Comorbidities associated with epilepsy and headaches / Comorbidades associadas às epilepsias e cefaleias

Comorbidities are often associated with chronic neurological diseases, such as headache and epilepsy. OBJECTIVES: To identify comorbidities associated with epilepsy and headaches, and to determine possible drug interactions. METHODS: A standardized questionnaire with information about type of epilepsy/headache, medical history, and medication was administered to 80 adult subjects (40 with epilepsy and 40 with chronic headache). RESULTS: Patients with epilepsy had an average of two comorbidities and those with headache of three. For both groups, hypertension was the most prevalent. On average, patients with epilepsy were taking two antiepileptic medications and those with headache were taking only one prophylactic medication. Regarding concomitant medications, patients with epilepsy were in use, on average, of one drug and patients with headache of two. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with chronic neurological diseases, such as epilepsy and headaches, have a high number of comorbidities and they use many medications. This may contribute to poor adherence and interactions between different medications.

As comorbidades geralmente estão associadas a doenças neurológicas crônicas, tais como cefaleia e epilepsia. OBJETIVOS: Identificar comorbidades associadas à epilepsia e cefaleia e determinar as possíveis interações de drogas. MÉTODOS: Questionário padronizado com informações sobre o tipo de epilepsia/cefaleia, os antecedentes médicos e as medicações foi aplicado a 80 indivíduos adultos (40 com epilepsia e 40 com cefaleia crônica). RESULTADOS: Pacientes com epilepsia e cefaleia apresentaram uma média de duas e três comorbidades, respectivamente, sendo, para ambos, hipertensão arterial sistêmica a mais prevalente. Em média, os pacientes com epilepsia estavam em uso de duas medicações antiepilépticas; aqueles com cefaleia, uma medicação profilática. Em relação às medicações concomitantes, os pacientes com epilepsia estavam em uso, em média, de uma droga e os pacientes com cefaleia de duas. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com doenças neurológicas crônicas, como epilepsia e cefaleia, apresentam elevado número de comorbidades e utilizam grande número de medicações. Isso pode contribuir para diminuir a aderência ao tratamento e facilitar interações entre diversas medicações.

El paciente hierrtenso y la anestesia

La estabilidad circulatoria es uno de los objetivos principales en el perioperatorio de pacientes de alto riesgo. La mayoría de estos pacientes son tratados crónicamente por patologías cardiovasculares que interfieren con el funcionamiento de varios sistemas fisiológicos, orientados a mantener el estado circulatorio cuando las condiciones cardíacas ven limitados los mecanismos compensatorios usados cuando es necesario compensar el aumento de necesidades metabólicas. Teniendo en cuenta la farmacología de las drogas antihipertensivas, sus repercusiones hemodinámicas y sus potenciales efectos beneficiosos, la evaluación de su relación riesgo beneficio en el perioperatorio tiene fundamental importancia. Esta revisión describe las interacciones entre la anestesia , la fisiología cardiovascular y los fármacos más frecuentemente administrados en forma crónica a los pacientes hipertensos o que son administrados profilácticamente en el período perioperatorio. Los fármacos beta bloqueantes y antagonistas del calcio deben continuarse administrando hasta el día de la cirugía. Los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina y los antagonista de la angiotensina II en cambio, por sus potenciales efectos adversos, sobre la presión arterial en el intraoperatorio deben ser suspendido 12 a 36 horas previas a la cirugía, salvo en la cardiopatía hipertensiva con insuficiencia cardíaca. Se deben tener en cuenta además otras acciones de los fármacos antihipertensivos que pueden limitar los mecanismos del organismo para compensar el aumento de los requerimientos metabólicos y así mantener el balance hemodinámico.

Circulatory stability is one of the main objectives of the perioperative management of high risk patients. Most of these patients are chronically treated because of cardiovascular diseases, which interfere with the functioning of several physiological systems aimed at maintaining the circulatory status when the loading conditions of the heart deteriorates , or limit the compensatory mechanisms used when metabolic needs increase. Taking in consideration the pharmacology of these medications, their effects on perioperative haemodynamics and their potential beneficial actions on regional circulations, it has become possible to determine whether or not they must be given or withdraw perioperatively. This review describe the interactions between cardiovascular physiology , treatments and anaesthesia, for the most often medications chronically taken by high risk patients, or prophilactically administered in the perioperative period. The beta blockers and calcium antagonists must be continued until the day of the surgery. The angiontensin converted enzime inhibitor (ACEI), and angiotensin II receptor antagonists, have potential adverse effects on intraoperative blood pressure stability, therefore should be suspended 12 to 36 previous hours to the surgery ( with the exception in hypertensive cardiopathy and cardiac insufficiency). It should take in consideration other interactions between agents that markedly limit the body’s compensatory mechanisms, trying to meet demands of the increase of metabolic requirements, and thus maintain the hemodinamic stability.

Synergism in the cytotoxic effects of nedaplatin combined with adriamycin or mitomycin or Fluorouracil on human liver cancer cell line SMMC7721 in vitro / 医学研究生学报

Objective: To investigate the suppressive effects of nedaplatin on human liver cancer cell line SMMC7721 and the interactions between nedaplatin and adriamycin or mitomycin or fluorouracil. Methods: The cytotoxic index of nedaplatin alone or combined with other chemotherapy agents on SMMC cells were detected by MTT method. Results: SMMC was sensitive to nedaplatin with a positive correlation between cytotoxic index and nedaplatin concentration. There were significant synergism in the cytotoxic effects of nedaplatin combined with adriamycin or Mitomycin or Fluorouracil on SMMC cells. Conclusion: Nedapltin is a promising agent in the treatment of human liver cancer.

Analysis on clinical usage of drugs for respiratory system diseases / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

AIM: To investigate cl in ical usage of drugs for respiratory system diseases. METHODS: Th e in-hospital records from November 2001 to February 2002 were investigated in a hospital. The usage and utilization of the drugs were analyzed with DDDs. Drug interactions were evaluated with a software (Reasonable Medication System). RESULTS: The frequency of use of antimicrobial accounted for 35% in total. The other two kinds were anti-asthma drugs and the removing fever of re ady-made traditional Chinese medicine. Some unreasonable interactions were foun d in this investigation. CONCLUSION: In the hospital, the usage of drugs for respiratory system diseases is rational on the whole, but drugs int eraction should not been neglected.