Estudo longitudinal de famílias / Longitudinal study of families / Estudio longitudinal de familias

Introdução: O desenvolvimento da família é influenciado por diversos fatores de sua organização interna e de ordem ambiental, social, cultural, econômica e política. Em contexto de pobreza os riscos são maiores. Fatores de proteção, como boa organização familiar e rede social de apoio podem diminuir as consequências negativas da pobreza. São escassas as pesquisas longitudinais sobre vulnerabilidade e resiliência nas famílias. Objetivo: Este artigo descreve o desenvolvimento de três famílias ao longo de 15 anos, estudadas por meio de entrevistas em casa, parte de uma coorte populacional de um bairro de Porto Alegre (RS). Buscaram-se associações entre a qualidade das relações nessas famílias e sua saúde física e mental, especialmente a do filho, foco da pesquisa. Métodos: Selecionaram-se no arquivo da pesquisa as três primeiras famílias (do total de 148) das quais se tinham os resultados completos das cinco visitas realizadas aos quatro meses e aos dois, quatro, nove e 15 anos de um filho. Realizou-se análise qualitativa dos registros em busca de categorias para compreender a vida e as relações interpessoais nas famílias. O estudo foi realizado em conjunto por duas pesquisadoras, médicas especialistas em desenvolvimento humano. As categorias identificadas na análise e estudadas nas cinco etapas foram: configuração familiar, situação socioeconômica, situações traumáticas, saúde física, saúde relacional e mental, evolução cognitiva e escolar do filho. Resultados: As três famílias, todas de classe C, com filhos sem problemas de saúde física, tiveram evolução suficientemente boa, apesar de todas enfrentarem múltiplos problemas, inclusive separações e mortes precoces. A relação com o sistema de saúde e escola era boa e similar para as três. A jovem com menos problemas de saúde mental foi aquela que sofreu perdas mais importantes: morte dos pais. Tinha uma estrutura familiar multigeracional sólida desde a primeira infância, com relações interpessoais predominantemente colaborativas e amorosas. Conclusões: O artigo busca avançar na compreensão da resiliência nas famílias em situações de vulnerabilidade. Concluímos que essas três famílias, uma delas mais que as outras, foram suficientemente saudáveis na tarefa de educar seus filhos sem desenvolverem problemas mentais graves. Propomos que o bom desenvolvimento se associa com a adequação e amorosidade dos cuidados com a etapa do ciclo vital, mesmo enfrentando situações problemáticas. Essas qualidades precisam estar associadas à estabilidade socioeconômica básica e a bons serviços de saúde e escola.

Introduction: Family development is influenced by it's internal organization and environmental factors, socioeconomic, cultural and political. In poor contexts there are more risks to development. Protection factors like good family organization and social network may decrease the risks. Longitudinal research about vulnerability and resilience in families is scarse. Objective: This article describes the development of three families over 15 years through interviews at home. The families were part of a populational cohort of a neighborhood in Porto Alegre (RS). We looked for links between the quality of relationships and the physical and mental health of these families, especially of the child focus of the research. Methods: We selected in the research archives the first three families (of a total of 148) for which we had full results of the five interviews at four months and two, four, nine and fifteen years of a child. We did a qualitative analysis of the records looking for parameters to understand the life and interpersonal relationships of these families. This study was done by two researchers, both experts in Human Development. The categories identified in the analysis of the five phases were: family structure, socioeconomic situation, traumatic experiences, physical, mental and relational health and cognitive evolution of the child. Results: All three families belonged to economical class C. The children were in good physical health and had sufficiently good general development, having faced multiple problems, including parental separation and early parental death. The relationship with the health and school systems was good in all of them. The youth with less mental health problems was the one who suffered the heaviest loss: early death of both parents. Her family had strong multigenerational ties since her early days, with predominant collaborative and loving relationships. Conclusions: This article aims to contribute to the comprehension of resilience in families in the context of vulnerability. We can say that these three families were healthy enough in the task of bringing up children without any serious mental health problem. We suggest that healthy development is associated with loving interfamily relationships adequate to each phase of development, notwithstanding dramatic events. This needs to be supported by basic economic stability and adequate school and health systems.

Introducción: El desarrollo de la familia es influenciado por su organización interna y factores ambientales, sociales, culturales, económicos y políticos. En contextos pobres los riesgos son mayores. Factores de protección como buena organización familiar y red social de apoyo pueden disminuir las consecuencias negativas de la pobreza. Son pocas las investigaciones longitudinales de vulnerabilidad y resiliencia de las familias. Objetivo: Este artículo describe el estudio del desarrollo de tres familias a lo largo de 15 años, a través de entrevistas en domicilio, parte de una cohorte poblacional de un barrio de Porto Alegre (RS). Se buscaron correlaciones entre la calidad de las relaciones de esas familias y su salud física y mental, especialmente la del hijo foco de la investigación. Métodos: Fueron seleccionadas en el archivo de la investigación las tres primeras familias (de un total de 148) de las cuales se tenían los resultados completos de las cinco visitas realizadas, a los 4 meses, y a los 2, 4, 9, y 15 años de un hijo. Fue realizado un análisis cualitativo de los registros en busca de categorías para comprender la vida y las relaciones interpersonales en las familias. El estudio fue hecho en conjunto por dos investigadoras, médicas especialistas en desarrollo humano. Las categorías identificadas en el análisis y estudiadas en las cinco etapas fueron: configuración familiar, situación socioeconómica, situaciones traumáticas, salud física, salud relacional y mental, evolución cognitiva y escolar del hijo. Resultados: Las tres familias, todas de clase C, con hijos sin problemas de salud física, tuvieron evolución suficientemente buena, a pesar de que todas enfrentaron múltiples problemas, incluso separaciones y muertes precoces. La relación con el sistema de salud y escuela era buena y similar para las tres. La joven con menos problemas de salud mental fue aquella que sufrió las mayores pérdidas: muerte de los padres. Tenía una estructura familiar multigeneracional sólida desde la primera infancia, con relaciones interpersonales predominantemente colaborativas y amorosas. Conclusiones: El artículo pretende avanzar en la comprensión de la resiliencia en las familias en situaciones de vulnerabilidad. Concluimos que esas tres familias, una de ellas más que las otras, fueron suficientemente saludables en la tarea de educar a sus hijos sin que desarrollaran problemas mentales graves. Proponemos que el buen desarrollo se asocia con el amor y adecuación de los cuidados a la etapa del ciclo vital, aun enfrentando situaciones problemáticas. Esas calidades necesitan estar asociadas a la estabilidad socioeconómica básica y buenos servicios de salud y escuela.

Análisis del desarrollo infantil temprano según el marco de cuidado cariñoso y sensible, por quintiles de riqueza y regiones de Argentina (2019-2020) / Analysis of early childhood development according to the nurturing care framework, by wealth quintiles and regions of Argentina (2019­2020)

Introducción. Uno de los principales desafíos para la primera infancia es brindar cuidados adecuados que reduzcan desigualdades y promuevan desarrollo infantil temprano (DIT). El objetivo del trabajo fue describir relaciones entre los cuidados que reciben niños y niñas de 3 y 4 años, según el marco para el cuidado cariñoso y sensible (NC, por sus siglas en inglés), y sus niveles de DIT en Argentina, considerando región y quintiles de riqueza. Población y métodos. Estudio analítico observacional de corte transversal, a partir de las bases de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes (MICS) Argentina 2019-2020. Se seleccionaron 11 indicadores de NC y se estimó el nivel de DIT utilizando el Índice de Desarrollo Infantil Temprano (ECDI) para un análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados. En 2638 niños y niñas de 3 y 4 años evaluados, el promedio de acceso a indicadores de cuidados fue del 79,1 %; el acceso fue alto en 7 indicadores (entre el 84,2 % y el 97,9 %) y medio en 4 (entre el 46,9 % y el 65,1 %); la mayor frecuencia fue contar con registro de nacimiento (97,9 %) y la menor, la cobertura de seguro de salud (46,9 %). El 87,9 % alcanzó niveles adecuados de ECDI. Los resultados registran diferencias según quintiles de riqueza y regiones. Conclusiones. Los resultados evidencian desigualdades de acceso a cuidados y en DIT adecuado de niños y niñas de 3 y 4 años de áreas urbanas de Argentina según la región donde viven y el nivel de riqueza de sus hogares.

Introduction. One of the main challenges for early childhood is to provide adequate care to reduce inequalities and promote an early childhood development (ECD). The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between the care provided to children aged 3 and 4 years according to the nurturing care (NC) framework and their ECD levels in Argentina, considering the region and wealth quintiles. Population and methods. This was an observational, cross-sectional analytical study based on data from the National Survey of Children and Adolescents (MICS) of Argentina 2019­2020. A total of 11 NC indicators were selected; the level of ECD was estimated using the Early Childhood Development Index (ECDI) for a descriptive, statistical analysis. Results. In 2638 children aged 3 and 4 years assessed, the average access to care indicators was 79.1%; access was high for 7 indicators (between 84.2% and 97.9%) and middle for 4 indicators (between 46.9% and 65.1%); the highest and lowest frequency corresponded to having a birth certificate (97.9%) and health insurance coverage (46.9%), respectively. Adequate ECDI levels were observed in 87.9%. Results show differences by wealth quintile and region. Conclusions. The results evidence inequalities in terms of access to care and an adequate ECD of children aged 3 and 4 years from urban areas of Argentina, depending on the region where they live and their household wealth level.

Pestes, desenvolvimento e desigualdades / Pests, development and inequalities

Resumo O artigo discute questões sobre o futuro da humanidade ante as ameaças que rondam a saúde das populações, cujo impacto vem se exacerbando no curso das desigualdades em todas as partes do mundo, pari passu o desenvolvimento global no modelo hegemonizado a partir do século passado. A pandemia de COVID-19 foi tomada como um caso que bem ilustra essa dessintonia entre desenvolvimento e desigualdades. Formulam-se perguntas a serem postas em debate sobre a construção do futuro da sociedade mundial, com base na acepção sobre o caráter evolucional da vida no planeta vis-à-vis os males que acometem grandes contingentes populacionais e representam poderosos riscos para esse processo evolutivo. São indagações que apontam para a discussão em torno da participação social na definição e no controle das políticas públicas, em contrapartida à hegemonia dos interesses privados na formulação e execução dessas políticas, tanto nos cenários de cada país como no contexto internacional.

Abstract This article discusses questions concerning the future of humanity in the face of threats to the health of populations, whose impact has been exacerbated in the course of inequalities in all parts of the world, pari passu with global development in the hegemonized model since last century. The COVID-19 pandemic is a good example that illustrates this dissonance between development and inequalities. Questions were formulated to be debated about the construction of the future of world society, based on the understanding of the evolutionary character of life on the planet vis-à-vis the evils that affect large contingents of the population and represent powerful risks for this evolutionary process. These questions call attention to the discussion around social participation in the definition and control of public policies, as opposed to the hegemony of private interests in the formulation and execution of these policies, both in the scenarios of each country and in the international context.

Depresión puerperal: impacto en la madre gestante y en el desarrollo físico, emocional y cognitivo posnatal de sus hijas/os. Una mirada ecológica / Postpartum depression: Impact on pregnant women and the postnatal physical, emotional, and cognitive development of their children. An ecological perspective

Los problemas de salud mental materna durante el embarazo, parto y puerperio son un desafío para la salud pública. Su falta de reconocimiento atenta contra el diagnóstico y tratamientos oportunos, e impacta en la madre y el establecimiento del vínculo fundamental del binomio. Debemos reconocer los factores de riesgo (edad, situación socioeconómica, antecedentes psicopatológicos, disfunción familiar, entorno desfavorable), las manifestaciones clínicas y las herramientas de detección. Existen evidencias de que el efecto del estrés, la ansiedad y la depresión durante el embarazo afectan negativamente el neurodesarrollo fetal y condicionan los resultados del desarrollo infantil. Describimos el impacto negativo de la depresión puerperal durante los primeros meses de vida, que afecta el vínculo madre-hija/o, el desarrollo posnatal (emocional, conductual, cognitivo, lenguaje) y el mantenimiento de la lactancia materna. También reconocemos factores protectores que atemperan sus efectos. Es fundamental establecer estrategias preventivas y abordajes diagnósticos y terapéuticos interdisciplinarios para minimizar los riesgos sobre la madre y sus hijas/os.

Maternal mental health problems during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period are a challenge for public health. Not recognizing them hinders a timely diagnosis and treatment and has an impact on the mother and the establishment of the fundamental bond of the mother-child dyad. We must recognize the risk factors (age, socioeconomic status, mental health history, family dysfunction, unfavorable environment), clinical manifestations, and screening tools. There is evidence that the effect of stress, anxiety, and depression during pregnancy negatively affect fetal neurodevelopment and condition child developmental outcomes. Here we describe the negative impact of postpartum depression during the first months of life, which affects mother-child bonding, postnatal development (emotional, behavioral, cognitive, language), and the maintenance of breastfeeding. We also recognize protective factors that mitigate its effects. It is essential to establish preventive strategies and interdisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to minimize the risks to the mother and her children.

Diagnóstico de malformación del desarrollo cortical en embarazo gemelar monocorial: reporte de caso

Introducción: Las malformaciones del desarrollo cortical se deben a alteraciones en la migración del neuroblasto durante la formación de la corteza cerebral. Se desconoce su frecuencia en embarazos monocoriales. Objetivo: Reportar el caso de un embarazo monocorial con diagnóstico de malformación del desarrollo cortical en uno de los fetos y revisar la literatura referente a su diagnóstico y pronóstico. Método: Mujer de 19 años, embarazo monocorial biamniótico de 26 semanas, que acudió con estudio ecográfico y resonancia fetal que evidenció en uno de los fetos asimetría de los hemisferios cerebrales, hipoplasia de la cisura de Silvio izquierda con simplificación del patrón giral por focos de paquigiria y polimicrogiria, con confirmación posnatal de alteración en la migración neuronal asociada a hipoplasia vermiana. Resultados: Se encontraron en la literatura tres casos de embarazo múltiple monocorial con trastorno de la migración neuronal con recién nacidos vivos. Los hallazgos más comunes fueron microcefalia, lisencefalia e hipoplasia cerebelosa. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico prenatal del trastorno de la migración neuronal se realiza con ecografía y resonancia fetal. La más frecuente es la alteración de la migración neuronal tipo II. El pronóstico depende del tipo de alteración; sin embargo, la mayoría de los casos presentan trastornos epileptiformes con alteraciones del neurodesarrollo.

Introduction: Malformations of cortical development are the result from alterations in the neuroblast migration during the cerebral cortex formation. Its frequency in monochorial multiple pregnancies remains unknown. Objective: To report a case of monochorial multiple pregnancy with diagnosis of malformation of the cortical development in one of the fetuses. In addition, to review the literature regarding the diagnosis and prognosis of this entity. Method: A 19-year-old female with a monochorial diamniotic pregnancy of 26 weeks gestation, arrived with an ultrasound anatomy scan visit, and fetal magnetic resonance imaging, we detected asymmetry in the cerebral hemispheres one of the fetuses, hypoplasia of the left sulcus of Sylvius with simplification of the gyrus pattern due to clusters of pachygyria and polymicrogyria. Those findings were confirmed afterbirth, with a definite diagnosis of neuronal migration disorder associated with vermian hypoplasia. Results: Three cases of monochorial pregnancy with neuronal migration disorder with live newborn, common findings like microcephaly, lissencephaly and vermian hypoplasia. Conclusions: Prenatal diagnosis with neuronal migration disorder is done via ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Neuronal migration disorders type II are the most common of them. Prognosis depends on the type of disorder; however, most patients have epileptiform activity and neurodevelopment impairment.

Caracterización fisicoquímica, nutricional y sensorial de dos complementos alimenticios biofortificados / Physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory characterization of two biofortified food supplements

Introducción: Las ciencias de la nutrición y los alimentos innovan en la industria elaborando productos con compuestos nutricionales que contribuyan a la resolución de problemáticas en salud pública. Pero, además de las características nutricionales, son importantes las características sensoriales, siendo un factor determinante en la aceptación de estos productos. Objetivo: Evaluar características fisicoquímicas, nutricionales y sensoriales de dos complementos alimenticios, tipo sopa y bebida achocolatada, desarrollados con biofortificación. Materiales y métodos: Se consideraron 3 fases, fase 1, preparación de dos tipos complementos alimenticios (4 formulaciones), usando la liofilización para la deshidratación de algunas materias primas, complementada con otras técnicas de procesamiento y cocción. Fase 2, evaluación sensorial por panel de expertos a través de prueba descriptiva cuantitativa y hedónica, y fase 3, caracterización bromatológica. El análisis de la información se realizó con el software Jamovi 2.3.21. mediante análisis descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: El análisis sensorial evidenció que los alimentos que contiene corazón de res en un 5% fueron los más aceptados por los panelistas en todos los atributos sensoriales en ambos complementos. La caracterización bromatológica mostró que el complemento tipo bebida achocolatada con corazón es excelente fuente de proteína, zinc y calcio y buena fuente de hierro y vitamina E, mientras que, el complemento tipo sopa con corazón es excelente fuente de proteína, zinc, hierro, tiamina, omega 3, vitamina E y buena fuente de calcio de acuerdo con la normatividad colombiana de rotulado y etiquetado nutricional. Conclusiones: Ambos complementos con corazón mostraron una aceptación sensorial satisfactoria, presentaron una importante concentración de nutrientes, que, por su fuente natural y animal, son considerados de alta biodisponibilidad(AU)

Introduction: Nutrition and food sciences innovate in the industry by elaborating products with nutritional compounds that contribute to the resolution of public health problems. But, in addition to nutritional characteristics, sensory characteristics are important, being a determining factor in the acceptance of these products. Objective: To evaluate physicochemical, nutritional and sensory characteristics of two food supplements, soup and chocolate drink, developed with biofortification. Materials and methods: Three phases were considered: phase 1, preparation of two types of food supplements (4 formulations), using freeze-drying for dehydration of some raw materials, complemented with other processing and cooking techniques. Phase 2, sensory evaluation by expert panel through quantitative descriptive and hedonic test, and phase 3, bromatological characterization. The analysis of the information was carried out with Jamovi 2.3.21. software through descriptive and inferential analysis. Results: The sensory analysis showed that foods containing 5% beef heart were the most accepted by the panelists in all sensory attributes in both supplements. The bromatological characterization showed that the chocolate drink type supplement with heart is an excellent source of protein, zinc and calcium and a good source of iron and vitamin E, while the soup type supplement with heart is an excellent source of protein, zinc, iron, thiamine, omega 3, vitamin E and a good source of calcium in accordance with Colombian regulations on nutritional labeling and labeling. Conclusions: Both supplements with heart showed a satisfactory sensory acceptance, presented an important concentration of nutrients, which, due to their natural and animal source, are considered of high bioavailability(AU)

Implementación de intervenciones que aborden las experiencias adversas en la infancia en atención primaria: una revisión exploratoria

Introducción: La vivencia de experiencias adversas en la infancia (EAI) se asocia a mayor riesgo de presentar conductas de riesgo y enfermedades crónicas a largo plazo. A nivel mundial, se han comenzado a pesquisar y abordar en las atenciones de salud. Sin embargo, en Chile aún no existe una sugerencia a nivel nacional para incorporarlo. El fin de este artículo es proveer de información y recomendaciones a la práctica clínica. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión exploratoria en PubMed, LILACS y PsycInfo usando el marco metodológico del Joanna Briggs Institute para identificar la literatura disponible sobre implementación de intervenciones en detección y abordaje de EAI dentro de un sistema de salud, con foco en atención infantil ambulatoria. Resultados: Se encontraron 34 estudios atingentes al tema, los que muestran que implementar mecanismos de detección y abordaje de EAI es factible y aceptable, tanto para el personal de salud como para los usuarios, pero debe ser realizado dentro de un modelo de cuidado que incorpore a las familias y comunidad, además de trabajar con los equipos en capacitación, gestión del cambio, implementación y evaluación. Conclusiones: La Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) resulta ser un lugar privilegiado para su implementación dada la cercanía y relación de confianza que se establece con las familias. Este estudio muestra que es posible implementar un modelo de detección y abordaje de EAI en APS, lo que resulta crucial dentro de su rol preventivo-promocional si se quiere generar un impacto en la salud de niños, niñas y adolescentes ahora y en el futuro.

Introduction: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with an increased risk of developing risky health behaviors and chronic diseases in the long term. Screening for ACEs is beginning to be implemented worldwide in healthcare settings due to their known impact on present and future health. However, in Chile, there are no recommendations to incorporate ACEs screening into usual care. Methods: A scoping review was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute methodological framework to identify available literature on the implementation of interventions aimed at the detection and management of ACEs within a health system, specifically pediatric primary care. The search included PubMed, LILACS, and PsycInfo databases. Results: A total of 34 studies were included. They show that screening for ACEs is feasible and acceptable for both health care providers and users. However, it must be implemented as a part of a model of care that considers families and communities, besides working with health teams in training, change management, implementation, and evaluation. Conclusions: Primary Health Care (PHC) is a privileged setting for screening implementation because of the longitudinal and trust relationships established with families. This study concludes that it is possible to implement a model for detecting and managing ACEs in PHC, which will be crucial for its promotional and preventive role if there is a desire to generate an impact on infant and adolescent health now and in the future.

Desarrollo embriológico e importancia clínica de la membrana amniótica. Revisión narrativa de literatura

La membrana amniótica (MA), ubicada en el lado interno de la placenta fetal, ha sido objeto de múltiples investigaciones para intentar dilucidar su papel embriológico y su potencial celular terapéutico. Actualmente las limitaciones del estudio en fetos humanos hacen que parte de su funcionamiento sea una incógnita, sin embargo algunos estudios clínicos y básicos nos dan luz sobre su papel en la médica moderna. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura desde 1960 hasta 2022, empleando bases de datos como PubMed, SciELO y Scopus, siendo incluidos un total de 50 artículos y dos textos de embriología. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa fue sintetizar la información sobre la angiogénesis y su importancia clínica. La información recopilada permitió evidenciar que las propiedades de curación de la piel del feto se deben a factores intrínsecos del feto, y a que las células epiteliales amnióticas humanas poseen una diferenciación similar a las células madre embrionarias, con la capacidad de diferenciación similar al de las células mesenquimales, resaltando su importancia clínica por sus características regenerativas. En conclusión, el desarrollo embrionario humano sigue siendo relativamente inexplicable, pero su conocimiento ha permitido grandes avances, que podrían ser útiles en terapias de regeneración, reparación de tejidos y órganos lesionados.

The amniotic membrane, located on the inner side of the fetal placenta, has been the subject of multiple investigations to try to elucidate its embryological role and its therapeutic cellular potential. Currently, the limitations of the study in human fetuses mean that part of its functioning is unknown, however, some clinical and basic studies shed light on its role in modern medicine. A bibliographic review of the literature was carried out from 1960 to 2022, using databases such as PubMed, SciELO and Scopus, including a total of 50 articles and two embryology texts. The objective of this narrative review was to synthesize information on angiogenesis and its clinical importance. The information collected made it possible to show that the healing properties of the fetal skin are due to intrinsic factors of the fetus, and that human amniotic epithelial cells have a differentiation similar to embryonic stem cells, with the differentiation capacity similar to that of mesenchymal cells, highlighting their clinical importance due to their regenerative characteristics. In conclusion, human embryonic development remains relatively inexplicable, but its knowledge has allowed great advances, which could be useful in regeneration therapies, repair of injured tissues and organs.

Estudio Histológico en Embriones de Cobayo (Cavia porcellus) y su Utilidad como Modelo para la Comprensión del Desarrollo Embrionario Humano / Histological Study in Guinea Pig Embryos (Cavia porcellus) and its Usefulness as a Model for Understanding Human Embryonic Development

El cobayo es un modelo animal ampliamente utilizado en la investigación biomédica debido a sus similitudes biológicas con los seres humanos. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es proporcionar sustento morfológico para utilizar preparados histológicos de embriones de cobayo como modelo de estudio para comprender los procesos del desarrollo embrionario humano. Nuestros resultados muestran que los embriones de cobayo presentan características morfológicas similares a las observadas en los embriones humanos, lo que sugiere que pueden utilizarse como un modelo efectivo para estudiar el desarrollo embrionario humano. Este hallazgo tiene importantes implicancias para la investigación y la docencia utilizando este modelo animal. Se analizaron preparados histológicos de embriones de cobayo teñidos con hematoxilina eosina, adquiridos por la Universidad Autónoma de Chile. Se tomaron microfotografías de preparados histológicos de cobayo en diferentes estadios del desarrollo y se seleccionaron las mejores imágenes para la descripción de estructuras y establecer estimados de la embriogénesis. Del análisis de los preparados se desprende que órganos como esófago, médula espinal y corazón presentan similitudes anatómicas e histológicas que hacen posible compararlas con el desarrollo embrionario humano y la edad de gestación en etapas tempranas. El uso de preparados de embriones de cobayo y su análisis desde un aspecto histológico resulta ser una estrategia metodológica factible debido a las similitudes en la embriogénesis de los mamíferos y las concordancias morfológicas con el desarrollo de los órganos entre humanos y roedores. Esto permite implementar este modelo animal como una herramienta para comprender el desarrollo embrionario humano.

SUMMARY: The guinea pig is an animal model widely used in biomedical research due to its biological similarities with humans. The objective of our study is to provide morphological support to use histological preparations of guinea pig embryos as a study model to understand the processes of human embryonic development. Our results show that guinea pig embryos present morphological characteristics similar to those observed in human embryos, suggesting that they can be used as an effective model to study human embryonic development. This finding has important implications for research and teaching using this animal model. Histological preparations of guinea pig embryos stained with hematoxylin eosin, acquired by the Autonomous University of Chile, were analyzed. Photomicrographs of histological preparations of guinea pigs at different stages of development were taken and the best images were selected to describe structures and establish estimates of embryogenesis. From the analysis of the preparations it is clear that organs such as the esophagus, spinal cord and heart present anatomical and histological similarities that make it possible to compare them with human embryonic development and gestation age in early stages. The use of guinea pig embryo preparations and their analysis from a histological aspect turns out to be a feasible methodological strategy due to the similarities in mammalian embryogenesis and the morphological concordances with the development of organs between humans and rodents. This allows this animal model to be implemented as a tool to understand human embryonic development.

Comparison between the KARVI scale and the Child Development Evaluation test (EDI) as a screening tool for suspected neurodevelopmental delay / Comparación entre la escala KARVI y la prueba de Evaluación del Desarrollo Infantil (EDI) como tamizaje para la sospecha de retraso en el neurodesarrollo

Abstract Background: Early detection of suspected neurodevelopmental delay allows for timely diagnosis and appropriate intervention, for which numerous screening tests have been developed. However, most are complex and impractical for health-care workers at the community level. This study aimed to validate the KARVI scale in the neurodevelopment assessment of children under 1 year of age. Methods: We conducted an observational, longitudinal, comparative, inferential, and prospective study. Healthy children without risk factors for developing neurodevelopmental delay from 0 to 12 months of age were evaluated remotely using the Zoom® application. The Child Development Evaluation Test and the KARVI scale were applied once a month for four consecutive months. Results: Fifty individuals were analyzed, with a predominance of males in 52%. Adequate percentages for a screening test were obtained in the first evaluation with a sensitivity of 70% (confidence interval [CI] 95% 34.75-93.33) and a specificity of 75% (CI 95% 58.8-87.31), and in the fourth evaluation with a sensitivity of 100% (CI 95% 29.4-100) and a specificity of 78.72% (CI 95% 64.34-89.3), being significant in both evaluations (p = 0.007 and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: The KARVI scale has the elements to be an effective screening test for suspected neurodevelopmental delay, but more extensive studies are needed to obtain more reliable results.

Resumen Introducción: La identificación temprana de retraso en el neurodesarrollo permite un diagnóstico oportuno y una intervención apropiada. Para ello, se han creado diversas pruebas de tamizaje; sin embargo, la mayoría son complejas y poco prácticas para el personal de la salud a nivel comunitario. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar la validación de la escala KARVI en la valoración del neurodesarrollo en niños menores de un año. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, longitudinal, comparativo inferencial y prospectivo, en el cual se evaluaron, vía remota mediante la aplicación Zoom®, niños sanos de 0 a 12 meses de edad sin factores de riesgo para desarrollar retraso en el neurodesarrollo. Se aplicaron la prueba EDI (Evaluación del Desarrollo Infantil) y la escala KARVI una vez al mes por cuatro meses consecutivos. Resultados: Se analizaron 50 individuos, con predominio del sexo masculino en el 52%. Se obtuvieron porcentajes adecuados para una prueba de tamizaje tanto en la primera evaluación, con sensibilidad de 70% (IC 95% 34.75-93.33) y especificidad de 75% (IC 95% 58.8-87.31), como en la cuarta, con sensibilidad de 100% (IC 95% 29.4-100) y especificidad de 78.72% (IC 95% 64.34-89.3), con significación estadística en ambas evaluaciones (p = 0.007 y p = 0.001, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Se considera que la escala KARVI cuenta con los elementos para considerarla como una prueba de tamizaje efectiva para detectar retraso del neurodesarrollo, sin embargo. Sin requieren estudios más extensos para obtener resultados más confiables.

Resultados del Programa Territorial "Desarrollo de productos y servicios de salud"

Un programa de ciencia, tecnología e innovación es un conjunto de actividades organizadas en proyectos que se relacionan entre sí, cuyo objetivo es resolver un problema identificado según las prioridades y dirigido a lograr resultados de impactos específicos. En la provincia Santiago de Cuba está en acción, desde el año 2020, el Programa Territorial "Desarrollo de productos y servicios de salud", que ha ejecutado 12 proyectos de investigación. En el presente artículo se identifican sus resultados científico-técnicos y, además, se plantea que estos responden a prioridades sectoriales y territoriales y se encuentran en correspondencia con las políticas del sector sanitario y de la educación superior en Cuba. Su introducción contribuye a resolver las problemáticas de salud en el territorio mediante la aplicación de la ciencia y la innovación tecnológica para el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y la rehabilitación de pobladores con enfermedades.

A science, technology and innovation program is a group of activities organized in projects that are related to each other, which objective is to solve a problem identified according to the priorities and directed to achieve results of specific impacts. In Santiago de Cuba province the Territorial Program "Development of products and health services" is in action since 2020, which has implemented 12 investigation projects. In this work the scientific-technical results are identified; also, it is considered that they respond to sectoral and territorial priorities and are in correspondence with the policy of the health sector and higher education in Cuba. Their introduction contributes to solve the health problems in the territory by means of the implementation of science and technological innovation for the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of persons with diseases.

Ciencia perdida: un debate latinoamericano

La presente contribución analiza las formas en que se construye la ciencia en América Latina y el Caribe. Su objetivo principal es destacar las particularidades de esta región y cómo estas diferencias afectan el desarrollo científico en comparación con otras áreas del mundo, desde la perspectiva de la ciencia perdida e invisible. Se argumenta que la ciencia en América Latina y el Caribe se ha desarrollado principalmente a través de la colaboración y la cooperación entre países, pero sus revistas científicas se encuentran en desventaja a partir de la ciencia globalizada que limita el acceso a temáticas locales. Este enfoque se ha impulsado por la necesidad de superar las limitaciones económicas y tecnológicas presentes en la región. Como resultado, se han creado iniciativas propias que destacan la importancia de las aportaciones y el conocimiento local en la construcción de la ciencia. Tener una perspectiva propia y contextualizada es fundamental para abordar los desafíos y necesidades específicas de la región. Esto se refleja en la diversidad de temas de investigación y enfoques científicos. El artículo también menciona algunos de los desafíos y obstáculos que enfrenta la ciencia en América Latina y el Caribe, a pesar los cuales se destaca la resiliencia y creatividad de los científicos latinoamericanos y caribeños, quienes han logrado hacer contribuciones significativas a nivel mundial.

ABTRASCT This contribution analyzes the ways in which science is constructed in Latin America and the Caribbean. Its main objective is to highlight the particularities of this region and how these differences affect scientific development compared to other areas of the world, from the lost and invisible science's perspective. It is argued that science in Latin America and the Caribbean has developed mainly through collaboration and cooperation between countries, but its scientific journals are at a disadvantage due to globalized science that limits access to local topics. This approach has been driven by the need to overcome the economic and technological limitations present in the region. As a result, own initiatives have been created that highlight the importance of contributions and local knowledge in the construction of science. Having its own and contextualized perspective is essential to address the specific challenges and needs of the region. This is reflected in the diversity of research topics and scientific approaches. The article also mentions some of the challenges and obstacles faced by science in Latin America and the Caribbean, despite which the resilience and creativity of Latin American and Caribbean scientists stands out, who have managed to make significant contributions worldwide.

Environmental sustainability, the forgotten aspect that makes nursing invisible

Scientific publications in research journals have adeptly investigated into topics of considerable interest, rendering nursing care more intricate in the face of increasingly thorough investigations into numerous phenomena. This ongoing exploration contributes significantly to the body of knowledge disseminated within the scientific community. Nevertheless, the advent of the global era has presented nursing with novel challenges that persist from the dawn of history parallel to a lingering shadow obscuring the true essence of the profession. An example is environmental nursing, often overlooked from the lens of social sustainability­a neglect that researchers, as minority groups in a relentless struggle, have sidelined. These challenges align with the dynamic demands imposed by society and the mandates of state and/or governmental parliaments.

Características del perfil del investigador en ciencias médicas y de la salud categoría Monge Medrano, calificado por el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica de Perú, 2022 / Characteristics of the profile of medical and health sciences researchers belonging to the Carlos Monge Medrano group, qualified by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica, Peru, 2022

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar el perfil de los investigadores en ciencias médicas y de la salud de la categoría Monge Medrano, calificados por el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica (CONCYTEC) y registrados en el Registro Nacional Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación Tecnológica (RENACYT) en el año 2022. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de enfoque cuantitativo, tipo descriptivo y de corte transversal. Se revisaron las Hojas de vida afines a la Ciencia y Tecnología (CTI Vitae) de 706 investigadores registrados en Renacyt durante el mes de setiembre del 2022. Se recopilaron las características demográficas, de formación académica, de actividad profesional y de producción científica mediante una ficha de recolección de datos y, a partir de esto, se elaboró una base de datos. Resultados: El 65,3 % de investigadores fueron de sexo masculino, un 80,0 % procedía de Perú y un 66, 7 % dominaba dos o tres idiomas; los más frecuentes eran español, inglés, portugués, francés, italiano, alemán y quechua. A nivel académico, el máximo grado académico obtenido fue el de doctor (71,2 %), la primera carrera profesional no siempre fue una carrera estrictamente de la salud, el 80,3 % reportó estudios de maestría y el 71,2 %, estudios de doctorado; además, el 75,5 % indicó una universidad como institución de primera filiación. A nivel profesional, el 38,2 % registró más de 20 años de experiencia laboral, el 84 % como docente y el 51,7 % tenían experiencia como evaluador o formulador de proyectos de investigación; el 74,8 % reportó haber recibido un premio o distinción en su carrera, asimismo, 133 investigadores contaban con un índice h entre 4 y 6. Adicionalmente, el 94,5 % (667 investigadores) tenía artículos de producción científica, y de estos, el 41,4 % había redactado entre uno y cinco artículos donde era primer autor; además, el 65,9 % de los investigadores reportó haber realizado asesoría de tesis en pregrado y posgrado. Conclusiones: El investigador en ciencias médicas y de la salud es predominantemente masculino, domina al menos dos idiomas, incluido el inglés, tiene grado de doctor y reporta tener producción científica. La universidad es la institución más frecuente de filiación de los investigadores.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the profile of medical and health sciences researchers belonging to the Carlos Monge Medrano group, qualified by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica (CONCYTEC National Council of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation) and registered in Registro Nacional Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación Tecnológica (RENACYT National Scientific, Technological and Technological Innovation Registry) in 2022. Materials and methods: A quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The CTI Vitae Hojas de vida afines a la Ciencia y Tecnología (CTI Vitae Résumés related to Science and Technology) data sheets of 706 researchers registered in Renacyt were reviewed during September 2022. Demographic characteristics, academic background, career and scientific output were collected in a data collection sheet, which was used to create a database. Results: Out of all researchers, 65.3 % were males, 80.0 % came from Peru, and 66.7 % were fluent in two or three languages, the most frequent being Spanish, English, Portuguese, French, Italian, German and Quechua. As for their academic background, the highest degree was a doctorate (71.2 %), the first reported program was not always strictly a health sciences program, 80.3 % pursued master's studies and 71.2 % pursued doctoral studies. In addition, 75.5 % indicated a university as their primary affiliation. Regarding their career, 38.2 % had more than 20 years of work experience, 84 % served as educator, 51.7 % had experience as research project evaluator or developer and 74.8 % received an award or distinction during their career. Moreover, 133 researchers had an h-index between 4 and 6. Furthermore, 94.5 % (667 researchers) drafted scientific papers, out of whom 41.4 % were the lead author in one to five articles and 65.9 % served as undergraduate and graduate thesis advisor. Conclusions: Medical and health sciences researchers are mostly males, are fluent in at least two languages including English, have a doctorate degree and have scientific output. Universities are the most frequent institution of affiliation reported by researchers.

Synergistic impact of -linolenic acid and -tocopherol on in vitro maturation and culture of buffalo oocytes

Abstract The objective of the current study was to investigate the synergistic impact of -Tocopherol and -Linolenic acid (100 µM) on IVM and IVC of Nili Ravi buffalo oocytes. Oocytes were obtained from the ovaries of slaughtered buffaloes within two hours after slaughter and brought to laboratory. Buffalo cumulus oocyte complexes were placed randomly in the five experimental groups included; GROUP 1: Maturation media (MM) + 100 µM ALA (control), GROUP 2: MM + 100 µM ALA + 50M -Tocopherol, GROUP 3: MM + 100 µM ALA + 100M -Tocopherol, GROUP 4: MM + 100 µM ALA + 200 M -Tocopherol and GROUP 5: MM + 100 µM ALA + 300 M -Tocopherol under an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air at 38.5 °C for 22-24 h. Cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation status was determined (Experiment 1). In experiment 2, oocytes were matured as in experiment 1. The matured oocytes were then fertilized in Tyrodes Albumin Lactate Pyruvate (TALP) medium for about 20 h and cultured in synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) medium to determine effect of -Linolenic acid (100 µM) and -Tocopherol in IVM medium on IVC of presumptive zygotes. To study the effect of -Linolenic acid (100 µM) in IVM media and increasing concentration of -tocopherol in the culture media on early embryo development (Experiment 3), the presumptive zygotes were randomly distributed into the five experimental groups with increasing concentration of -tocopherol in culture media. Higher percentage of MII stage oocytes in experiment 1(65.2±2.0), embryos at morula stage in experiment 2 (30.4±1.5) and experiment 3 (22.2±2.0) were obtained. However, overall results for cumulus cell expansion, maturation of oocyte to MII stage and subsequent embryo development among treatments remain statistically similar (P > 0.05). Supplementation of -tocopherol in maturation media having -Linolenic acid and/or in embryo culture media did not further enhance in vitro maturation of oocyte or embryo production.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o impacto sinérgico do -tocoferol e do ácido -linolênico (100 µM) na MIV e CIV de oócitos de búfala Nili Ravi. Os oócitos foram obtidos dos ovários de búfalos abatidos duas horas após o abate e levados ao laboratório. Complexos de oócitos cumulus de búfalo foram colocados aleatoriamente nos cinco grupos experimentais incluídos; GRUPO 1: Meio de maturação (MM) + 100 µM ALA (controle), GRUPO 2: MM + 100 µM ALA + 50 µM -tocoferol, GRUPO 3: MM + 100 µM ALA + 100 µM -tocoferol, GRUPO 4: MM + 100 µM ALA + 200 M -tocoferol e GRUPO 5: MM + 100 µM ALA + 300 M -tocoferol sob uma atmosfera de 5% de CO2 em ar a 38,5 °C por 22-24 h. A expansão cumulus e o estado de maturação nuclear foram determinados (Experimento 1). No experimento 2, os oócitos foram maturados como no experimento 1. Os oócitos maturados foram então fertilizados em meio de Tyrode's Albumina Lactato Piruvato (TALP) por cerca de 20 h e cultivados em meio de fluido oviductal sintético (SOF) para determinar o efeito do ácido -linolênico (100 µM) e -tocoferol em meio IVM em IVC de presumíveis zigotos. Para estudar o efeito do ácido -linolênico (100 µM) em meio IVM e aumentar a concentração de -tocoferol no meio de cultura no desenvolvimento inicial do embrião (Experimento 3), os presumíveis zigotos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente nos cinco grupos experimentais com concentração crescente de -tocoferol em meios de cultura. Maior porcentagem de oócitos em estágio MII no experimento 1 (65,2 ± 2,0), embriões em estágio de mórula no experimento 2 (30,4 ± 1,5) e experimento 3 (22,2 ± 2,0) foram obtidos. No entanto, os resultados gerais para a expansão das células do cumulus, maturação do oócito para o estágio MII e desenvolvimento embrionário subsequente entre os tratamentos permanecem estatisticamente semelhantes (P> 0,05). A suplementação de -tocoferol em meios de maturação com ácido -linolênico e / ou em meios de cultura de embriões não aumentou ainda mais a maturação in vitro de oócitos ou a produção de embriões.

Construction of pediatric pharmaceutical care cloud platform based on Western Pediatric Development Union / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To explore the construction of a pediatric pharmaceutical care cloud platform based on Western Pediatric Development Union， to provide a reference for narrowing the difference of pediatric pharmaceutical care in western regions and medical institutions. METHODS Based on the Western Pediatric Development Union， the “1+3+3” pediatric pharmaceutical care cloud platform had been built by relying on the alliance telemedicine service network. That was， with Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University as one center， three core pharmaceutical services， including prescription dispensing， pharmaceutical guidance and health education， were carried out in the union through standardized 3 aspects of management of resource information， service process and component interface. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Established “1+3+ 3” pediatric pharmaceutical care cloud platform based on the remote service network of the Western Pediatric Development Union registered 1 208 thousands registrations since its operation， with 112 thousands online prescriptions and 44 thousands circulation prescriptions completed； the total number of medication consultation cases was 10 694， and the number of online training people exceeded 15 thousands. However， during the operation， there are also problems such as limited clinical medication data and insufficient coverage of the region. With the accumulation of clinical medication data on the platform， the artificial intelligence technology will be used to extract the data of prescriptions， medication behavior， and physical indicators after medication， the correlation analysis of data will be conducted under the conditions of different geographical environments， different age groups， different heights and weights in the region to obtain clinical medication characteristics for children in the region， providing decision support for further guiding rational and safe medication in pediatric clinical practice.

Detection of 14 sulfonate esters impurities of active pharmaceutical ingredients based on GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS / 药学学报

Two methods including gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were established to detect common alkyl sulfonates and aryl sulfonates genotoxic impurities. Four alkyl sulfonates and methyl benzenesulfonate were determined by GC-MS/MS using butyl methanesulfonate as the internal standard, the chromatographic column was HP-5MS UI (30 mm × 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm), the carrier gas was helium, the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1 in a constant flow mode, the sample inlet temperature was set to 250 ℃, the split ratio was 10∶1, and the initial temperature of the heating program was 80 ℃, maintained for 1 minute, and then increased to 240 ℃ at a heating rate of 30 ℃·min-1 for 2 minutes. The mass spectrometry detector was an electron bombardment ion source (EI source), the data collection condition was multi reaction monitoring mode (MRM), and method validation using the raw material of clinical drug citalopram hydrobromide as a sample. The results showed that the linear range of four alkyl sulfonates and methyl benzenesulfonate were good at 3-50 ng·mL-1 and 9-150 ng·mL-1, with a correlation coefficient of r > 0.999, The spiked recovery was 80%-120%. The detection limits were 1 and 3 ng·mL-1; Ten aryl sulfonates determined by LC-MS/MS, the chromatographic column was CSH Fluoro phenyl (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm), the mobile phase was methanol (B)-5 mmol·L-1 ammonium formate (D), with a flow rate of 0.2 mL·min-1, and gradient elution was performed. The gradient program (T/% B) was set as 0/20, 25/90, 35/90, 42/20. The mass spectrometer detector was electro spray ionization with positive ionization mode (ESI+), the data collection was in dynamic multi reaction monitoring mode (dMRM), and the method was validated using the raw material of the clinical drug citalopram hydrobromide as a sample. The results showed that the linear range of aryl sulfonates were good at 9-2 000 ng·mL-1, 3-100 ng·mL-1 and 0.9-30 ng·mL-1, respectively. The correlation coefficient r > 0.999, the spiked recovery was 80%-120%. The detection limits were 30, 1 and 0.3 ng·mL-1. Two detection methods did not detect potential sulfonate genotoxicity impurities in the above APIs. The established analytical methods are reliable and effective, which can provide reference for drug quality control and detection.

Cloning and gene functional analysis study of dynamin-related protein GeDRP1E gene in Gastrodia elata / 药学学报

The gene GeDRP1E encoding dynamin-related protein 1E in Gastrodia elata was cloned by specific primers which were designed based on the transcriptome data of G. elata. Bioinformatics analysis on GeDRP1E gene was carried out by using ExPASy, ClustalW, MEGA, etc. Positive transgenic Arabidopsis plant and potato minituber were obtained with the genetic transformation system of Arabidopsis and potato. The plant height and seed setting rate of transgenic Arabidopsis, and agronomic characters, such as size, weight and starch content of potato minituber of transgenic potato were tested and analyzed. And GeDRP1E gene function was preliminarily investigated. The results showed that the open reading frame of GeDRP1E gene was 1 899 bp in length and 632 amino acids residues were encoded, with a relative molecular weight of 69.90 kDa and a molecular formula of C3079H4973N883O933S19. It was predicted that the theoretical isoelectric point was 7.27, the instability coefficient was 43.34, and the average hydrophilicity index was -0.259, which was indicative of an unstable hydrophilic protein. GeDRP1E has no transmembrane structure and signal peptide, and was localized in the cytoplasm. The phylogenetic tree showed that GeDRP1E was highly homologous with DRP1E proteins of other plant species, among which GeDRP1E had the highest homology with DcDRP1E (XP_020689662.1) in Dendrobium candidum, reaching 90.05%. GeDRP1E plant expression vector pCambia1300-35Spro-GeDRP1E was constructed by double digests, and Arabidopsis complementary mutant and potato overexpression strain of GeDRP1E gene were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation. Compared with the Arabidopsis AtDRP1E mutant, the height and seed setting rate of the GeDRP1E complementation mutant were rescued. The minituber of GeDRP1E overexpression potato had larger size, heavier weight and higher starch content, comparing to wild-type potato. It was preliminarily induced that GeDRP1E was involved in mitochondrial morphology regulation, which related to the growth and development of Arabidopsis plants and potato miniature. The research results laid a foundation for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the growth and development of G. elata tuber development.

Application value of nutritional intervention in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during maintenance treatment / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To observe the application value of nutritional intervention in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) during maintenance treatment. Methods A total of 75 children with ALL admitted to Hematology and Oncology Department of Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from January 2020 and January 2022 were enrolled as the research subjects. According to different intervention methods, the patients were divided into routine intervention group (n=35) and nutritional intervention group (n=40). The routine intervention group was given routine interventions and diet guidance, while the nutritional intervention group was additionally given continuous nutritional intervention. The nutritional status, anthropometry indicators [weight, upper arm circumference, triceps skin fold thickness (TSFT)], biochemical indicators (prealbumin, albumin) and incidence of complications were compared between the two groups. Results After intervention, the nutritional risk rate in the nutritional intervention group was lower than that in the routine intervention group (47.50% vs 71.43% , P<0.05), while the values of weight, upper arm circumference and TSFT were higher than those in the routine intervention group (P<0.05), the serum albumin level was higher than that in the routine intervention group (P<0.05), and the incidence of complications was lower than that in the routine intervention group (25.00% vs 48.57%, P<0.05). Conclusion Nutritional intervention is beneficial to maintain stable nutritional status, promote growth and development, and reduce the incidence of related complications in ALL children during maintenance treatment.

The application of positron emission tomography in the research and development of central nervous system drugs / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

Positron emission tomography (PET) now plays an important role in the research and development (R&D) of central nervous system (CNS) drugs. PET could characterize the biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and receptor binding of CNS drugs quantitatively. The present review summarized the quantitative methods of PET used in the pharmacokinetics and receptor occupancy analysis of CNS drugs. Moreover, the present review listed various applications of PET supporting R&D of CNS drugs, which could provide a new direction for the R&D of CNS drugs.