％ (579/1379) vs. 27.18％ (362/1332),P < 0.01]. There were no significant differences in glycemic CV, insulin dose, proportion of hypoglycemic measurements in total measurements, and the length of ICU stay, the length of hospital stay, incidence of nosocomial infection, patient prognosis and cost between the two groups.Conclusion For emergent and critical patients, insulin caliper for blood glucose control presents favorable application value for achieving glucose control target, reducing glycemic fluctuation, and lowering the incidence of hypoglycemia.Clinical trial registration China clinical trial registration center, ChiCTR1800015024
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ABSTRACT Introduction This study aimed to propose regression equations for the correction of fat percentage values obtained with the WCS Dual Hand skinfold caliper, using the Lange skinfold caliper as a reference. Methods This study evaluated 112 undergraduate students from the Physical Education and Physical Therapy programs of the Faculdade Dom Bosco, located in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Of these, 58 women were 24.9±5.8 years old and 54 men were 27.6±7.9 years old. The evaluation comprised the following measurements: height, body mass, and nine skin folds with WCS Dual Hand and Lange skinfold calipers used in biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, pectoral, average axillary, medial thigh, abdominal, and calf measurements. Results Through the simple linear regression analysis, eight equations were generated to correct the relative body fat obtained with equations commonly used in Brazil. For these correction equations, R2 was between 0.830 and 0.961 and p-value was 0.000 for all measurements. Conclusion These results indicate the use of equations for the correction of estimated values of relative body fat measured with the WCS Dual Hand skinfold caliper, whenever the Lange skinfold caliper is not available, in order to minimize the difference between them.
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Objective To study the effect of fund support on cited times of Chinese papers on AIDS by controlling the influence of confounding factors.Methods The effect of publication time of fund-supported papers and non fund-supported papers, h-index of authors, IF of journals on accumulated cited times of each academic paper was controlled by propensity score matching.The cited times of matched fund-supported papers and non fund-supported papers were compared by paired t test.Results The balance of confounding factors which were unbalanced before matching was achieved between fund-supported papers and non fund-supported papers after matching.No significant difference was found between fund-supported papers and non fund-supported papers after matching.Conclusion Fund support does not affect the cited times of Chinese papers on AIDS, which shows that fund support can not noticeably improve the academic level and impact of Chinese papers on AIDS.
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Introduction: Estimation of sex is the ground for an exact identification of unknown human skeletal elements. Methods for sex assessment are based on the existence of morphological features in the skeleton that manifest differently according to sex or statistical differences in skeletal measurements. Due to the specific pattern of ontogeny and age related changes of sterna articular surface during adulthood the clavicle is widely used in the estimation of sex at death and in living people. Objectives: To evolve an easily applied formula to enable the assessment of sex in unknown clavicles and to document the comparative differences between right and left clavicles by using metrical parameters. Materials and Methods: The cross sectional study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Yenepoya Medical college, Mangalore. The present study was conducted in 50 adult dry clavicle.Maximum clavicular length, maximum breadth of sterna end ,maximum breadth of acromial end and acromial surface area were measured by digital caliper and osteometric board. Results: The maximum length of clavicle () was statistically significant when compared with the clavicle of females. The other values like breadth of sternal end, breadth of acromial end and acromial surface area were greater in males when compared to females. Conclusion: Determination of sex the clavicle has a great medicolegal importance to the forensic people. And it also help the orthopedic implant manufactures and orthopedic surgeons to decide correct size and shape of plates and intramedullary nails for clavicular fractures in open reduction method.
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Los aloimplantes de meniscos se han utilizado como fuente de tejido a la hora de sustituirlos por roturas o daños irreparables. Para determinar posibles cambios o no por conservación se planteó como objetivo evaluar geométricamente meniscos frescos y conservados en glicerina al 98%. Se utilizaron 15 meniscos mediales, provenientes de ocho conejos de raza nueva zelanda albina, separados en tres grupos: cinco meniscos frescos (GI), cinco meniscos conservados por ocho meses en glicerina al 98% (GII) y cinco meniscos conservados por ocho meses en glicerina al 98% y rehidratados en solución salina 0,9%, por 24 horas (GIII). Todos los meniscos se midieron con pie de rey en siete puntos de su estructura geométrica. El estudio estableció que no hubo diferencias estadísticas en las medidas estudiadas de GII y GIII con relación a GI y al comparar las medidas de GIII con GII tampoco las hubo, por lo que se podría considerar innecesaria a la rehidratación por 24 horas en solución salina antibiótica.
Meniscus alloimplants have been used as a source of tissue for replacement in case of breakage or irreparable damage. To determine possible changes by conservation, the study proposed to geometrically evaluate fresh menisci and menisci preserved in 98% glycerin. 15 medial menisci from eight albino rabbits of New Zealand breed were used, divided into three groups: five fresh menisci (GI); five menisci preserved in 98% glycerin for eight months (GII), and five menisci preserved in 98% glycerin for eight months and then rehydrated in 0.9% saline solution for 24 hours (GIII). All menisci were measured with vernier caliper at seven points of their geometric structure. The study established that there were no statistical differences in the measurements of GII and GIII when compared to GI; there was no difference either in the measurements of GIII when compared to GII, thus rehydration in antibiotic saline solution for 24 hours can be considered unnecessary.
Os alo implantes de meniscos se utilizaram como fonte de tecido na hora de substituí-los por rupturas ou danos irreparáveis. Para determinar possíveis mudanças ou não por conservação se propôs como objetivo avaliar geometricamente meniscos frescos e conservados em glicerina a 98%. Utilizaram-se 15 meniscos mediais, provenientes de oito coelhos de raça Nova Zelândia albina, separados em três grupos: cinco meniscos frescos (GI), cinco meniscos conservados por oito meses em glicerina a 98% (GII) e cinco meniscos conservados por oito meses em glicerina em 98% e reidratados em solução salina 0,9%, por 24 horas (GIII). Todos os meniscos se mediram com paquímetro em sete pontos de sua estrutura geométrica. O estudo estabeleceu que não houvesse diferenças estatísticas nas medidas estudadas de GII e GIII com relação a GI e ao comparar as medidas de GIII com GII tampouco as houve, razão pela que se poderia considerar desnecessária na reidratação por 24 horas em solução salina antibiótica.
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In observational epidemiology it is usual to select a control group to study the effects of certain exposures on human health. Intervention studies are well known among epidemiologists but it is not very frequent in other areas of research. In this paper we propose the same idea of intervention studies and the use of three methods for a health promotion research control group selection: Propensity score, Mahalanobis' distance and Mahalanobis within Propensity Calipers. In the original project, "Health and Local Development: a progress review towards the millennium goals with relation to health in the Brazilian cities which develop social agendas", cities with social agendas from Brazil were matched separately by state. In the state of Paraná there are 397 cities. Of these, 34 presented social agendas implemented and active since, at least, 2004. Five variables measured in 2000 were considered for the matching: population size, human development index of income, human development index of education, percentage of literacy and vaccine coverage. As a result, among these three methods, the Mahalanobis by itself was considered the less efficient. In conclusion, the propensity, which is a very simple linear score, presented very good matched sample. However, the Mahalanobis within Calipers was the method that provided the best result.
Em epidemiologia observacional, é frequente o uso de grupos controle para avaliação do efeito de variáveis de exposição em desfechos na saúde de pessoas, porém este método não é muito utilizado em outras áreas. Este artigo propõe a aplicação da ideia de estudos de intervenção, com base em seleção de grupo controle, utilizando três métodos de seleção de amostra (escore de propensão, distância de Mahalanobis e distância de Mahalanobis dentro da margem estabelecida pelo escore de propensão) para pesquisa de promoção da saúde. No projeto “Saúde e desenvolvimento local: análise dos progressos em relação aos objetivos de desenvolvimento do milênio relacionados à saúde, nas cidades brasileiras que desenvolvem agendas sociais”, cidades com agendas sociais foram pareadas com amostra controle sem agendas sociais, para cada um dos estados do Brasil. Neste artigo foi considerado o estado do Paraná que tem 397 cidades sendo 34 com agendas sociais implementadas desde pelo menos 2004. Cinco variáveis, coletadas em 2000, foram consideradas para o pareamento: tamanho populacional, índice de desenvolvimento humano econômico e educacional, percentual de pessoas escolarizadas e cobertura vacinal. O resultado do pareamento com o uso da distância de Mahalanobis foi o que apresentou menor qualidade. Conclui-se que o método do escore de propensão, o mais simples e mais facilmente utilizado, apresentou como resultado um grupo de controle confiável. Entretanto, a distância de Mahalanobis dentro de margens do escore de propensão é o método que obteve o melhor resultado.
Sujets)
Humains , Promotion de la santé , Score de propension , Déterminants sociaux de la santé , Brésil , Plan de rechercheRésumé
Body segments exhibit consistent ratios with stature, age, gender and race. Thus prediction of stature from cranial remains is vital in establishing the identity of an unknown individual in natural calamities and archaeological exploration where entire body skeleton is not available. Little is known about the cranial dimensions in Indian population. Hence the study was carried out to predict stature, age and sex for solving medico-legal problems, anthropological complexities and archaeological investigations. Undergraduate students in the age group of 17-26 years of CSM Medical University, UP, India were selected as subjects because of easy access. Cranial dimensions of the subjects were measured by spreading calliper and Todd' head spanner. Heights of subjects were measured by standing height measuring instrument in similar anatomical position and at fixed time to avoid diurnal variation. The correlation and regression analyses and statistical analyses carried out here is most important to anthropologists and forensic science experts to facilitate them to solve complicated medico-legal problems.
Los segmentos corporales presentan proporciones de acuerdo a estatura, edad, sexo y raza. Así, la predicción de medidas de los restos craneales es vital para determinar la identidad de un individuo en desastres naturales, como también, en la investigación arqueológica en los casos cuando no se encuentra disponible el esqueleto completo. Existe escasa información acerca de las dimensiones craneales en la población de la India. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo para predecir la estatura, edad y sexo con el propósito de asistir en la resolución de problemas médico-legales, las complejidades antropológicas y las investigaciones arqueológicas. Como sujetos de estudio fueron seleccionados, debido a su fácil contribución, estudiantes universitarios entre 17 a 26 años de edad de la CSM Medical University, UP, India. Las dimensiones craneales de los sujetos se midieron mediante caliper digital deslizante y llave de Todd. Las alturas de los sujetos fueron tomadas por medición en posición anatómica de pie y en el tiempo fijado para evitar la variación diurna. Los análisis de correlación y regresión además de los análisis estadísticos realizados son importantes para antropólogos y expertos en las ciencias forenses con el propósito de facilitar y resolver complejos problemas médico-legales.