Conocimiento ancestral sobre el uso de plantas silvestres medicinales en el tratamiento de enfermedades en alpacas / Ancestral knowledge on the use of wild plants for the treatment of diseases in alpacas

In the high Andean areas, the main economic activity is alpaca raising, which is affected by various infectious and parasitic diseases. Rural populations often resort to wild plants that have diverse properties and help control various diseases. The objective was to document the uses of wild plants in the control of alpaca diseases in the high Andean areas of the Puno and Arequipa regions. Fifty alpaca-breeding families were interviewed in five localities. Thirty-two species belonging to 16 families were reported, with the Asteraceae and Fabaceae families having the highest number of species. The most frequently treated pathologies were diarrhea, pneumonia, fever and enteric parasitosis. For diarrhea treatment, the most used plants were M. mollis, S. nutans and T. filifolia, for pneumonia were G. prostrata and G. viravira, for enteric parasitosis were B. tricuneata and L. daucifolia and for the elimination of ectoparasites (lice) was A. compacta. For all diseases, the treatment dose was higher in adults than in neonates and its application is in the rainy season. In acute disease conditions, rural families choice to drugs. Wild plants are a viable and sustainable alternative for the treatment of various diseases in alpacas.

En las zonas altoandinas la principal actividad económica es la crianza de alpacas, las mismas que son afectadas por diversas enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias. Las poblaciones rurales frecuentemente recurren a las plantas silvestres que tienen diversas propiedades y ayudan al control de diversas enfermedades. El objetivo fue documentar los usos de las plantas silvestres en el control de enfermedades de alpacas en las zonas altoandinas de la región Puno y Arequipa. Se entrevistó a 50 familias criadoras de alpacas en cinco localidades. Se reportaron 32 especies, pertenecientes a 16 familias, siendo la familia Asteraceae y Fabaceae con mayor número de especies. Las patologías que con mayor frecuencia se tratan fueron la diarrea, neumonía, fiebre y parasitosis entérica. Para el tratamiento de diarrea, las plantas más utilizadas fueron M. mollis, S. nutans y T. filifolia, para la nuemonía fueron G. prostrata y G. viravira, para parasitosis entérica fueron B. tricuneata y L. daucifolia y para la eliminación de ectoparásitos (piojos) fue A. compacta. Para todas las enfermedades, las dosis de tratamiento fueron superior en las adultas que en las crías y su aplicación es en la época de lluvias. En condiciones agudas de las enfermedades las familias rurales recurren a los fármacos. Las plantas silvestres, son una alternativa viable y sostenible para el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades en alpacas.

Anthelmintic effect of four extracts obtained from Caesalpinia coriaria foliage against the eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus / Efeito anti-helmíntico de quatro extratos obtidos da folha de Caesalpinia coriaria contra ovos e larvas de Haemonchus contortus

Abstract To investigate the in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of dividivi (Caesalpinia coriaria), a traditional medicinal plant used in Central America and the northern part of South America, extracts from the foliage of this plant were subjected to the egg hatching test (EHT) and larval exsheathment inhibition test (LEIT), against Haemonchus contortus. Four different extracts were evaluated: acetone-water (AW), methanol-water (MW), acetone-water-dichloromethane (AWD) and methanol-water-dichloromethane (MWD). The concentrations used for the EHT and LEIT tests ranged from 500 to 4000 µg mL-1 and six repetitions per concentration. The effective concentrations (EC50) were calculated using Probit analysis. The EC50 for EHT were 2947.0, 3347.0, 3959.6 and 4538.7 µg mL-1 for MWD, MW, AW and AWD, respectively. The EC50 for LEIT were 2883.4, 5927.4, 9876.3 and 9955.4 µg mL-1 for AWD, AW, MWD and MW, respectively. The methanol extracts were the most effective in inhibiting the hatching of eggs, while the acetone extracts showed efficacy in inhibiting larval exsheathment. This study explains the importance that C. coriaria has as a medicinal plant in Central and South American countries.

Resumo Para investigar a eficácia anti-helmíntica de Divi-divi (Caesalpinia coriaria), uma planta medicinal tradicional usada na América Central e no norte da América do Sul. Extratos das folhas dessa planta foram utilizados em testes in vitro de inibição da eclosão de ovos (EHT) e desembainhamento larvar (LEIT) de Haemonchus contortus. Quatro diferentes extratos foram avaliados: acetona-água (AW), metanol-água (MW), acetona-água-diclorometano (AWD) e metanol-água-diclorometano (MWD). Para os testes EHT e LEIT, as concentrações utilizadas variaram de 500 a 4000 µg mL-1, em seis repetições por concentração. As concentrações efetivas (EC50) foram calculadas, usando-se a análise Probit. A EC50 para EHT foram 2947,0; 3347,0; 3959,6 e 4538,7 µg mL-1 para MWD, MW, AW e AWD, respectivamente. As EC50 para LEIT foram 2883,4; 5927,4; 9876,3 e 9955,4 µg mL-1 para AWD, AW, MWD e MW, respectivamente. Os extratos de metanol foram os mais eficazes em inibir a eclosão de ovos, enquanto os extratos de acetona mostraram-se eficazes em inibir a desembainhamento larvar. Este estudo ajuda a explicar a importância da C. coriaria como planta medicinal nos países da América Central e América do Sul.

In vitro biological activity of the Croton blanchetianus (Baill) essential oil against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Brazil numerous plant species are used for controlling ectoparasites on cattle. However, the need to consolidatethis popular knowledge through existing chemical characterization of secondary compounds in these plants and theapplication of bioassays able to reveal its biological action observed. For this study, we obtained the essential oilof the Croton blanchetianus by hydrodistillation and their chemical compounds identified by gas chromatographycoupled with mass spectrometry. The major chemical constituents stood out as eucalyptol (16.9%), β-caryophyllene(15.9%), and germacrene-D (14.5%). Various concentrations of the C. blanchetianus essential oil were used inorder to test their biological action on the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. There was a significantacaricide efficacy, and the results were statistically significant at a confidence level of 95%.

Plant Remedies Used for Livestock by Farmers in Southern Senatorial Zone, Plateau State, Nigeria

Survey of the plant remedies used by livestock farmers in Southern Senatorial Zone of Plateau State was carried out using structured questionnaire. A total of 150 structured questionnaires were distributed to livestock farmers in three selected Local Government Areas of Southern Senatorial zone Plateau State. Of the 150 questionnaires distributed 142 were completed and retrieved. Information obtained from the respondents showed that livestock farmers in the study area are aware of ethno-veterinary remedies and also use them for the management of common livestock diseases. A total of 49 plant species from 11 families used to treat the 23 livestock diseases in the study area were identified. The study revealed that the plants identified are used either singly or in combination with parts of different plants. Based on the plant parts used, the result showed that barks are most frequently used (50.7%), followed by the leaf (40.8%), the seed (35.2%) and root (18.3%). About 85.9% of the plants used in the study area are sourced from the bush. More so, 76.1% are available all year round while 14.1% are used in preserved form and 9.9% are cultivated during the wet season. The plants identified are either used as processed, wet or in dry form. The result showed that greater percentage of the famers keep small ruminants (43.0%), followed by poultry (26.1%) dogs (16.0%), and pigs (4.7%). About 41.0% of the livestock farmers keep animals for income, 26.0% for meat and income, 14.0% for security, 10.0% for meat and 0.1% for income and security.

Plantas de interés veterinario en la cultura campesina de la Sierra de Ancasti (Catamarca, Argentina) / Plants of veterinary interest in the peasant culture of Sierra de Ancasti (Catamarca, Argentina)

Se propone dar a conocer e interpretar, el uso y la significación de las plantas en la veterinaria tradicional de la Sierra de Ancasti (Catamarca, Argentina). Mediante el empleo de métodos y técnicas de investigación etnobotánica se documentaron los taxones de dolencias vernáculas, y un total de 62 usos medicinales correspondientes a 43 especies pertenecientes a 30 familias botánicas. Las principales aplicaciones medicinales son: cicatrizantes, digestivas, antiparasitarias y oxitócicas. Se analizó el rol de las especies tóxicas y peligrosas en la veterinaria local. Junto al repertorio de plantas, se presentan otras técnicas terapéuticas populares, así como prácticas culturales de tipo religioso-ritual. Finalmente, se analiza la tensión entre tradición y modernidad en este campo del saber. Se concluye que, a pesar de que el conocimiento etnoveterinario resulta relevante en cantidad de especies y usos, existe un creciente abandono de su praxis, lo que podría devenir en la extinción de la experiencia.

In this work we aim at presenting and interpreting the use and meaning of plants in traditional veterinary in Sierra de Ancasti (Catamarca, Argentina). By employing ethnobotanical research methods and techniques, we registered taxa of vernacular ailments and 62 medicinal uses corresponding to 43 species from 30 botanical families. They are used medicinally due to their healing, digestive, anti- parasitic and oxytocic properties. In addition, the role of toxic and dangerous species was analyzed in the local veterinary. Together with the repertoire of plants, we also described other popular therapeutic techniques and cultural practices of religious-ritualistic nature. Finally, tension was analyzed between tradition and modernity in this field of knowledge. It has been concluded that, despite ethnoveterinary knowledge is relevant for many species and uses, its practice is being gradually neglected, which could eventually lead to the extinction of experience.

Acacia karroo Hayne: Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important medicinal plant in southern Africa

Acacia karroo (A. karroo) has been used as herbal medicine by the indigenous people of southern Africa for several centuries. The potential of A. karroo as herbal medicine, its associated phytochemistry and biological activities are reviewed. The extensive literature survey revealed that A. karroo is traditionally used to treat or manage 32 and five human and animal diseases and ailments, respectively. The species is used as herbal medicine for diseases and ailments such as colds, diarrhoea, dysentery, flu, malaria, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), wounds, and also as colic and ethnoveterinary medicine. Multiple classes of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenols, phytosterols, proanthocyanidin, tannin, terpenes as well as several minerals have been identified from leaves and roots of A. karroo. Scientific studies on A. karroo indicate that it has a wide range of pharmacological activities which include antibacterial, antifungal, antigonococcal, antihelmintic, antilisterial, antimalarial, antimycobacterial, antioxidant, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, anti-inflammatory and analgesic. A. karroo has a lot of potential as a possible source of pharmaceutical products for the treatment of a wide range of both human and animal diseases and ailments. Future research should focus on the mechanisms of action of the different plant parts used as herbal medicines, isolated compounds, their efficacy, toxicity and clinical relevance.

Acacia karroo Hayne: Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important medicinal plant in southern Africa

Acacia karroo (A. karroo) has been used as herbal medicine by the indigenous people of southern Africa for several centuries. The potential of A. karroo as herbal medicine, its associated phytochemistry and biological activities are reviewed. The extensive literature survey revealed that A. karroo is traditionally used to treat or manage 32 and five human and animal diseases and ailments, respectively. The species is used as herbal medicine for diseases and ailments such as colds, diarrhoea, dysentery, flu, malaria, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), wounds, and also as colic and ethnoveterinary medicine. Multiple classes of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenols, phytosterols, proanthocyanidin, tannin, terpenes as well as several minerals have been identified from leaves and roots of A. karroo. Scientific studies on A. karroo indicate that it has a wide range of pharmacological activities which include antibacterial, antifungal, antigonococcal, antihelmintic, antilisterial, antimalarial, antimycobacterial, antioxidant, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, anti-inflammatory and analgesic. A. karroo has a lot of potential as a possible source of pharmaceutical products for the treatment of a wide range of both human and animal diseases and ailments. Future research should focus on the mechanisms of action of the different plant parts used as herbal medicines, isolated compounds, their efficacy, toxicity and clinical relevance.

Endophytic fungi from tropical ethnoveterinary plants and their antibacterial efficacy against Pasteurella multocida Capsular Type A strain / Hongos endófitos de plantas tropicales etnoveterinarias y su eficacia antibacteriana contra cepas capsulares de Pasteurella multocida tipo A

AbstractPasteurella multocida is an important veterinary pathogen causing infections in animals and birds. Nowadays, different reports have described the severity of infections, increasing resistance of micro-organisms to antibiotics, and the contribution of ethnoveterinary practices towards the treatment of various ailments of animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial efficacy of the ethanolic extracts of endophytic fungi against P. multocida Capsular Type A strains. A total of six endophytic fungi were isolated from two tropical ethnoveterinary plants: Garcinia xanthochymus H. and Polygonum chinense L. The ethanolic extracts of the endophytic fungi were subjected to in vitro antimicrobial activity by the well diffusion method. Besides, we evaluated the treatment of mice with the potent fungal extract and observed the effects in different organs under electron microscopy. Our results showed that four fungi had antimicrobial activity against the selected pathogen. The best antibacterial activity was showed by the extract of the endophytic fungi, Glomerella magna isolated from G. xanthochymus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 46.9 µg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration of 750 µg/mL. Treatment of mice with the potent fungal extract caused a considerable inhibitory effect on the pathogen growth in vital organs, results that was also confirmed by histopathological studies made by scanning electron microscopy. The present findings indicated that the endophytic fungi G. magna has the potential to provide an effective treatment against infections caused by Pasteurella multocida. However, the isolation of bioactive components needs further investigation. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (2): 733-745. Epub 2016 June 01.

ResumenPasteurella multocida es un importante patógeno veterinario que causa infecciones en animales y aves. Hoy en día, diferentes informes han descrito la gravedad de las infecciones, aumentando la resistencia de los microorganismos a los antibióticos, y la contribución de las prácticas etnoveterinarias hacia el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades de los animales. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar la eficacia antibacteriana de los extractos etanólicos de hongos endófitos contra cepas de P. multocida tipo capsular A. Un total de seis hongos endófitos fueron aisladas de dos plantas etnoveterinarias tropicales: Garcinia xanthochymus H. y Polygonum chinense L. Los extractos etanólicos de los hongos endófitos fueron sometidos a la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro por el método de difusión. Además, se evaluó el tratamiento de ratones con el extracto de hongos potente y observamos los efectos en diferentes órganos bajo el microscopio electrónico. Nuestros resultados mostraron que cuatro hongos tenían actividad antimicrobiana contra el patógeno seleccionado. La mejor actividad antibacteriana la mostró el extracto de los hongos endófitos, Glomerella magna aislado de G. xanthochymus, con una concentración inhibitoria mínima de 46.9 mg/ml y la concentración bactericida mínima de 750 mg/ml. El tratamiento de ratones con el extracto de hongos potente causó un considerable efecto inhibidor sobre el crecimiento de patógenos en órganos vitales, resultados que también fueron confirmados por estudios histopatológicos realizados por microscopía electrónica de barrido. Los presentes hallazgos indican que el hongos endófitos G. magna tienen el potencial de proporcionar un tratamiento eficaz contra las infecciones causadas por Pasteurella multocida. Sin embargo, el aislamiento de componentes bioactivos necesita más investigación.

Dominant bacterial diseases in the extensive and semi-intensive animal breeding and their treatment method by ethnoveterinary medicine in Benin.

In Africa, various medicines are used in animal diseases treatment. This study aims to identify the medicinal plants that are often used to cure bacterial diseases in domestic animals, in order to promote their rational and sustainable use. The work was performed by working with 787 breeders in the 8 agro-ecological zones of Benin, from June to December 2013. An ethnobotanical survey has identified 32 medicinal plants species among which Afzelia africana, Crossopteryx febrifuga, Albizia chevalieri, Khaya senegalensis, Mangifera indica and Entada africana are used for bovine pasteurellosis. The bronchitis is treated by 11 species of medicinal plants which include Allium sativum, Garcinia kola, Terminalia laxiflora, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides and Detarium microcarpum. For infectious coryza treatment, 8 plants have been identified among which, we have Securinega virosa, Capsicum annuum, Anacardium occidentale and Vitellaria paradoxa. About cutaneous streptothricosis, 3 plants (Zea mays, Piliostigma thonningii and Parkia biglobosa) were cited for its treatment. Contagious bovine peripneumonia is treated by 3 plants (Tamarindus indica, Oxythenanthera abyssinica and Khaya senegalensis). Avian salmonellosis is also treated by 3 plants (Bridelia ferruginea, Cissus quadrangularis and Ocimum gratissimum). Concerning Blackleg and enterotoxemia, they are respectively treated by Aganope stulhmannii and Ocimum gratissimum.

Quantitative traditional knowledge of medicinal plants used to treat livestock diseases from Kudavasal taluk of Thiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract Medicinal plants are treating and preventing various diseases. There is urgency in recording such data. This is first ethno botanical study in which statistical calculations about plants are done by Informant Consensus Factor method in the study area. The aim of the present study is to identify plants collected for medicinal purposes by the traditional healers of Kudavasal taluk located in Thiruvarur district of Tamil Nadu, India and to document prepare and use the traditional names of these plants. Field study was carried out for a period of one year in (tk), located in Thiruvarur district of Tamil Nadu. The ethnoveterinary information's were collected through interviews among traditional healers. The collected data were analyzed through RFC, UV, CI, FI, RI and ICF. A total of 54 species of plants distributed in 51 genera belonging to 33 families were identified as commonly used ethno medicinal plants by traditional healers in Kudavasal (tk) for the treatment of 12 ailment categories based on the animal body systems treated. Leaves are the most frequently used plant parts and most of the medicines are prepared in the form of paste, administrated orally and inhalation. The most important species according to their use value are Oryza sativa (0.977). In these studies some of the plant species are first position in relative importance Datura metel (2.00) followed by Azadirachta indica (1.80). ICF values of the present study indicate that a urological ailment is the highest use report. In this study, documenting the medicinal plants and associated indigenous knowledge can be used for conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants in the area and for validation of these plant preparations for veterinary treatment. The study has various socioeconomic dimensions associated with the local communities.

Atividade ovicida e larvicida do extrato etanólico de Aloe vera L. sobre Haemonchus contortus / Ovicidal and larvicidal activity of Aloe vera L. ethanolic extract against Haemonchus contortus

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a eficácia in vitro do extrato etanólico de Aloe vera L. frente a estágios de vida livre de Haemonchus contortus. O fitoterápico foi produzido com percolação da polpa do vegetal com álcool absoluto, a 25ºC, sendo posteriormente liofilizado. Foram realizados o teste de eclodibilidade de ovos (TEO) e o teste de desenvolvimento larval (TDL), com concentrações crescentes (0,78 a 100mg/mL) em seis repetições. Para analisar a composição química do fitoterápico, procedeuse a marcha fitoquímica completa, analisando qualitativamente a presença de fenóis, taninos, antocianinas, antocianidinas, leucoantocianidinas, estero ides, triterpenos, saponinas, resinas e alcaloides; além da quantificação de fenóis totais, teste de toxicidade frente Artemia salina e ensaio antioxidante pelo teste de redução do radical DPPH. O produto obtido a partir de A. vera apresentou eficácia de 94,35 ± 1,13% no TEO, já no TDL a eficácia foi de 76,03 ± 0,45%, ambos na concentração de 100mg/mL. Nas análises fitoquímicas, foram encontrados diversos compostos que podem ter contribuído com o efeito anti-helmíntico, tanto direta como indiretamente. Os dados da marcha fitoquímica, aliados aos resultados dose-dependentes obtidos nos testes in vitro evidenciam que o extrato produzido possui potencial para combater H. contortus. Novos estudos devem ser realizados buscando maximizar a eficácia deste extrato, uma vez que foram encontrados resultados excelentes nos testes realizados.

The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro efficacy of ethanolic extract of Aloe vera L. against Haemonchus contortus free-living stages. The herbal material was produced by pulp leaving the solution with ethanol at 25°C and latter the material was lyophilized. After this, the product was used for the egg hatch test (EHT) and the larval development test (LDT) in different concentrations (0.78 to 100mg/mL) with six replicates. A complete phytochemical screening was performed to analyze the materials' chemistry composition, screening qualitatively the presence of phenols, tannins, anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, leucoanthocyanidins, steroids, triterpenes, saponins, resins and alkaloids; beyond the total phenols quantification, brine shrimp toxicity test and DPPH radical reduction antioxidant test. A. vera extract had an efficacy of 94,35 ± 1,13% using the EHT and of 76,03 ± 0,45% when using the LDT test, both in concentration 100mg/mL. Phytochemical tests showed few chemical compounds that could exert anthelmintic properties. The results obtained with the biochemical tests together with the dose-dependent effect found in in vitro tests demonstrate that extract has the potential to be a good drug candidate against H. contortus. Further studies should be conducted to maximize the effectiveness of the herbal, because it demonstrated excellent results in experiments.

Ethnoveterinary Medicinal plants of Tosham block of district Bhiwani (Haryana) India.

Livestock is an important sector of agriculture in Haryana. It brings cash income to the rural families, bringing protection against the social depressions in addition to providing the food products of high nutritional value. In present study we have discussed ethnoveterinary uses, mode of administration, doses and duration of 54 medicinal plant species belonging to 37 families for treating routine maladies of livestock. About 80% interviewed people gained their knowledge of traditional medicine from their parents and grandparents and others gained from neighbours and co-producers. It has been observed that older persons and traditional healers have greater knowledge about traditional medicines than younger persons. In the present study it was found that many plants viz. Acacia nilotica, Argemone mexicana, Azadirachta indica, Calotropis procera, Citrullus colocynthis, Trachyspermum ammi, Zizyphus nummularia etc. are used for treating more than one disease. It has also been observed that freshly collected plants or plants parts are used in treatment. Though, the findings presented in this paper are preliminary and needs further authentication but these findings can aid the development of indigenous knowledge and its use to the benefits of various fields of study such as pharmacology, pharmacognosy, pharmaceuticals, toxicology, phytochemistry, ethnobotany, taxonomy, anthropology and veterinary science.

An ethnobotanical study of plants used for the treatment of livestock diseases in Tikamgarh District of Bundelkhand, Central India

Objective: To explore and document the information regarding usage of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants utilized by rural farmers and traditional herbal healers for livestock healthcare in Tikamgarh District of Bundelkhnad, Central India. Methods: The remote villages of Tikamgarh district were regularly visited from July 2011 to June 2012. Following the methods of Jain and Goel (1995) information regarding the usage of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants was collected.Results:various plant parts and their combinations for the treatment of more than 36 diseases in the studied area. Trees (17 species) were found to be the most used Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants followed by herbs (15 species), shrubs (6 species) and grasses (3) in descending order. The most common diseases cough, diarrhoea and fever were treated by 04 ethnoveterinary medicinal plant species.Conclusions:The present study recommended that the crop and medicinal plant genetic A total of 41 plant species in 39 genera and 25 families were used traditionally with resources cannot be conserved and protected without conserving/managing of the agro-ecosystem or natural habitat of medicinal plants and the socio-cultural organization of the local people. The same may be applied to protect indigenous knowledge, related to the use of medicinal and other wild plants. Introduction of medicinal plants in degraded government and common lands could be another option for promoting the rural economy together with environmental conservation, but has not received attention in the land rehabilitation programs in this region.

An ethnobotanical study of plants used for the treatment of livestock diseases in Tikamgarh District of Bundelkhand, Central India

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore and document the information regarding usage of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants utilized by rural farmers and traditional herbal healers for livestock healthcare in Tikamgarh District of Bundelkhnad, Central India.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The remote villages of Tikamgarh district were regularly visited from July 2011 to June 2012. Following the methods of Jain and Goel (1995) information regarding the usage of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants was collected.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 41 plant species in 39 genera and 25 families were used traditionally with various plant parts and their combinations for the treatment of more than 36 diseases in the studied area. Trees (17 species) were found to be the most used Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants followed by herbs (15 species), shrubs (6 species) and grasses (3) in descending order. The most common diseases cough, diarrhoea and fever were treated by 04 ethnoveterinary medicinal plant species.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The present study recommended that the crop and medicinal plant genetic resources cannot be conserved and protected without conserving/managing of the agro-ecosystem or natural habitat of medicinal plants and the socio-cultural organization of the local people. The same may be applied to protect indigenous knowledge, related to the use of medicinal and other wild plants. Introduction of medicinal plants in degraded government and common lands could be another option for promoting the rural economy together with environmental conservation, but has not received attention in the land rehabilitation programs in this region.</p>

Ethnoveterinary practices associated with animal healthcare in Dang District of South Gujarat, India.

The paper deals with the indigenous knowledge of local communities on medicinal plants used for curing various diseases in Dang district, Gujarat state. Information collected is based on interview and observation was cross-checked with traditional herbal practitioners in the region. Adivasi, Kukunas, Kamits, Bhika, Warlis, and Kunbis are the chief communities in this area. This study revealed that 34 plant species were used for curing various diseases and disorders in animals, in this region.

Estudo comparativo da ação anti-helmíntica da batata de purga (Operculina hamiltonii) e do melão de são caetano (Mormodica charantia) em caprinos (Capra hircus) naturalmente infectados / Comparative study of the anti-helminthic action of the potato of purges (Operculina hamiltonii) and the cantaloups of São Caetano (Mormodica charatia) in naturally infected goats (Capra hircus)

As helmintoses gastrintestinais ocupam lugar de destaque na produção de pequenos ruminantes como um fator limitante e o seu controle vem sendo realizado por meio do uso indiscriminado de anti-helmínticos favorecendo o surgimento da resistência a medicamentos. Com o objetivo de comparar a ação anti-helmíntica das plantas Operculina hamiltonii (batata de purga), Marmodica charantia (Melão de São Caetano) e do moxedctin a 0,2 por cento sobre as infecções helminticas naturais de caprinos, foram utilizados 40 caprinos, sem raça definida, fêmeas, com idade entre seis e 12 meses, naturalmente infectados, separados em quatro grupos: o GRUPO 1 (G1) - animais controle negativo tratados com água destilada; o GRUPO 2 (G2) - animais tratados com o extrato alcoólico da O. hamiltonii; o GRUPO 3 (G3) - animais tratados com o extrato alcoólico da M. charantia e no GRUPO 4 (G4) - animais controle positivo tratados com moxidectina 0,2 por cento. Todos os grupos receberam os tratamentos por três dias consecutivos. As amostras fecais foram coletadas nos dias 0, 30 e 60 após tratamento, para a realização da contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e larvacultura. Para avaliar o efeito dos tratamentos, aplicou-se o teste de redução na contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (RCOF). A RCOF do G2, G3 e G4 foram de 63 e 90; 40 e 40; 100 e 100 por cento, respectivamente para 30 e 60 dias pós-tratamento respectivamente. Durante o período de estudo, observou-se que todas as amostras coletadas estavam positivas para larvas de helmintos da superfamília Trichostrongyloidea, com exceção para o G4, nos dias 30 e 60 pós-tratamento. O Haemonchus foi o parasita mais prevalente nas coproculturas.

Gastrintestinal helminthosis occupy a place of prominence in the production of small ruminants as an edge factor. Its control has been carried through the indiscriminate use of anti-helminthic products in favor of the appearing resistance to the medicines. With the objective to compare the anti-helminthic action of the Operculina hamiltonii plants (potato of purges), Marmodica charantia (Cantaloups of Sao Caetano) and of moxedctin at 0.2 percent about the natural helminthic infections of goats, there had been used 40 goats, without defined race, females, with age between six and 12 months, naturally infected, separated in four groups: GROUP 1 (G1) negative control animals treated with distilled water; GROUP 2 (G2) -animal treated with the alcoholic extract of O. hamiltonii; GROUP 3 (G3) - animal treated with the alcoholic extract of M. charantia and GROUP 4 (G4) - positive control animals treated with moxidectina at 0.2 percent. All of them had received the treatments for three days in a row. The feces samples were collected at: 0, 30 and 60 days after treatment, for the accomplishment of the egg counting per gram of excrements (EPG) and larvae culture. To evaluate the effect of the treatments, a reduction on the egg counting per gram of excrements (RECE) was applied. The RECE of the G2, G3 and G4 were: 63 and 90; 40 and 40; 100 and 100 percent, respectively for 30 and 60 days post-treatment, respectively. During the period of study it was observed that all collected samples were positive for larvae of helminths of the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea, except for the G4, throughout 30-60 days and post-treatment. The Haemonchus was the most prevalent parasite in the culture of feces.

Some reports on ethnoveterinary practices in Ashti areas of Beed District (M.S.) India.

The present paper enumerates traditional ethno-veterinary knowledge about 13 plant species belonging to 11 genera and 9 families hidden among the local inhabitants residing in the study areas i.e. Ashti taluka in Beed district (M.S.) India.Of these, seed in 2 plants, leaf in 4 plants, root in 1 plants, stem in 3 plants, fruit in 2 plant and flower in 1 plant are used for ethno-veterinary purposes by the local inhabitants The results of this study are organized in tabulate form and include botanical name followed by vernacular name, family (in parenthesis) and ethno-veterinary uses. The information was gathered from 26 informants, from 15 villages under the jurisdiction of Ashti taluka of Beed district through verbal interviews in an informal ways at their working places. The age of the informants was in the range between 18-78 years. Of these, informant having age group 69-78 (47 %) claimed to have the rich ethno-veterinary knowledge. The emphasis has been laid on the scientific validation of medicinal properties of the native plants that are used in traditional medication system of the pet animals to know and reward the traditional wisdom of the local communities.