Analysis of major adverse cardiac events and risk factors during perioperative period of cervical spine surgery / 中国综合临床

Objective:To understand the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during the perioperative period of cervical spine surgery and analyze its risk factors.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 426 cervical spine surgery patients admitted to the from March 2017 to March 2021. The basic information of the patients, including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), underlying diseases, and the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was calculated based on the underlying diseases.The preoperative serum cardiac troponin I(cTnI) level and the operation-related indicators were collected,including the type of cervical spine surgery, surgical procedure, approach, duration of surgery, duration of anesthesia, intraoperative bleeding, postoperative pain visual analogue scale (VAS), and electrolyte disturbances. Count data were expressed as cases (%), and comparisons between groups were made using the χ 2 test; logistic regression models were applied to perform a multifactorial analysis of the factors influencing the perioperative occurrence of MACE in patients undergoing cervical spine surgery. Results:Among the 426 patients, 54 (12.68%) experienced MACE during the perioperative period, including 4 cases of unstable angina (7.41%), 4 cases of acute myocardial infarction (7.41%), 33 cases of severe arrhythmia (61.11%), and 13 cases of acute heart failure (24.07%). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the older the age group (50-59 years old: odds ratio=1.34, 95% confidence interval: 1.14-1.78; 60-69 years old: odds ratio=1.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.20-1.86; 70-79 years old: odds ratio=1.71, 95% confidence interval: 1.34-2.57; 80-89 years old: odds ratio=1.95, 95% confidence interval: 1.46-2.85), as well as females, CCI scores>3, and preoperative cTnI>0.04 μg/L, postoperative VAS score>5, and electrolyte disorders are all influencing factors for the occurrence of MACE in cervical spine surgery patients during the perioperative period (odds ratios of 1.84, 2.12, 2.34, 2.57, 2.20, 95% confidence intervals of 1.34-2.68, 1.50-3.41, 1.63-3.72, 1.53-4.01, 1.43-3.69, all P<0.05). Conclusions:The incidence of MACE in the perioperative period of cervical spine surgery is relatively high. Elderly age, female, high CCI score, high preoperative serum cTnI, postoperative pain and electrolyte disturbance are independent risk factors for the perioperative period of cervical spine surgery.

Study on application of ultrasonic bone curette in anterior cervical spine surgery / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of ultrasonic bone curette in anterior cervical spine surgery.@*METHODS@#A clinical data of 63 patients with cervical spondylosis who were admitted between September 2019 and June 2021 and met the selection criteria was retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 32 cases were operated with conventional instruments (group A) and 31 cases with ultrasonic bone curette (group B). There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05) in gender, age, surgical procedure, surgical segment and number of occupied cervical space, disease type and duration, comorbidities, and preoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, cervical dysfunction index (NDI), and pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score. The operation time, intraoperative bleeding, postoperative drainage, postoperative hospital stay, and the occurrence of postoperative complications were recorded in both groups. Before operation and at 1, 3, and 6 months after operation, the JOA score and NDI were used to evaluate the function and the postoperative JOA improvement rate was calculated, and VAS score was used to evaluate the pain improvement. The anteroposterior and lateral cervical X-ray films were taken at 1, 3, and 6 months after operation to observe whether there was any significant loosening and displacement of internal fixators.@*RESULTS@#Compared with group A, group B had shorter operation time and postoperative hospital stay, less intraoperative bleeding and postoperative drainage, and the differences were significant (P<0.05). All incisions healed by first intention in the two groups, and postoperative complications occurred in 5 cases (15.6%) in group A and 2 cases (6.5%) in group B, showing no significant difference (P>0.05). All patients were followed up 6-12 months (mean, 7.9 months). The JOA score and improvement rate gradually increased in groups A and B after operation, while the VAS score and NDI gradually decreased. There was no significant difference in VAS score between 3 months and 1 month in group B (P>0.05), and there were significant differences between the other time points of each indicator in the two groups (P<0.05). At 1, 3, and 6 months after operation, the JOA score and improvement rate in group B were better than those in group A (P<0.05). X-ray films examination showed that there was no screw loosening or titanium plate displacement in the two groups after operation, and the intervertebral cage or titanium mesh significantly sank.@*CONCLUSION@#Compared with traditional instruments, the use of ultrasonic bone curette assisted osteotomy in anterior cervical spine surgery has the advantages of shorter operation time, less intraoperative bleeding, less postoperative drainage, and shorter hospital stay.

Meta-analysis of risk factors for dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery / 中国脊柱脊髓杂志

Objectives:To systematically evaluate the risk factors for dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery(ACSS),identify the independent risk factors,and to provide a guidance for the prevention and treatment of perioperative complications.Methods:A total of 8 databases including Wanfang,CBM,CNKI,VIP,PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,and Web of Science were searched for case-control and cohort studies about the risk factors of dysphagia after ACSS from the establishment of each database to July 15,2023.Newcastle-Ottawa scale(NOS)was adopted to evaluate the qualities of the included literaure.Related data such as the first author,publication year,research type,sample size,assessment method,evaluation time,and risk factors were extracted and Stata 12 software was used to do the meta-analysis.Results:29 articles were included,consisting of 4 cohort studies and 25 case control studies.All of the articles were of high quality.The total sample size of patients with dysphagia after ACSS was 89571 and the number of patients in the control group was 3092967.Age(OR=1.093,95％CI:1.067-1.120),female(OR=2.419,95％CI:1.654-3.539),diabetes mellitus(OR=2.733,95％CI:2.240-3.333),disease duration(OR=4.259,95％CI:2.458-7.381),levels of surgery(OR=1.791,95％CI:1.718-1.868),operative level(OR=2.332,95％CI:1.812-3.003),operative time(OR=1.434,95％CI:1.110-1.852),plate(OR=2.188,95％CI:1.413-3.175)and revision surgery(OR=2.687,95％CI:2.316-3.119)were related to dysphagia after ACSS,while smoking(OR=1.323,95％CI:0.852-2.056),hypertension(OR=1.006,95％CI:0.591-1.713),body mass index(BMI)(OR=1.037,95％CI:0.929-1.159),cervical disc arthroplasty(OR=0.577,95％CI:0.085-3.943)and difference between postoperative and preoperative C2-7 angles(dC2-7)＞5°(OR=1.716,95％CI:0.925-3.183)were not.Conclusions:Patients who are female,old aged,with long preoperative disease duration and diabetes mellitus,undergoing double or multi-level surgery,upper cervical spine surgery,and revision surgery,prolonged operation time,and use of plate,are prone to have dysphagia after ACSS.

Colgajo muscular de esternocleidomastoídeo para el manejo de perforación esofágica tardía: reporte de dos casos / Muscle flap of sternocleidomastoid for the management of late esophageal perforation: report of two cases

Resumen Introducción: La perforación esofágica es una complicación poco frecuente en la cirugía de columna cervical por vía anterior, sin embargo, puede tener graves consecuencias cuando hay demoras en diagnóstico y tratamiento. Casos Clínicos: Presentamos dos casos clínicos de pacientes con perforación esofágica secundaria a cirugía de columna cervical por vía anterior. Se usaron para su reparación colgajo muscular de esternocleidomastoideo (ECM). Conclusión: La perforación esofágica secundaria a cirugía de columna cervical es poco frecuente, variable desde el punto de vista clínico, el TC y estudio radiológico contrastado son fundamentales en el diagnóstico de esta patología. El colgajo muscular ECM en estos casos es una herramienta fiable y extremadamente útil debido a sus características anatómicas, fácil disección quirúrgica y baja morbilidad asociada.

Introduction: Esophageal perforation is a rare complication in cervical spine surgery by anterior way, however it can have serious consequences when there are delays in diagnosis and treatment. Cases Report: We present two clinical cases of patients with esophageal perforation secondary to cervical spine surgery by anterior way. Sternocleido-mastoid muscle flaps were used for repair. Conclusion: Esophageal perforation secondary to cervical spine surgery is rare, clinically variable, CT and radiologic study are fundamental in the diagnosis of this pathology. The Sternocleidomastoid muscle flap in these cases is a reliable and extremely useful tool due to its anatomical characteristics, easy surgical dissection and low associated morbidity.

Application of multimodal intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in cervical spine surgery / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To explore the application of multi-mode electrophysiological monitoring technology in cervical spine surgery. 【Methods】 We retrospectively collected data of patients who received cervical spine surgery in Department of Neurosurgery of our hospital in January 2018 to December 2019. All patients were guided by the bispectral index (BIS) to control the depth of anesthesia. High cervical spine lesions were treated with somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP), motor evoked potentials (MEP), brainstem auditory evoked potentials(BAEP)and electromyography (EMG) monitoring. We selected SEP, MEP and EMG combined monitoring for low cervical nerve and spinal cord injury, recorded and summarized the abnormalities of intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring, surgical efficacy and complications at the time of discharge and 6 months after surgery. 【Results】 The intraoperative BIS parameters of 112 patients were 45-60, the MEP amplitude decreased in 9 cases (8.0%), the SEP amplitude decreased in 4 cases (3.6%), the EMG amplitude was abnormal in 5 cases (4.5%), and the BAEP amplitude decreased in 4 cases (3.6%); no operation was terminated due to significant abnormalities in monitoring. Compared with 44 cases (39.3%) before operation, 112 patients had little change in SEP and MEP amplitudes, 35 cases (31.3%) had a slight increase in SEP amplitude, 2 cases (1.8%) had a slight decrease, 24 cases (21.4%) had slightly increased MEP amplitude, while 7 cases (6.3%) had slightly decreased one. There were no new neurological disorders at the time of postoperative discharge and 6 months after surgery. 【Conclusion】 Multi-mode electrophysiological monitoring shows the recovery of damaged nerve electrophysiological activity immediately after the operation, which provides an objective basis for the recovery of nerve function, and can effectively prevent and reduce iatrogenic spinal cord and nerve function damage, and improve the efficacy of surgery.

Ruptured Internal Carotid Artery Pseudoaneurysm 10 Years after Cervical Spine Surgery

An iatrogenic internal carotid artery (ICA) pseudoaneurysm is an extremely rare complication of cervical spine surgery. Here we report an extraordinary case of massive hematemesis due to a ruptured ICA pseudoaneurysm caused by the laminoplasty plate 10 years after cervical spine surgery. Computed tomography angiography revealed a ruptured 4×10-mm left extracranial ICA pseudoaneurysm probably connected to the pharynx. Emergent surgery was performed because of the uncontrolled massive bleeding. After complete resection of the injured segment, an interposition graft with a 6-mm polytetrafluoroethylene graft was placed and the fistula tract to the pharynx was repaired.

Analysis of the Risk Factors Associated with Prolonged Intubation or Reintubation after Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery

BACKGROUND: Standardized postoperative airway management is essential for patients undergoing anterior cervical spine surgery (ACSS). The paucity of clinical series evaluating these airway complications after ACSS has been resulted in a significant limitation in statistical analyses. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed regarding airway distress (intubation for more than 24 hours or unplanned reintubation within 7 days of operation) developed after ACSS. If prevertebral soft tissue swelling was evident after the operation, patients were managed with prolonged intubation (longer than 24 hours). Preoperative and intraoperative patient data, and postoperative outcome (time to extubation and reintubation) were analyzed. RESULTS: Between 2008 and 2016, a total of 400 ACSS were performed. Of them, 389 patients (97.25%) extubated within 24 hours of surgery without airway complication, but 11 patients (2.75%) showed postoperative airway compromise; 7 patients (1.75%) needed prolonged intubation, while 4 patients (1.00%) required unplanned reintubation. The mean time for extubation were 2.75 hours (range: 0–23 hours) and 50.55 hours (range: 0–250 hours), respectively. Age (P = 0.015), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.003), operative time longer than 5 hours (P = 0.048), and estimated blood loss (EBL) greater than 300 mL (P = 0.042) were associated with prolonged intubation or reintubation. In prolonged intubation group, all patients showed no airway distress after extubation. CONCLUSION: In ACSS, postoperative airway compromise is related to both patients and operative factors. We recommend a prolonged intubation for patients who are exposed to these risk factors to perform a safe and effective extubation.

Vertebral Artery Injury in C2-3 Epidural Schwannoma Resection: A Case Report and Literature Review / 대한신경손상학회지

The incidence of vertebral artery (VA) injury (VAI) in posterior approach tumor resection surgery is extremely rare, but it can lead to serious complication. In this case, a 57-year-old man underwent surgery for resection of the tumor involving left epidural space and neural foramen at C2-3 level. Iatrogenic VAI occurred suddenly during tumor resection procedure using pituitary forceps. Immediate local hemostasis and maintaining of perfusion for reducing the risk of posterior circulation ischemia were performed. Intraoperative angiogram of both VA and emergent trapping embolization were done as well. It may reduce the risk of immediate postop complication, and further delayed occurrence. The patient had no complication after VAI by appropriate intraoperative management. Preoperative angiographic work up and preparation of endovascular team cooperation are positively necessary as well as a warning for the VAI during cervical spine surgery.

Perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com fratura da coluna cervical tratados cirurgicamente no serviço de neurocirurgia do Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal (Brasília, Brasil) / Epidemiological Profile of Patients with Cervical Spine Fractures Treated Surgically in the Neurosurgery Service at Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal (Brasília, Brazil)

Introdução As fraturas cervicais correspondem a um grande espectro de lesões. Em alguns trabalhos a coluna cervical é o segmento mais acometido nas fraturas vertebrais, representando cerca de 45-60% de todos os casos. Apresentamos o perfil epidemiológico de 48 pacientes com fratura traumática da coluna cervical tratados cirurgicamente no serviço de neurocirurgia do Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal. Métodos Trata-se de um trabalho retrospectivo, baseado na revisão de prontuários médicos, de pacientes com fratura da coluna cervical operados no período de julho de 2007 a julho de 2012. Resultados Predomínio do sexo masculino (89,5%); a faixa etária mais comum é de 20-40 anos (50%); idade média do sexo masculino é de 36,6 anos e do feminino, 19,8 anos (teste t: p » 0,04); vértebra mais fraturada: C5 (53,3%); 54,1% dos indivíduos apresentam algum déficit neurológico; fratura do tipo B é mais comum na coluna cervical (62,2%); mecanismos do trauma: acidente automobilístico (41,6%), queda de altura (20,8%), acidente motociclístico (12,5%), outros (25,1%); déficit neurológico da cervical alta (zero) e subaxial de 57,7% (p » 0,052); déficit neurológico masculino de 53,4% e feminino de 60% (p > 0,05); déficit neurológico do tipo A de 71,4%, do tipo B de 55,5%, e do tipo C de 54,5% (p > 0,05). Conclusão A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino e da faixa etária entre 20 e 40 anos de idade, sendo as mulheres mais jovens que os homens. Cerca de 54,1% dos pacientes apresentavam déficit neurológico à admissão hospitalar e tinham C5 como principal vértebra fraturada. A fratura tipo distração (tipo B da AO) foi a mais encontrada. O principal mecanismo do trauma foram os acidentes de trânsito seguido pelas quedas de altura.

Introduction The cervical fractures represent a wide spectrum of injuries. In some works, the cervical spine is the segment most affected vertebral fractures, representing 45­60% of all cases.We present the epidemiological profile of forty-eight patients with traumatic cervical spine fracture surgically treated in the neurosurgery service at the Hospital of the Federal District. Methods This was a retrospective study, based on a review of medical records of patients with cervical spine fracture surgery from July 2007 to July 2012. Results Predominance of males (89.5%), the most common age group is 20­40 years (50%), mean age: males (36.6 years) and females (19.8 years) (t-test p » 0.04); fractured vertebra: C5 (53.3%), 54.1% of subjects have a neurological deficit, fracture type B is more common in the cervical spine (62.2%), mechanism of injury: motor vehicle accidents (41.6%), fall (20.8%), motorcycle (12.5%), other (25.1%), neurological deficit: high cervical 0 cases, subaxial 57.7% (p » 0.052); neurological deficit: male 53.4%, female 60% (p> 0.05); neurological deficit: 71.4% Type A, Type B 55.5% 54.5% Type C (p> 0.05). Conclusion Most patients were male and the age group between 20­40 years of age, with younger women than men. Approximately 54.1% of the patients had neurologic deficit on admission and had as main fractured vertebra C5. The distraction fractures (AO Type B) was found most frequently. The main mechanism of injury were traffic accidents followed by falls from height.

Postoperative Urinary Retention Following Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery for Degenerative Cervical Disc Diseases

BACKGROUND: Postoperative urinary retention (POUR) may cause bladder dysfunction, urinary tract infection, and catheter-related complications. It is important to be aware and to be able to identify patients at risk of developing POUR. However, there has been no study that has investigated the incidence and risk factors for the development of POUR following anterior cervical spine surgery for degenerative cervical disc disease. METHODS: We included 325 patients (164 male and 161 female), who underwent anterior cervical spine surgery for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy due to primary cervical disc herniation and/or spondylosis, in the study. We did not perform en bloc catheterization in our patients before the operation. RESULTS: There were 36 patients (27 male and 9 female) that developed POUR with an overall incidence of 11.1%. The mean numbers of postoperative in-and-out catheterizations was 1.6 times and mean urine output was 717.7 mL. Thirteen out of 36 POUR patients (36%) underwent indwelling catheterization for a mean 4.3 days after catheterization for in-and-out surgery, because of persisting POUR. Seven out of 36 POUR patients (19%) were treated for voiding difficulty, urinary tract irritation, or infection. Chi-square test showed that patients who were male, had diabetes mellitus, benign prostate hypertrophy or myelopathy, or used Demerol were at higher risk of developing POUR. The mean age of POUR patients was higher than non-POUR patients (68.5 years vs. 50.8 years, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: To avoid POUR and related complications as a result of anterior cervical spine surgery for degenerative cervical disc disease, we recommend that a catheter be placed selectively before the operation in at-risk patients, the elderly in particular, male gender, diabetes mellitus, benign prostate hypertrophy, and myelopathy. We recommend that Demerol not be used for postoperative pain control.

Tapia's Syndrome after Posterior Cervical Spine Surgery under General Anesthesia

We present a case report to remind surgeons of this unusual complication that can occur in any surgery, even posterior cervical spine surgery under general anesthesia and discuss its causes, treatment methods, and the follow-up results in the literature. The peripheral Tapia's syndrome is a rare complication of anesthetic airway management. Main symptoms are hoarseness of voice and difficulty of tongue movement. Tapia's syndrome after endotracheal general anesthesia is believed to be due to pressure neuropathy of the vagus nerve and the hypoglossal nerve caused by the endotracheal tube. To our knowledge, no report has been published or given an explanation for Tapia's syndrome after posterior cervical spine surgery. Two patients who underwent posterior cervical surgery complained hoarseness and tongue palsy postoperatively. There is no direct anatomical relation between the operation, the vagus nerves and the hypoglossal nerves, and there is no record of displacement or malposition of the endotracheal tube. After several months, all symptoms are resolved. To avoid this problem in posterior cervical spine surgery, we suggest paying special attention to the position of the endotracheal tube to avoid excessive neck flexion before and during the positioning of the patient.

Acute Myocardial Infarction and Postpharyngeal Hematoma after Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery on a Coronary Artery Disease Patient: A Case Report

STUDY DESIGN: Case report. OBJECTIVES: To report a case of preventive intubation to coronary artery disease patient who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention following an anterior cervical spine surgery. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Postpharyngeal hematoma occurs more to a patient who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction following an anterior cervical spine surgery. And postoperative airway obstruction due to it is one of the most serious adverse events associated with anterior cervical spine surgery. Preventive intubation was tried and it was useful for treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 61-year-old man suffered from neck pain and radiating pain on left upper extremity was performed an anterior cervical spine surgery. After operation, he complained acute myocardial infarction symptoms and Emergency percutaneous coronary intervention was performed. After that, postpharyngeal hematoma appeared and compressed the airway. Intubation was performed to prevent airway obstruction. RESULT: Airway obstruction was prevented through early intubation. Hematoma evacuation and insertion of Hemovac performed and the patient discharged without any complications such as neurologic or cardiac problems. CONCLUSION: Preventive intubation to coronary artery disease patient who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention following an anterior cervical spine surgery is useful for treatment of airway obstruction due to postpharyngeal hematoma.

Factors contributing to delayed extubation after cervical spine surgery in Siriraj Hospital.

Background: Cervical spine surgery brings up great concerns about post operative severe complications and morbidities. Anesthesiologists should know contributing factors for the delayed extubation which includes patient factors, surgical factors, and anesthetic factors. Objective: To study the factors related to delayed extubation for the benefit of anesthetists’ future decision making and the patients’ safety. Methods: Case-controlled study in a retrospective fashion. Patients who undertook cervical spine surgery during 2002 - 2007 without previous intubation, tracheostomy, and ones with data available to be collected; were identified for the study. Data included age, sex, BMI, ASA classification, smoking history, pre-operative neurological deficit, history of previous C-spine surgery, steroid administration, number of cervical spine surgeries, upper cervical level including, surgical approach, instruments, intubation technique, duration of the operation, total blood loss, and total fluid replacement. All 16 factors were studied and analyzed for their relationship to extubation difficulty. Results: Of all 140 patients identified in the study, 70 were patients with immediate extubation and 70 were patients with delayed extubation. Factors that are statistically significant in delayed extubation are: advancing age >60 years, ASA classification > class 2, preoperative neurological deficit, surgery >2 levels of spines, duration of the operation >180 minutes, fiberoptic intubation technique, total fluid administration >4,000 ml during surgery and total blood loss >250 ml. When analyzed with multivariate analysis, factors that related to delayed extubation are advancing age >60 years (odds ratio 4.077, 95% CI 1.562-10.641), neurological deficit (odds ratio 5.719, 95% CI 1.312-24.927), surgery >2 levels of spines (odds ratio 4.108, 95% CI 1.672-10.095), duration of operation >180 minutes (odds ratio 4.538, 95% CI 1.687-12.205), and fiberoptic intubation technique (odds ratio 4.131, 95% CI 1.636-10.433). Conclusion: There are 5 contributively factors that are related to delayed extubation in patients receiving cervical spine surgery at Siriraj Hospital: advancing age > 60 years, neurological deficit, surgery >2 levels of cervical spines, duration of the operation >180 minutes, and fiberoptic intubation technique.

The Utility of Somatosensory Evoked Potential Monitoring During Cervical Spine Surgery: How Often Does It Prompt Intervention and Affect Outcome?

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of the results of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) performed in cervical spine surgery. PURPOSE: To evaluate the utility of spinal cord monitoring during cervical spine surgery in a single surgeon's practice, based on how often it prompted an intraoperative intervention. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Intraoperative monitoring during cervical spine surgery is not a universally accepted standard of care. This is due in part to the paucity of literature regarding the impact of monitoring on patient management or outcome. METHODS: SSEP for tibial, median, and ulnar nerves were monitored in 809 consecutive cervical spine operations performed by a single surgeon. The average patient age was 52 years (range, 2 to 88 years), with 472 males and 339 females. Cases were screened for significant degradation or loss of SSEP data. Specific attention was paid to 1) what interventions were performed in response to the SSEP degradation with subsequent improvement, and 2) whether SSEP changes corresponded with postoperative neurological deficits. RESULTS: Seventeen of 809 patients (2.1%) had SSEP degradation that met warning criteria and therefore prompted intervention. Release of shoulder tape (8) or traction (4) most often resulted in SSEP improvement. Failure of SSEP data to return to within acceptable limits of baseline was associated with neurological deficit (p=0.04). Two patients awoke with new postoperative neurological deficits, which resolved in 6 hours and 2 months respectively. Patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) were at seven-fold greater risk of intraoperative SSEP degradation. CONCLUSIONS: SSEP monitoring in this surgical population proved sensitive to perioperative factors which may increase the risk of postoperative neurologic deficit, and probably prevented neurological deficits in 15 of 809 patients (1.9%). Improvement in data following intervention appears to correlate well with unchanged neurologic status. Experience with intraoperative monitoring in this patient series has led to incorporation of these techniques as a standard of care in cervical spine surgeries performed by this surgeon.

Postoperative Tracheal Mucosa Ischemia by Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressure Change During the Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery

OBJECTIVE: Endotracheal tube cuff-pressure(ETCP) increases significantly during anterior cervical spine surgery with neck retraction. Clinically, postoperative hoarseness with sore throat is correlated with vocal cord edema due to longer intubation time and higher ETCP during neck retraction. METHODS: Fifty patients of anterior cervical spine surgery were randomized to a control (no adjustment, 25 cases) and a treatment group (ETCP adjusted to 20mmHg, 25 cases). Patients were blinded to their group assignments. They were questioned about the presence of ischemic symptoms (sore throat, dysphagia, hoarseness) postoperatively at different time points; 4 hours, 24 hours, and 1 week postoperatively. RESULTS: No differences between groups at 4 hours and 1 week postoperatively were demonstrated. At 24 hours, 36% of patients in the treatment group complained of sore throat while 56% of control group patients did (p<0.05). Female patients correlated with development of all ischemic discomfort (p<0.05: sore throat, hoarseness, dysphagia). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that postoperative ischemic symptom following anterior cervical spine surgery may be associated with the two predictors; increased ETCP during neck retraction and female. The simple procedure of maintaining ETCP to 20mmHg can prevent postoperative tracheal ischemic symptom.

Paradoxical Upper Airway Obstruction and Central Sleep Apnea Developed After Anterior Cervical Spine Fusion / 결핵및호흡기질환

We report a case of a 48-year-old man with a paradoxic upper airway obstruction and central sleep apnea that developed after an anterior cervical spinal fusion. Nine months before being admitted to this hospital, he was diagnosed with a herniated intervertebral disc between the 5th and 6th cervical spine, and the first operation was carried out. Two months later, a pseudoarthrosis has developed and a second operation, an anterior interbody fusion of the C5 and C6 using autogenous strut bone graft, was performed. After the second operation, he began to complain of snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia, and a bizarre sound heard near the upper airway during breathing. Nasopharyngoscope and magnetic resonance imaging disclosed a paradoxical narrowing of the nasopharynx during expiration. On the overnight polysomnography, the apnea index was 8.7/h (central apnea, 7.0/h; obstructive apnea, 1.7/h). Nasal continuous positive airway pressure was applied, but he complained of pressure-intolerance, and laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty was then performed. Two months after surgery, clinical symptoms as well as the apneas had improved markedly. We suggest that this paradoxic upper airway obstruction might be associated with the anterior cervical spinal surgery even though the mechanism is unclear. This case also emphasizes that an upper airway obstruction can contribute to the development of central sleep apnea.

Application of ProSeal Laryngeal Mask Airway in Posterior Cervical Spine Surgery / 中国微创外科杂志

0.05).One minute after intubation(T3),MAP and HR in the ETT group increased to(12.13?1.37) mm Hg and(96.3?4.7)/min respectively,which were significantly higher than those in the PLMA group [(9.98?1.21) mm Hg,t=6.443,P=0.000;and(88.3?5.6)/min,t=5.947,P=0.000].Three minutes after intubation(T4),the MAP and HR of the two groups were significantly different(P0.05).Five patients in the PLMA group had adverse reaction,that was significantly fewer than that in the ETT group(12 cases)(?2=4.022,P=0.045).Conclusions PLMA is applicable for posterior cervical spine surgery,since it is associated with less stimulation and adverse reaction,and stable hemodynamics.The success rate of intubation is high by using the procedure.

Clinical Efficacy of Two Kinds of Regimes in the Treatment of Airway Obstruction in Patients Undergoing Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To probe into effect of aerosol inhalation of ambroxol hydrochloride on phlegm-removing and airway obstruction in patients undergoing anterior cervical spine surgery. METHODS:62 patients undergoing anterior cervical spine surgery were treated with primary treatment. Treatment group were additionally given 30 mg ambroxol hydrochloride added into aerosol inhalation and control group were treated with 4 000 IU ?-chymotrypsin added into aerosol inhalation. Both groups were treated wreistpho innshea lraattieo nw oefr e6 ～978% L ?fomr intr-e1a tomxyengte ng-roduripv eann dae 7ro1s%ol s ftowr icceo nat rdoal yg reoaucph (timP

Vertebral Artery Injury during Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery: Report of Two Cases

Vertebral artery injury is a rare complication of anterior cervical approach. We report two patients who suffered injury to vertebral artery during anterior cervical spine surgery. The mechanism of injury, their operative management, and the subsequent outcome were assessed and relevant literatures reviewed. The awareness of the possibility of vertebral artery injury is most important to prevent and it's occurrence is best avoided by a thorough understanding of the anatomical relationships of the artery, the spinal canal, and the vertebral body and careful use of surgical instruments.

Clinical application of the LMA CTrach in cervical spine surgery / 中国微创外科杂志

Objective To evaluate the application of the LMA CTrach for airway management during cervical spine surgery.Methods A total of 80 patients received cervical spine surgery under general anesthesia. During the operation, the LMA CTrach was used for ventilation and insertion of endotracheal tube. The authors recorded the time of laryngeal mask insertion, the success rate of ventilation, the success rate of the first attempt of endotracheal intubation, the number of attempts of endotracheal intubation, the time from insertion of the LMA CTrach to the completion of tracheal intubation. Results The LMA CTrach insertion was successfully completed in all but 2 patients. In 78 patients with good ventilation, the first attempt of endotracheal intubation failed in 5 patients. Except for unsuccessful ventilation in 2 patients and intubation failure for 3 times in 3 patients, the endotracheal intubation by using the LMA CTrach was accomplished in 75 patients. The mean time from insertion of the LMA CTrach to the completion of tracheal intubation was 192 s (range, 156～273 s). Conclusions The LMA CTrach system has the ability to align the LMA outlet with the larynx under direct view, and can increase the success rate of intubation and avoid some unnecessary injuries, giving certain advantages for airway management during cervical spine surgery.