Impacto directo e indirecto del COVID-19 en la esperanza de vida al nacer de Chile en el año 2020 / Direct and indirect impact of COVID-19 on life expectancy at birth in Chile in 2020 / Impacto direto e indireto da COVID-19 na expectativa de vida ao nascer no Chile em 2020

Resumen: El artículo muestra el impacto directo e indirecto del COVID-19 en la esperanza de vida de Chile durante el año 2020, utilizando las estadísticas de defunciones definitivas publicadas en marzo del año 2023. Para ello, se estimó una mortalidad contrafactual para año 2020 sin el COVID-19, siguiendo el patrón de mortalidad según causas de muerte desde 1997 a 2019, se elaboraron tablas de mortalidad para calcular la esperanza de vida para los años 2015 a 2020 y para el año 2020 estimado, y luego se descompuso la diferencia entre la esperanza de vida esperada y observada del año 2020 según grupos de edad y causas de muerte. La esperanza de vida del año 2020 quiebra la tendencia a su aumento entre 2015 y 2019, mostrando un retroceso, en hombres y en mujeres, con respecto al año 2019, de 1,32 y 0,75 años respectivamente. Con respecto al año 2020 estimado, la esperanza de vida del 2020 observado es 1,51 años menor en hombres y 0,92 en mujeres, pero el impacto directo del COVID-19 en pérdida de esperanza de vida fue mayor, 1,89 para los hombres y 1,5 para las mujeres, concentrándose en las edades entre los 60 y 84 años en hombres y entre 60 y 89 años en mujeres. El impacto directo negativo del COVID-19 a la esperanza de vida en parte fue contrarrestado por impactos indirectos positivos significativos en dos grupos de causas de muerte, las enfermedades del sistema respiratorio y las enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias. El estudio muestra la necesidad de distinguir los impactos directos e indirectos del COVID-19, por la incidencia que pueden tener en la salud pública cuando el COVID-19 baje su intensidad y se eliminen las restricciones de movilidad.

Abstract: This article shows the direct and indirect impacts of COVID-19 on life expectancy in Chile in 2020, based on mortality statistics published in March 2023. To this end, a counterfactual mortality was estimated for 2020 without COVID-19; based on the pattern of mortality by cause of death from 1997 to 2019, mortality charts were created to calculate life expectancy from 2015 to 2020 and an estimation for 2020, and the difference between expected and observed life expectancy in 2020 was then separated by age group and cause of death. Life expectancy in 2020 interrupted the upward trend from 2015 to 2019, showing a decline of 1.32 years in men and 0.75 years in women compared to 2019. Compared to the estimated 2020, life expectancy was 1.51 years lower in men and 0.92 years lower in women, but the direct impact of COVID-19 on the decrease in life expectancy was greater (1.89 for men and 1.5 for women) in the 60-84 age group in men and the 60-89 age group in women. The direct negative impact of COVID-19 on life expectancy was partially mitigated by significant positive indirect impacts on two groups of causes of death: diseases of the respiratory system and infectious and parasitic diseases. This study shows the need to differentiate direct and indirect impacts of COVID-19, due to the implications for public health when the intensity of COVID-19 decreases and mobility restrictions are suspended.

Resumo: Este artigo apresenta os impactos direto e indireto da COVID-19 na expectativa de vida no Chile em 2020 a partir de estatísticas de mortalidade publicadas em março de 2023. Para tanto, foi estimada uma mortalidade contrafactual para 2020 sem a COVID-19; a partir do padrão de mortalidade por causa de morte de 1997 a 2019, foram criadas tabelas de mortalidade para calcular a expectativa de vida para o período de 2015 a 2020 e para o ano estimado de 2020 e, em seguida, a diferença entre a expectativa de vida esperada e observada em 2020 foi separada por faixa etária e causa de morte. A expectativa de vida em 2020 interrompe a tendência de aumento entre 2015 e 2019, mostrando um declínio com relação a 2019 de 1,32 ano nos homens e 0,75 ano nas mulheres. Com relação ao ano estimado de 2020, a expectativa de vida observada é 1,51 ano menor nos homens e 0,92 nas mulheres, mas o impacto direto da COVID-19 na diminuição da expectativa de vida foi maior (1,89 para homens e 1,5 para mulheres), concentrando-se nas idades entre 60 e 84 anos nos homens e entre 60 e 89 anos nas mulheres. O impacto direto negativo da COVID-19 na expectativa de vida foi parcialmente atenuado por impactos indiretos positivos significativos em dois grupos de causas de morte: doenças do sistema respiratório e doenças infecciosas e parasitárias. Este estudo mostra a necessidade de diferenciar impactos diretos e indiretos da COVID-19, devido às implicações para a saúde pública quando a intensidade da COVID-19 diminuir e as restrições de mobilidade forem suspensas.

Relationship between air pollution and HIV/AIDS death in Wuhan City / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To explore the correlation between air pollutants (PM2.5, NO2, and CO) and the mortality rate of HIV/AIDS patients in Wuhan. Methods The death data of HIV/AIDS patients from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019, and the daily average atmospheric pollutant concentration during the study period were collected. A time-stratified case-control study design was used to explore the correlation between atmospheric pollutant concentration and patient mortality. Results For every 10 µg/m3 increase in CO concentration within 0-4 days of cumulative lag, AIDS-related mortality in HIV/AIDS patients increased by 1.79% (95% CIs: 0.04, 3.56). There was no statistical correlation between PM3 and NO3 concentrations and mortality in patients with HI and AIDS. Conclusion CO is positively correlated with the risk of AIDS-related death in HIV/AIDS patients. This study can provide relevant epidemiological evidence for public health authorities to develop more effective prevention measures for HIV/AIDS patients.

Indian food habit & food ingredients may have a role in lowering the severity & high death rate from COVID-19 in Indians: findings from the first nutrigenomic analysis

Background & objectives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the death rate was reportedly 5-8 fold lower in India which is densely populated as compared to less populated western countries. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dietary habits were associated with the variations in COVID-19 severity and deaths between western and Indian population at the nutrigenomics level. Methods: In this study nutrigenomics approach was applied. Blood transcriptome of severe COVID-19 patients from three western countries (showing high fatality) and two datasets from Indian patients were used. Gene set enrichment analyses were performed for pathways, metabolites, nutrients, etc., and compared for western and Indian samples to identify the food- and nutrient-related factors, which may be associated with COVID-19 severity. Data on the daily consumption of twelve key food componentsacross four countries were collected and a correlation between nutrigenomics analyses and per capita daily dietary intake was investigated. Results: Distinct dietary habits of Indians were observed, which may be associated with low death rate from COVID-19. Increased consumption of red meat, dairy products and processed foods by western populations may increase the severity and death rate by activating cytokine storm-related pathways, intussusceptive angiogenesis, hypercapnia and enhancing blood glucose levels due to high contents of sphingolipids, palmitic acid and byproducts such as CO2 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Palmitic acid also induces ACE2 expression and increases the infection rate. Coffee and alcohol that are highly consumed in western countries may increase the severity and death rates from COVID-19 by deregulating blood iron, zinc and triglyceride levels. The components of Indian diets maintain high iron and zinc concentrations in blood and rich fibre in their foods may prevent CO2 and LPS-mediated COVID-19 severity. Regular consumption of tea by Indians maintains high high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low triglyceride in blood as catechins in tea act as natural atorvastatin. Importantly, regular consumption of turmeric in daily food by Indians maintains strong immunity and curcumin in turmeric may prevent pathways and mechanisms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity and lowered the death rate. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results suggest that Indian food components suppress cytokine storm and various other severity related pathways of COVID-19 and may have a role in lowering severity and death rates from COVID-19 in India as compared to western populations. However, large multi-centered case?control studies are required to support our current findings.

Analysis of the monitoring results of death causes of permanent residents in Hainan, 2014-2020 / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To understand the general situation of death causes of permanent residents in Hainan Province from 2014 to 2020, analyze the causes of death, and provide scientific basis for the formulation of policies related to healthy Hainan. Methods The Hainan Provincial Population Death Information Registration and Management System was used to report data, and the death information of permanent residents in Hainan Province from 2014 to 2020 was obtained. Excel 2010 and SPSS 26.0 software were applied to perform statistical analysis related to the indicators including crude mortality rate, standardized mortality rate, ranking of causes of death, and composition ratio; the standardized mortality rate was calculated based on the data of the 2010 National Census Data. Results　From 2014 to 2020, the average annual resident population of Hainan Province was 9 175 300, and average annual resident population at each of the eight monitoringp oints is 297 100， anaverage of 83 878 cumulative deaths were reported, the annual total mortality rate was 504.09/100 000, the standard mortality rate was 618.69/100 000. The standardized mortality rates of male and female were 806.18/100 000 and 444.36/100 000 respectively (P<0.01). The mortality rate of all age groups showed that the crude mortality rate of 0~<1 years old group showed a decreasing trend with the passage of time, and the crude mortality rate was significantly higher than that of other age groups. From the age of 20, with the increase of age, the overall crude mortality rate of residents keeps increasing. The crude death rate increases rapidly after the age of 65, and peaks especially after the age of 85. The leading causes of death were circulatory diseases, tumors and respiratory diseases. From 2014 to 2020, the mortality rate of circulatory diseases and tumors, the two main causes of death, was more than 100/100 000. Conclusion　Chronic non-communicable diseases are still the first cause of death among permanent residents in Hainan Province. Targeted intervention and treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases is beneficial to reduce their mortality.

Economic impact of gastrointestinal nematodes in Morada Nova sheep in Brazil / Impacto econômico de nematódeos gastrintestinais em ovinos Morada Nova no Brasil

Abstract This study evaluated the economic impact of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection in Morada Nova lambs under different parasite chemical control conditions. For this, 246 lambs, in the rainy and dry season, were randomized into groups according to their anthelmintic treatment with levamisole: control (CT: no treatment); routine treatment (RT: treated every 42 days); and targeted selective treatment (TST: treated according to the average daily weight gain, DWG). From 63 days of age (D63) to D210, the lambs were weighed and monitored for GIN infection parameters. Spending on anthelmintics in the production system was 1.3% of the total economic result. The economic result per animal (R$ 5.00 = US$ 1.00) was higher in the RT group, amounting to US$ 6.60 in the rainy and US$ 5.69 in the dry season, due to higher DWG. Thus, RT presented economic results 14.4% and 10.9% higher than CT, and 7.2% and 1.9% higher than TST, in the rainy and dry season, respectively. However, fast development of resistance made RT unfeasible. Here, the economic impact of GIN infection on a national scale is discussed, demonstrating its importance and the impossibility of profitable and sustainable sheep production without adequate control.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o impacto econômico da infecção por nematoides gastrintestinais (NGI), em cordeiros Morada Nova, sob diferentes condições de controle químico dos parasitas. Para isso, 246 cordeiros, na estação chuvosa e seca, foram randomizados em grupos de acordo com o tratamento com levamisol: controle (TC: sem tratamento); tratamento rotineiro (TR: tratado a cada 42 dias); e tratamento seletivo direcionado (TST: tratado de acordo com o ganho de peso médio diário, GMD). Dos 63 dias de idade (D63) ao D210, os cordeiros foram pesados ​​e monitorados quanto aos parâmetros de infecção por NGI. O gasto com anti-helmínticos no sistema produtivo foi de 1,3% do resultado econômico total. O resultado econômico por animal (R$ 5,00 = US$ 1,00) foi maior no grupo RT, totalizando US$ 6,60 na estação chuvosa e US$ 5,69 na seca, devido ao maior GMD. Assim, o RT apresentou resultados econômicos 14,4% e 10,9% superiores ao TC, e 7,2% e 1,9% superiores ao TST, no período chuvoso e seco, respectivamente. Entretanto o rápido desenvolvimento de resistência inviabiliza o TR. O impacto econômico da infecção por NGI em escala nacional são aqui discutidos, demonstrando sua importância e a impossibilidade de uma ovinocultura lucrativa e sustentável sem o controle adequado.

Assessment of clinical and laboratorial parameters and the usefulness of the Brain Natiuretic Peptide as a predictor for successful extubation in the ICU

Introduction: Identification of predictors for successful extubation in an Intensive Care Unity and use of Brain Natriuretic Peptides (BNP) in predicting mechanical ventilation weaning and extubation outcome. Aims: Evaluation of the effect of variables such as patient ́s age, severity score, use of sedation, use of vasoactive drugs, hydric balance, blood gas data, days under mechanical ventilation, the occurrence of adverse events and plasma BNP levels on the success of extubation.Method: A prospective cohort study of adult patients admitted to a 12- bed-general ICU, from April 1st 2016 to August 10th 2017, under mechanical ventilation for > 24 h, accompanied until discharge or death. Clinical variables were analyzed and BNP was assessed before initiation of Spontaneous Breathing Trial (SBT) and then again before extubation. Statistical Analysis: a descriptive and comparative data analysis, univariate and logistic regression analysis for verification of variables independently related to successful extubation (p < 0.05).Results: Study of 105 patients, mean age of 53.9 ± 19.8 years, 81% of success in extubation; the overall mortal-ity rate of 11.4%; variables associated to successful extubation: age, APACHE II, SAPS II, days of hospitalization before ICU admittance, days under mechanical ventilation, days of stay in ICU and occurrence of nosocomial infec-tion (p < 0.05); BNP levels were lower in patients with successful extubation although not statistically significant; multivariate analysis showed that patient's age and days of hospitalization before ICU admittance were each in-dependently linked to extubation failure; APACHE II score and days of hospitalization before ICU admittance were each independently associated to risk of death.Conclusion: Despite being older and with higher severity scores, patients had a higher success rate in extubation than found in similar studies. However, the mortality rate in cases of failed extubation was higher. Data obtained was in agreement to studies that suggested that patient ́s age, severity score, days of hospitalization before ICU admittance, days of stay in ICU, days under MV and infection occurrence were all variables associated as much extubation failure as to risk of death. A direct association between BNP levels and successful extubation and the usefulness of assessing BNP in the conduction of WMV was not confirmed. (AU)

Introdução: Identificação de fatores preditivos do sucesso da extubação em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e uso do Peptídeo Natriurético Cerebral (BNP) como preditor do sucesso do desmame da ventilação mecânica e extubação.Objetivo: Avaliação do efeito de variáveis como idade, escores de gravidade, uso de sedação, uso de drogas va-soativas, balanço hídrico, gasometria, dias sob ventilação mecânica, ocorrência de eventos adversos e níveis plas-máticos de BNP no sucesso da extubação .Método: Estudo de coorte prospectivo de pacientes adultos internados em UTI geral com 12 leitos, de 1º de abril de 2016 a 10 de agosto de 2017, sob ventilação mecânica (VM) por > 24 horas, acompanhados até a alta ou óbito. Variáveis clínicas foram analisadas e o BNP dosado antes do início do Teste de Respiração Espontânea (TRE) e, novamente, antes da extubação. Análise estatística: análise descritiva e comparativa dos dados, análise univariada e regressão logística para verificação de variáveis independentemente relacionadas ao sucesso da extubação (p <0,05).Resultados: Avaliados 105 pacientes, idade média 53,9 ± 19,8 anos, sucesso na extubação de 81%; taxa de mortalidade geral de 11,4%; variáveis associadas ao sucesso da extubação: idade, APACHE II, SAPS II, dias de internação antes da admissão na UTI, dias em ventilação mecânica, dias de permanência na UTI e ocorrência de infecção hospitalar (p <0,05); os níveis de BNP foram mais baixos em pacientes com sucesso da extubação, embora não estatisticamente significativos; a análise multivariada mostrou que as variáveis, idade e dias de internação, antes da admissão na UTI, estavam, independentemente, ligadas ao fracasso da extubação; as variáveis APACHE II e dias de internação antes da admissão na UTI estavam, independentemente, associados ao risco de morte.Conclusão: Apesar de mais velhos e com escores de gravidade mais elevados, nossos pacientes apresentaram maior taxa de sucesso na extubação quando comparados a estudos semelhantes. No entanto, a taxa de mortalidade em casos de falha da extubação foi maior. Os dados obtidos estão de acordo com estudos que sugerem que variá-veis como idade, escores de gravidade, dias de internação antes da admissão na UTI, dias de permanência na UTI, dias em VM e ocorrência de infecção estão associadas tanto ao fracasso de extubação quanto ao risco de morte. Não foi possível confirmar a associação direta entre os níveis plasmáticos de BNP e o sucesso da extubação, assim como sua utilidade na condução do desmame da ventilação mecânica. (AU)

Surveillance results of death causes of residents in Heqing Community of Pudong New District of Shanghai, 2013-2019 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the mortality level, death causes and trend of residents in Heqing Community of Pudong New District，Shanghai，and to provide a basis for formulating disease prevention and control plans. Methods Data of death surveillance of registered population in Heqing Community, Shanghai from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2019 were collected. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the population structure, mortality rate, death cause composition and cause order of death of the residents in Heqing Community from 2013 to 2019. Results From 2013 to 2019, the aging level of residents in Heqing Community of Pudong New District each year was much higher than the aging level (16.15%) of the Sixth National Census, and the aging level remained an increasing trend. The death rates of residents in Heqing Community, Shanghai from 2013 to 2019 were 772.62/100 000, 751.59/100 000, 814.37/100 000, 814.43/100 000, 803.64/100 000, 736.52/100 000, and 757.81/100 000, respectively. The average annual mortality rate was 778.51/100 000, and there was significant difference between the male and the female (P<0.05). From 2013 to 2019, the top four causes of death were circulatory system diseases, malignant tumors, respiratory diseases, injuries and poisonings. There were significant differences in malignant tumors and respiratory diseases between the male and the female. Conclusion The aging of residents in Heqing Community of Pudong New District was serious, and the main cause of death of the population was chronic non-communicable diseases, which suggests that local health departments need to strengthen prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, and at the same time，pay attention to other external hazards such as traffic accidents and accidental falls.

Preventable Trauma Death Rate after Establishing a National Trauma System in Korea

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the current overall preventable trauma death rate (PTDR) in Korea and identify factors associated with preventable trauma death (PTD). METHODS: The target sample size for review was designed to be 1,131 deaths in 60 emergency medical institutions nationwide. The panels for the review comprised trauma specialists working at the regional trauma centers (RTCs); a total of 10 teams were formed. The PTDR and factors associated with PTD were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: Of the target cases, 943 were able to undergo panel review and be analyzed statistically. The PTDR was 30.5% (6.1% preventable and 24.4% possibly preventable). Those treated at a RTC showed a significantly lower PTDR than did those who were not (21.9% vs. 33.9%; P = 0.002). The PTDR was higher when patients were transferred from other hospitals than when they directly visited the last hospital (58.9% vs. 28.4%; P = 0.058; borderline significant). The PTDR increased gradually as the time from accident to death increased; a time of more than one day had a PTDR 14.99 times higher than when transferred within one hour (95% confidence interval, 4.68 to 47.98). CONCLUSION: Although the PTDR in Korea is still high compared to that in developed countries, it was lower when the time spent from the accident to the death was shorter and the final destined institution was the RTC. To reduce PTDR, it is necessary to make an effort to transfer trauma patients to RTCs directly within an appropriate time.

Perfil de mortalidad en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba durante 2017 / Mortality profile in Santiago de Cuba province during 2017

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de los 9 211 fallecidos por todas las causas en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba durante 2017, con vistas a describir el perfil de mortalidad en ese período. En la serie se observó un incremento de la mortalidad general con respecto a 2016; asimismo, como causas principales de muerte figuraron las enfermedades del corazón, los tumores malignos y las enfermedades cerebrovasculares. Los municipios que dominaron el perfil de mortalidad fueron Contramaestre, San Luis, Songo-La Maya, Santiago de Cuba y III Frente, principalmente por las enfermedades del corazón. Por otra parte, el mayor riesgo de morir por tumores malignos en las féminas obedeció a la localización en pulmón, mama e intestino, excepto en el recto; en los hombres, en próstata, pulmón y colon, respectivamente. Se recomienda dirigir las acciones en salud según el riesgo estratificado en esta provincia.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of the 9 211 dead patients due to all causes was carried out in Santiago de Cuba province during 2017, with the aim of describing the mortality profile in that period. In the series an increment of the general mortality was observed when compared to 2016; also, as main causes of death there were heart diseases, malignant tumors and cerebrovascular diseases. The municipalities that prevailed in the mortality profile were Contramaestre, San Luis, Songo-La Maya, Santiago de Cuba and III Frente, mainly due to heart diseases. On the other hand, the greatest risk of dying due to malignant tumors in the female patients obeyed to the localization in lung, breast and intestine, except in the rectum; in the men, in prostate, lung and colon, respectively. It is recommended to direct the efforts in health according to the stratified risk in this province.

Effect of major chronic diseases on probability of premature death rate and life expectancy in Tongxiang / 预防医学

Objective To analyze the premature death rate and life expectancy caused by cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes and to provide the basis for the government to formulate residents' health promotion measures. Methods The data of deaths of permanent residents in Tongxiang in 2016 were derived from"Zhejiang Chronic Disease Surveillance Information System" . The mortality, premature death rate, years of potential life loss and life expectancy of four chronic diseases were descriptively analyzed. Results In 2016, a total of 5104 deaths were reported in Tongxiang, with a crude death rate of 738.77 / 100, 000 and a standardized mortality rate of 480.40 / 100, 000, 23.59％ were premature deaths. The mortality rate of the four types of chronic diseases was 8.44％ , malignant tumors, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes were 5.68％, 2.06％, 0.65％ and 0.24％. Residents' life expectancy was 81.40 years, removal of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, the life expectancy increased 3.69, 2.78, 1.43 and 0.16 years, respectively. The four types of chronic diseases had a potential life-loss loss of 15, 239 person-years, with an average life-saving year of 4.25 years and a life-saving rate of 22.06 ‰. Mortality rate, premature death rate, years of potential loss of life, average life expectancy and longevity rate were higher in males than in females. Conclusion The probability of premature death of four types of chronic diseases in Tongxiang was 8.44％, and male residents were more likely to be affected.

Significance on Cerebral Infarction's Fatality Rate for the Retrospective Analysis of Hypertension under Serum Lipids Layer Management / 现代检验医学杂志

Objective By analyzing the mortality of patients with hypertension and cerebral infarction in different blood lipid stratification,the significance of blood lipid stratification management in the treatment of hypertension was clarified.Methods 604 patients with hypertension combined with cerebral infarction were divided into middle risk group (198 cases),high risk group (n=198) and extremely high risk group (n=208) and each group of different stratification according to the serum lipid HCY level,divided into H type hypertension group (HCY=10 μmol/L) and hypertension group ((HCY＜10 μmol/L group) and comparison of the 10 year mortality in each group.Results Comparison of mortality between H type hypertension group and simple hypertension group,among them,the difference between the two groups in middle risk group was statistically significant (x2 =5.095,P =0.024 205).The difference between the two groups in extremely high risk group was statistically significant (x2 =7.859,P=0.005 056).The difference between the two groups in high risk group was statistically significant (x2 =9.961,P=0.001 599).There was a significant difference in mortality between the groups with different blood lipids in simple hypertension group.Among the high-risk group and the middle risk group,the difference was statistically significant (x2=6.575,P=0.010 343),and there was significant difference between high risk group and high risk group (x2 =6.868,P=0.008 774).Comparison of mortality between different lipid levels in H type hypertension group,the difference was statistically significant.There was significant difference between the extremely high risk group and the high risk group (x2 =4.745,P=0.029 388) and there was significant difference between the high risk group and the middle risk group (x2 =11.668,P=0.000 636).Conclusion Hyperlipidemia,especially high LDL and high HCY are the main causes of death in patients with hypertension complicated with cerebral infarction,the clinical use of blood lipid levels can reduce the level of LDL and reduce the mortality of patients by strengthening the control of HCY level.Improve the survival rate of patients.

Mortality tables for the Brazilian insured population / Tábuas de mortalidade para a população brasileira de segurados / Tablas de mortalidad de la población brasileña asegurada

Abstract This paper describes the construction of the BR-EMS 2015 mortality tables for the Brazilian insured population. The tables were based on data collected from insurance companies which represent about 80 per cent of the Brazilian insurance market, and they are updates of their previous versions, BR-EMS 2010, which have been the first mortality tables built with Brazilian market experience. Additional data from government sources was used to improve the information of the companies’ databases. The mortality rates of the population under risk products (death coverage) are remarkably different than those under savings products (survivorship coverage); as such, four different mortality tables are constructed, separating the population by sex as well as the type of insurance coverage. A straight comparison between the BR-EMS 2015 tables with the statistics of the general Brazilian population shows a striking difference on life expectancies. The BR-EMS 2015 tables are also compared with other life tables.

Resumo Este artigo descreve a construção das tábuas de mortalidade BR-EMS 2015 para a população brasileira de segurados. As tábuas foram elaboradas a partir de dados coletados de companhias de seguros que representam 80% do mercado segurador brasileiro e são atualizações das tábuas BR-EMS 2010, que foram as primeiras tábuas de mortalidade a serem produzidas usando-se a experiência do mercado segurador brasileiro. Informações adicionais de fontes governamentais foram utilizadas para complementar e melhorar as informações fornecidas pelas companhias de seguros. As taxas de mortalidade da população contratante de produtos com cobertura de morte são notavelmente diferentes daquelas referentes aos contratantes de produtos de sobrevivência. Assim, quatro tábuas de mortalidade diferentes foram construídas, separando a população por sexo e também pelo tipo de cobertura de seguro. Uma comparação direta entre as tábuas BR-EMS 2015 com as estatísticas da população brasileira geral mostra uma diferença considerável nas expectativas de vida. As tábuas BR-EMS 2015 ainda são comparadas com outras tábuas de mortalidade.

Resumen En este trabajo se describe la construcción de las tablas de mortalidad BR-EMS 2015 para la población asegurada de Brasil. Las tablas se confeccionaron a partir de datos recogidos de las compañías de seguros que representan alrededor del 80% del mercado brasileño de seguros y son actualizaciones de sus versiones anteriores, BR-EMS 2010 —las primeras tablas de mortalidad hechas con base en la experiencia del mercado brasileño—. Se utilizó información adicional de fuentes gubernamentales para complementar y mejorar las bases de datos de las empresas. Las tasas de mortalidad de la población con contrato de productos de riesgo (cobertura de la muerte) son notablemente diferentes a las de los incluidos en los productos de ahorro (cobertura de supervivencia). Por lo tanto, cuatro diferentes tablas de mortalidad se han construido, separando la población según el sexo y el tipo de cobertura de seguro. Una comparación directa entre las tablas BR-EMS 2015 para la población asegurada de Brasil con las estadísticas de la población en general de Brasil muestra una diferencia considerable en la esperanza de vida. Las tablas BR-EMS 2015 también se comparan con otras tablas de vida.

Prognostic effect of high-flux hemodialysis in patients with chronic kidney disease

We investigated the prognostic effects of high-flux hemodialysis (HFHD) and low-flux hemodialysis (LFHD) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Both an electronic and a manual search were performed based on our rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria to retrieve high-quality, relevant clinical studies from various scientific literature databases. Comprehensive meta-analysis 2.0 (CMA 2.0) was used for the quantitative analysis. We initially retrieved 227 studies from the database search. Following a multi-step screening process, eight high-quality studies were selected for our meta-analysis. These eight studies included 4967 patients with CKD (2416 patients in the HFHD group, 2551 patients in the LFHD group). The results of our meta-analysis showed that the all-cause death rate in the HFHD group was significantly lower than that in the LFHD group (OR=0.704, 95%CI=0.533-0.929, P=0.013). Additionally, the cardiovascular death rate in the HFHD group was significantly lower than that in the LFHD group (OR=0.731, 95%CI=0.616-0.866, P<0.001). The results of this meta-analysis clearly showed that HFHD decreases all-cause death and cardiovascular death rates in patients with CKD and that HFHD can therefore be implemented as one of the first therapy choices for CKD.

Historical Demography of Iceland.

Knowledge of the seasonal variation in births and deaths during normal years is important for analyses of the effects of wars, famines, epidemics or similar privations on these variables. In studies of seasonality, multiple trigonometric regression models are more flexible than the simple sine curve. The seasonal variation in mortality in Iceland, 1856-1990, shows a strong secular decrease, and a connection between this and the epidemiological transition is considered. Comparisons with findings in other European countries are made. The temporal trends in Iceland of the birth components; the twinning rate, the still birth rate and the secondary sex ratio, are presented and compared with the corresponding values in neighbouring countries. No marked differences were emerged.

Characterization of mortality in children with sickle cell disease diagnosed through the Newborn Screening Program / Caracterização do óbito de crianças com doença falciforme diagnosticadas por Programa de Triagem Neonatal

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the deaths of 193 children with sickle cell disease screened by a neonatal program from 1998 to 2012 and contrast the initial years with the final years. METHODS: Deaths were identified by active surveillance of children absent to scheduled appointments in Blood Bank Clinical Centers (Hemominas). Clinical and epidemiological data came from death certificates, neonatal screening database, medical records, and family interviews. RESULTS: Between 1998 and 2012, 3,617,919 children were screened and 2,591 had sickle cell disease (1:1,400). There were 193 deaths (7.4%): 153 with SS/Sß0-talassemia, 34 SC and 6 Sß+thalassemia; 76.7% were younger than five years; 78% died in the hospital and 21% at home or in transit. The main causes of death were infection (45%), indeterminate (28%), and acute splenic sequestration (14%). In 46% of death certificates, the term "sickle cell" was not recorded. Seven-year death rate for children born between 1998 and 2005 was 5.43% versus 5.12% for those born between 2005 and 2012 (p = 0.72). Medical care was provided to 75% of children; 24% were unassisted. Medical care was provided within 6 hours of symptom onset in only half of the interviewed cases. In 40.5% of cases, death occurred within the first 24 hours. Low family income was recorded in 90% of cases, and illiteracy in 5%. CONCLUSIONS: Although comprehensive and effective, neonatal screening for sickle cell disease was not sufficient to significantly reduce mortality in a newborn screening program. Economic and social development and increase of the knowledge on sickle cell disease among health professionals and family are needed to overcome excessive mortality. .

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar os 193 óbitos de crianças com doença falciforme diagnosticadas por programa de triagem neonatal entre 1998-2012 e comparar os primeiros com os últimos anos. MÉTODOS: Os óbitos foram identificados pela busca ativa das crianças ausentes nas consultas agendadas nos hemocentros. Dados clínicos e epidemiológicos provieram dos documentos de óbito, banco de dados da triagem neonatal, prontuários médicos e das entrevistas com parentes. RESULTADOS: Entre 1998-2012 foram triadas 3.617.919 crianças, 2.591 com doença falciforme (1:1.400). Ocorreram 193 óbitos (7,4%): 153 com SS/Sß0-talassemia, 34 SC e 6 Sß+-talassemia; 76,7% em crianças com menos de cinco anos; 78% faleceram em hospitais e 21% em domicílio ou trânsito. Causas principais do óbito: 45% infecção, 28% indeterminada, 14% sequestro esplênico agudo. Em 46% dos documentos de óbito, não houve registro do termo "falciforme". A taxa de mortalidade até sete anos das crianças nascidas entre 1998-2005 foi 5,43% versus 5,12%, entre 2005-2012 (p = 0,72). Receberam assistência médica 75% das crianças; 24% ficaram desassistidas. Pelas entrevistas, atendimento médico teria ocorrido nas primeiras seis horas do início dos sintomas em metade dos casos. O óbito ocorreu em 40,5% dos casos, nas primeiras 24 horas. Baixa renda familiar foi registrada em 90% dos casos e analfabetismo em 5%. CONCLUSÕES: A triagem para doença falciforme, mesmo abrangente e eficaz, não foi suficiente para reduzir significativamente a mortalidade no Programa de Triagem Neonatal. Necessita-se de desenvolvimento econômico e social do Estado e ampliação, pela educação continuada, do conhecimento sobre a doença falciforme entre os profissionais de saúde e parentes. .

Traditional Chinese drugs for acute intracerebral hemorrhage:A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective A large number of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)are widely used for the treatment of patients with cerebral hemorrhage in China. The aim of this study is to systematically review the existing clinical evidences on TCM treatment for cerebral hemorrhage. Methods Randomized controlled trails(RCTs) of TCM treatment of cerebral hemorrhage were identified, eligible studies were included, the methodological quality of inclusive trails was assessed by the modified Jadad scale. The Cochrane Collaberation’s Revman 5.20 was used for data analysis. Results 69 RCTs were available and included. Meta-analysis indicated that relative risk of overall effective rate of Sanqi, Ciwujia, Chuanxiongqin and Naoxueshu were significant difference; SMD(95% CI) of neural function defect score was SMD=-0.46, 95%CI(-0.56,-0.35)of Sanqi, Danshen, Qingkailing, Liangxuetongyufang;SMD(95%CI) of the reduce of cerebral hemorrhage was SMD = -0.98, 95% CI(-1.32, -0.63)of Danshen, Dahuang, Ciwujia, Qingkailing, Liangxue-Tongyufang. Conclusions The evidence currently available showed that the TCM which included do not increase the death rate and adverse reaction of the patients with cerebral hemorrhage, TCM could reduce neurological deficit and improve the absorption of hematoma.

Mortality and burden of non-communicable diseases in China / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective To assess the leading causes of death and disability adjusted life year (DALY) due to non-communicable disease (NCD) in China.Methods World Health Report 2004 published by the World Health Organization (WHO) was reviewed,including total deaths,deaths per 100 000,agestandardized death rate per 100 000,total DALYs,DALYs per 100 000 and age-standardized DALYs per 100 000 by cause and by member state.Diseases or injuries were assigned to three levels:communicable diseases,NCD and injuries (the first level); categories of disease or injure (the second level); specific diseases (the third level).R2.15 was used for data analysis.Results NCD causes 737.6 million deaths,141million total DALY years,627 age standardized mortality per 100 000,and 10 829 age-standardized DALYs per 100 000.NCD account for 79.4％ and 70.3％ total death or all-cause DALYs.Conclusions Cardiovascular disease,malignant neoplasm and respiratory disease were the leading causes of death,while neuropsychiatric disorder,cardiovascular disease and sense organ disease were the most important causes of DALYs.Among China,the United Kingdom,the United States,Canada,Japan,Korea and India,China ranked second in age-standardized mortality rate of chronic disease.DALYs of esophagus cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were 6 or 2 times of world average level.Besides,the increasing trend in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus remains impressive.

Integrated Care Center for High Risk Pregnancy and Neonate: An Analysis of Process and Problems in Obstetrics / 대한주산의학회잡지

The medical environment of obstetric field has been deteriorated seriously, which is caused by sharply declined birth rates and several other causes in Korea. Inversely, the prevalence of high risk pregnancy is continuously going to explode, and human resources and facilities in delivery unit are still in shortage. It is greatly needed to be reinforced, but rather diminished substantively. Finally, maternal death rate of Korea has been extremely increased. It is time that the policies for treatment of high risk maternity in national level, no more leave the situation unchanged. The integrated care system which treats high risk maternity and neonate sequentially is very important in their disease characteristics. It is sure that the integrated management of high risk pregnancy and neonate can make an important role in the improvement of perinatal and maternal death rate and maternal-neonatal health care. Therefore, Ministry of Health and Welfare made a policy that establishes 'Integrated Care Center for High Risk Pregnancy and Neonate' for high risk maternity and neonate. It is supposed to start from four centers as a demonstration project in 2014, and will finally establish 17 centers in 11 broad territories of the country in 2017. It will accomplish a task of emergency center, and carry out treatment and emergency operation at all times. In addition, it will take the roll of emergency transfer system, data collection and analysis, and preventive management service through public education and relations. In the future, Integrated Care Center will play an important role in improving maternal health care as well as obstetric infrastructure.

Mortalidade masculina em três capitais brasileiras, 1979 a 2007 / Male mortality in three Brazilian State Capitals, 1979-2007

INTRODUÇÃO: No Brasil, verifica-se maior mortalidade masculina em praticamente todas as idades e na quase totalidade das causas. OBJETIVO: Estimar e descrever a tendência da mortalidade masculina, entre 1979 e 2007, em São Paulo (SP), Rio de Janeiro (RJ) e Porto Alegre (RS). MATERIAL E MÉTODO: As populações de estudo referem-se aos residentes nas três capitais, nos triênios 1979/81, 1990/92, 1999/2001 e 2005/07 e respectivos óbitos. As fontes de dados incluíram Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e Sistemas de Informações em Saúde do Brasil. Calcularam-se os coeficientes de mortalidade gerais e específicos (brutos e padronizados). RESULTADOS: Verificaram-se declínio da proporção de crianças e de jovens e crescimento da proporção de idosos. Até 24 anos, os homens predominaram na população; a partir daí observaram-se maiores participações femininas e razões de sexos cada vez mais baixas, evidenciando, entre idosos, maior presença de mulheres, fato associado à elevada mortalidade masculina. Houve perda intensa de jovens por causas externas. Em 2005/07, este grupo correspondeu à principal causa de morte masculina até a faixa de 40-44 anos. Nos grupos etários seguintes, as doenças circulatórias foram a principal causa. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: As localidades evidenciam características de cidades em desenvolvimento, com redução da fecundidade, aumento da sobrevivência e envelhecimento populacional. As estimativas do elevado risco de morrer dos homens tornam clara sua vulnerabilidade, demandando ações que possibilitem redução da mortalidade por causas evitáveis, eliminando comportamentos de risco e incentivando ...

INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, there is a higher male mortality in almost all ages and causes. The objective is to estimate and describe the trend in male mortality, between 1979/2007, in three State Capitals (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre). METHODS: The study populations refer to the residents in the three cities, in 1979/1981, 1990/1992, 1999/2001 and 2005/2007, and their deaths. The data source was Health Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Overall (crude/standardized) and specific mortality coefficients were calculated. RESULTS: Up to 24 years, men predominate in the population; after, it has been observed higher female participation and gender ratios ever lower. This fact is associated with high male mortality and the intense involvement of young men with external causes. Throughout the series, these causes were responsible for large risk estimates of male death. In 2005/2007, this group was the leading cause of death in men until the age 40-44 years. In the following age groups, deaths by circulatory system diseases are the main cause. CONCLUSION: These capitals show features of a developing city, with reduced fertility, increased longevity and consequent trend to an aging population. Estimates of the men high risk of dying make clear their vulnerability. The intensity with these events occur demand actions that will reduce the mortality rates of preventable diseases and the men's risky behaviors. It is necessary that men adopt healthier lifestyles habits, thus increasing life expectancy and reducing the gender differences in mortalities. .

La planificación familiar requiere atención especial como estrategia para reducir la mortalidad materna

Objetivos: Socializar y discutir las investigaciones recientes sobre el estado actual de los servicios de planificación familiar y su relación con las cifras de mortalidad materna a fin de consensuar una propuesta guía para su uso en el sector público. Metodología: Se convocó tres Foros Regionales con la participación de un grupo de expertos a nivel nacional y un grupo de expertos a nivel de cada una de las tres regiones involucradas en la intervención (Arequipa, Piura y Ucayali). Se consensuó el contenido temático y la metodología a seguir en el desarrollo del evento. Los contenidos se centraron en: una revisión de los Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos, los resultados de la Encuesta ENDES 2010, las cifras de mortalidad materna recientemente procesadas por la Dirección General de Epidemiología del Ministerio de Salud, la evaluación de la mortalidad materna, la planificación familiar y de la Mesa de Concertación para la Lucha Contra la Pobreza a nivel regional. Cada uno de estos contenidos fue expuesto por los expertos y después se abrió un espacio para preguntas, respuestas, opiniones, comentarios y críticas, luego de las cuales se sucedieron aportes y propuestas. Resultados: Hubo una amplia participación de los representantes de muchas instituciones luego de lo cual se pudo obtener que existen evidentes avances en lo referente a salud sexual y reproductiva, particularmente en la atención prenatal, atención institucional del parto y otras intervenciones obstétricas que han permitido reducir la Razón de Muerte Materna en los últimos 10 años; sin embargo existen brechas a superar en la atención obstétrica entre los grupos vulnerables y en las actividades de planificación familiar, dado que la fecundidad no ha bajado según el deseo de las mujeres, las adolescentes se siguen embarazando en cifras altas, hay un número importante de embarazos no deseados y como consecuencia las cifras de aborto inseguro son alarmantes. Conclusión: Si se produce un fortalecimiento de las actividades de planificación familiar podemos cumplir con las metas del milenio en relación al acceso a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva, sin discriminación y reducir aún más la razón de mortalidad materna.

Objectives: To socialize and discuss recent investigations on the current status of family planning services and their relationship with maternal mortality figures in order to reach consensus on a guide proposed for use in the public sector. Methods: Three Regional Forums were organized with participation of a group of experts at national level and a group of experts at each of the three regions involved in the intervention (Arequipa, Piura y Ucayali). Consensus on thematic content and event development methodology was obtained. Contents centered on: Sexual and Reproductive Rights review, ENDES 2010 Survey results, maternal mortality figures recently processed by the Epidemiology General Direction of the Ministry of Health, evaluation of maternal mortality, family planning and Compromise Round Table for Fighting Poverty at regional level. Contents were exposed by experts followed by a space for questions, answers, opinions, comments and criticism, contributions and proposals. Results: There was ample participation of representatives of various institutions that led to acknowledging evident advances in sexual and reproductive health, particularly in prenatal care, institutional delivery care and other obstetrical interventions that have permitted Maternal Death Rate reduction in the last 10 years. Nevertheless there are gaps to get over in obstetrical care in vulnerable groups and in family planning activities as fecundity has not decreased according to womens wish, adolescent girls continue getting pregnant at high figures, there is an important number of unwanted pregnancies and as a result unsafe abortion figures are alarming. Conclusions: By strengthening family planning activities we should fulfill millennium goals referred to sexual and reproductive health services access without discrimination thus reducing even more maternal mortality rates.