Propiedades psicométricas de la versión corta del Inventario Friburgo de Mindfulness / Psychometric properties of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory short version

Resumen Antecedentes El mindfulness está cobrando un interés cada vez más creciente desde el ámbito de intervención psicológica, pero también desde ámbitos educativos o laborales. Este interés está suscitando, como consecuencia, la necesidad de disponer de herramientas que ayuden a medirlo. Objetivo Presentar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión corta de la adaptación española del Inventario Friburgo de Mindfulness (IFM) que tiene sus raíces teóricas en la tradición budista. Método Se contó con una muestra de 543 participantes (161 hombres y 379 mujeres) cuya edad media fue de 35.27 ( DT = 13.66), con unos niveles educativos y situaciones laborales heterogéneos. Resultados La consistencia interna ( α = .86, ω = .87) así como otros aspectos relacionados con la validez de constructo pueden considerarse apropiados. Los análisis factoriales exploratorios llevados a cabo apuntan a que los ítems de la escala se agrupan en dos factores relacionados, aceptación incondicional y atención plena, frente al modelo unifactorial planteado inicialmente desde el punto de vista teórico. Conclusiones Consideramos que la versión breve del IFM puede ser utilizada con éxito tanto a nivel clínico como para la investigación y, en este sentido, se sugiere que se siga indagando en la estructura factorial de la escala.

Abstract Background Mindfulness is getting more and more attention from psychological intervention contexts, but also from educational and organizational settings. As a consequence, there also is a growing need for tools to measure mindfulness. Objective The aim of this work is to present the Spanish adaptation psychometric properties of the short version Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI), a test based on Buddhist tradition. Method A sample of 543 participants (161 males and 379 females) with age average of 35.27 ( SD = 13.66) and heterogeneous educational and occupational background was studied. Results The scale internal consistency ( α = .86, ω = .87) as well as construct validity evidences can be considered appropriated. Exploratory factorial analyses suggest the FMI items are clustered in two related factors, unconditional acceptance, and full attention, as opposed to the initially proposed unifactorial model. Conclusions the FMI short version can be successfully used for clinical and research purposes although its factorial structure should be additionally tested.

Estructura Factorial de la Escala de Competencia Parental Percibida: Version para padres (ECPP-p)

Introducción: Este estudio evalúa la dimensionalidad de la versión para padres de la Escala de Competencia Parental Percibida (ECPP-p). La muestra considera a padres (n = 227; M = 35.34, DE = 7.22) de Lima metropolitana. Método: El análisis estructural se realizó con el análisis factorial confirmatorio mediante el uso del estimador WLSMV acorde a la naturaleza ordinal de los ítems de la escala. Se confirmó la estructura original evaluada de cinco dimensiones correlacionadas: implicación escolar, dedicación personal, ocio compartido, asesoramiento y orientación y asunción rol de padre o madre. Resultados: Se obtuvo un ajuste adecuado al modelo de cinco factores, X 2 = 406.47, CFI =0.96, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.068. Los coeficientes de consistencia interna fueron adecuados para cada una de las dimensiones (( >0.80) ((α >0.70). Conclusión: Se concluye que la ECPP-p es un instrumento que presenta evidencias de estructura interna y confiabilidad en la muestra de estudio.

Background: This study examines the dimensionality of the parent version of the Scale of Sensed Parental Competencies (ECPP-p). The sample was composed of 227 parents (n = 227; M = 35.34, DE = 7.22) from Lima Metropolitan. Method: The structural analysis was conducted with confirmatory factor analysis using the estimator WLSMV according to the ordinal nature of the items on the scale. The original structure evaluated of five correlated dimensions: school involvement, personal dedication, shared leisure, counseling and guidance and assumption of the role of father or mother was confirmed. Results: An adequate fit was obtained to the model of five factors, X 2 = 406.47, CFI = .96, TLI =0.95, RMSEA =0.068. The internal consistency coefficients were adequate for each of the dimensions ((( >0.80) ((α >0.70). Conclusion: The ECPP-p is an instrument that presents evidence of internal structure and reliability in the study sample.

Outcomes Assessment in Psychological Treatment: Spanish adaptation of OQ-45 (Outcome Questionnaire) / Evaluación de resultados en el tratamiento psicológico: adaptación española del OQ-45 (Outcome Questionnaire)

Abstract Introduction: The Lambert's Outcomes Questionnaire (OQ-45) is a 45-item self-administered instrument used to measure clinical outcomes in psychotherapy. It measures functioning through three areas: symptoms distress, interpersonal relations and social role. The objective of this paper is to assess the reliability and the validity of its Spanish version. Method: A sample of 639 subjects, non-clinical and clinical, completed the instrument. Results: The psychometric evidences of the questionnaire showed an adequate internal consistency (.97 and .91) and acceptable convergent validity with the BDI, STAI, PSS and SF-12. The Confirmatory Factor Analyses suggested a bifactor structure. The cut-off points have been established for the subscales and total score (54.5), considering the clinical criterion, which means, prioritizing slightly the sensibility over the specificity. The RCI was 3.80 and Minimum Change Score 17.56. Conclusion: The OQ-45 showed acceptable psychometric properties, providing support for using this version of the questionnaire to assess Spanish's functionality. Given these findings, this tool could help clinicians evaluate treatment efficacy and establish psychotherapy goals.

Resumen Introducción: El instrumento Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45) desarrollado por Lambert, se trata de una escala auto-administrada de 45-ítems que se utiliza para medir los resultados clínicos en psicoterapia. Esta herramienta evalúa el funcionamiento por medio de tres áreas: síntomas de malestar, relaciones interpersonales y rol social. El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar la fiabilidad y la validez de la versión española. Método: Una muestra de 639 personas, clínica y no clínica, cumplimentaron dicho instrumento. Resultados: Las evidencias psicométricas del cuestionario mostraron una consistencia interna adecuada (.97 y .91) y una validez convergente aceptable con las siguientes escalas: BDI, STAI, PSS y SF-12. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios han sugerido una estructura bifactorial. Los puntos de corte se han establecido para las subescalas y la puntuación total (54.5), teniendo en cuenta el criterio clínico, lo que significa que se ha priorizado ligeramente la sensibilidad sobre la especificidad. El RCI ha sido de 3.80 y la puntuación mínima de cambio de 17.56. Conclusión: El OQ-45 ha mostrado propiedades psicométricas aceptables, que apoyan el uso de esta versión para valorar la funcionalidad de los españoles y, como consecuencia, podría ayudar a los clínicos a evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento y establecer objetivos en psicoterapia.

Comportamiento innovador en el trabajo: Análisis factorial confirmatorio de la Escala de Janssen / Innovative work behavior: Confirmatory factorial analysis of Janssen's Scale

Resumen El comportamiento laboral innovador constituye un complejo conjunto de acciones tendientes a la generación (producción de ideas novedosas y útiles), promoción (socialización y construcción de coaliciones entre aliados potenciales necesarios para desarrollarlas) y realización (desarrollo efectivo de la innovación) de ideas novedosas. Entre los instrumentos diseñados para medir este constructo, la Escala de Comportamiento Laboral Innovador de Janssen se destaca como uno de los más utilizados en las investigaciones contemporáneas. No obstante, aún no existe consenso respecto a su estructura factorial. Este estudio presenta evidencias de validez interna de su adaptación para Argentina. Se diseñó un estudio instrumental sobre una muestra multiocupacional de 543 trabajadores (64 % mujeres; .edad = 35.32 años; .antigüedad laboral = 8.78 años). Mediante análisis factoriales confirmatorios se contrastaron tres modelos de medida elaborados con base en la teoría y la evidencia empírica: (a) un modelo unifactorial, (b) un modelo trifactorial oblicuo y, (c) un modelo trifactorial con un factor de segundo orden. Los índices de ajuste absoluto, incremental y parsimonioso fueron adecuados para los tres modelos. No obstante, se encontraron coeficientes de correlación entre los factores latentes superiores a 1, lo que indicó que los dos últimos modelos no eran inválidos. No se encontró evidencia que sustente la validez discriminante-convergente y la confiabilidad de las supuestas tres dimensiones del comportamiento innovador. Con base en estos hallazgos, se concluye que el modelo de medida unifactorial constituye la solución más idónea en la muestra analizada, presentando adecuada confiabilidad compuesta e invarianza configural y métrica entre varones y mujeres.

Abstract Innovative work behaviour is defined as the intentional creation, introduction and application of new ideas within a work role, group or organization, in order to benefit role performance, the group, or the organization. Following Janssen (2000), it is conceive as complex behaviour consisting of a set of three different behavioural tasks: idea generation (the production of novel and useful ideas in any domain), idea promotion (the socialization of ideas and built of a coalition of supporters among potential allies such as friends and sponsors, who provide the necessary power and resources to develop the idea), and idea realization (the production of a prototype or model of the innovation that can be experienced and ultimately applied). Although innovative work behaviour is theoretically treated as multi-dimensional, available measures are mostly one-dimensional. Also, the empirical evidence for the validity of innovative work behaviour measures is limited. The Innovative Work Behavior Scale of Janssen (2000) stands out as one of the most measures used in contemporary research. However, there is still no consensus regarding its uni or tri-factorial structure. This study presents evidence of internal validity of the Janssen´s Innovative Work Behavior Scale. An instrumental study was designed on a multi-oupational sample of 543 workers (64 % women, .age = 35.32 years, labor .seniority = 8.78 years). Innovative work behaviours were measured with an argentinean adaptation of Janssen ´s scale. The scale consist in 9 item and it was completed by the own respondents (self-report). The response format was a 5-point scale ranging from 'never' (1) to 'always' (5). Confirmatory factorial analysis were conducted to examinate the scale´s dimensionality. Three measurement models (based on theory and empirical evidence) was estimated: (a) a uni-factorial model, (b) an oblique tri-factorial model and, (c) a tri-factorial model with a second-order factor. Values of absolute, incremental and parsimonious fit were within adequated ranges. Nevertheless, the correlation coefficients between the latent factors indicated problems in the estimation of the last two models (b and c). Specifically, the intercorrelations between idea realization and idea generation factor, as well as between the last one and idea promotion were above 1. This result indicated that a multi-dimensional structure was invalidate. In the same way, the average variance extracted (AVE) and the composite reliability (CR) indixes showed no evidence to support the discriminant-convergent validity and the reliability of the supposed three dimensions of innovative behavior. Given these results, it is concluded that the uni-factorial measurement model is the most suitable solution in the analyzed sample. This model showed adequate composite reliability, as well as configural and metric invariance between men and women. In line with own Janssen (2000) the dimensions may be to combine additively to create an overall scale of innovative work behavior. Future work should explore the nomological network of innovatiwe work behaviours in order to obtain more robust evidence for construct validity. Although some further research is needed, this study has tried to provide evidence of internal validity of a simple and pratical measure that is suitable for different work contexts, especially when innovative efforts are needed from all employees. It can be used in further research aimed to enhance our understanding of individual innovation.

Estructura factorial de la versión mexicana del Inventario de Depresión de Beck II en población general del sureste mexicano / Factorial Structure of Mexican Version of the Beck Depression Inventory II in General Population of Mexican Southeastern

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la estructura factorial del cuestionario BDI-II en población abierta del sureste de México. Método: Se recolectaron aplicaciones del BDI-II en una muestra de 3701 habitantes del municipio de Oaxaca de Juárez de siete colonias diferentes. Se describen las características generales de la población y se contrasta el ajuste de la estructura a los datos de la muestra con cinco estructuras factoriales propuestas en estudios de validación psicométrica anteriores por medio del análisis factorial confirmatorio. Así mismo, se determinó la confiabilidad total de la prueba. Resultados: El análisis confirmatorio muestra que los datos se ajustan a la estructura teórica propuesta por Beck, Steer y Brown con dos modificaciones. Las otras estructuras analizadas tienen índices de ajuste menos satisfactorios. La confiabilidad total de la prueba fue de .92. Discusión y conclusión: Se discuten algunas razones por las cuales los resultados de este trabajo difieren de los reportados en investigaciones anteriores y la importancia del análisis psicométrico adecuado para pruebas utilizadas en distintas poblaciones de estudio.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the factorial structure of the BDI-II questionnaire in the open population of southeastern Mexico. Method: BDI-II applications were collected in a sample of 3,701 inhabitants of the municipality of Oaxaca de Juarez from seven different colonies. The general characteristics of the population are described and the adjustment of the structure to the data of the sample is contrasted with five factorial structures proposed in previous psychometric validation studies by means of confirmatory factor analysis. Likewise, the total reliability of the test was determined. Results: The confirmatory analysis shows that the data conform to the theoretical structure proposed by Beck, Steer and Brown with two modifications. The other structures analyzed have less satisfactory adjustment indices. The total reliability of the test was .92. Discussion and conclusion: We discuss some reasons why the results of this work differ from those reported in previous research and the importance of adequate psychometric analysis for tests used in different study populations.

Tenacidad en estudiantes universitarios chilenos: Un estudio inicial de su estructura y red nomológica / Grit in Chilean university students: An initial study of its structure and nomological network

En los últimos años ha surgido un creciente interés por indagar el rol de las habilidades no cognitivas, como la tenacidad, en el desempeño académico. Si bien la investigación sobre tenacidad no ha generado aún conclusiones definitivas, debe considerarse que ella no ha incluido a poblaciones latinoamericanas. Ante este panorama, este estudio inicial se propuso examinar en estudiantes universitarios chilenos de pedagogía en matemáticas: (1) la estructura interna de la tenacidad y (2) su posición en una red nomológica integrada por desempeño académico, sexo, edad y años en el programa educativo. Un total de 153 estudiantes de la Universidad de La Frontera, una institución estatal chilena, respondió la Escala Corta de Tenacidad y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Análisis factoriales exploratorios revelaron que la tenacidad adquiere una configuración unidimensional que posee una adecuada consistencia interna. Además, adoptando una relación no lineal semejante a una curva hiperbólica, niveles altos de tenacidad se vincularon con desempeño académico alto, en tanto que niveles bajos o moderados se vincularon con desempeño bajo. Finalmente, la tenacidad apareció asociada con sexo (las mujeres mostraron más tenacidad que los hombres) y, en una relación directa, con los años en el programa. Tenacidad no correlacionó significativamente con edad. Este conjunto de hallazgos, que discrepan mayormente de aquellos reportados en la literatura, son discutidos principalmente en términos del dominio disciplinar previo de los participantes y/o de la dificultad del programa educativo. Se proponen explicaciones para estos hallazgos a fin de que sean evaluadas en estudios futuros, empleando un enfoque confirmatorio.

Traditionally, academic performance has been linked to intelligence and some other student´s cognitive abilities. However, in recent 4 years we have witnessed a growing interest in expanding this view by investigating the role that other non-cognitive skills, such as tenacity, may play in academic achievement. Grit can conceptually be conceived as perseverance and passion aimed at achieving long-term goals. A review of the literature shows that grit does not appear to be configured, as some authors claim, as a hierarchical structure with a general second-order construct and two first-order facets (perseverance of effort and consistency of interest). The literature also points out that grit is only a modest predictor of academic performance and that it presents a slightly positive correlation with age and a very weak one with sex and the students' number of years in an academic program. While research on grit has not yet generated any definitive conclusions, it must be considered that it has not included Latin American populations. Given this scenario, this initial study aimed to examine in mathematics teacher Chilean students (1) the internal structure of grit and (2) their position in a nomological network integrated by academic achievement, sex, age and years enrolled in the program. Participants consisted in the total population (n = 153) of students enrolled in a mathematics teacher program at Universidad de La Frontera, a public institution located in the Central-South area from Chile. The program was selected because it presents a high level of difficulty to its students and because it includes highly formalized tasks, as part of its disciplinary courses. Participants responded the Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) and a demographic questionnaire. In this study, Grit-Swas previously translated and adapted into Spanish from the original English version. Grit-Scontains eight items intended to measure the two facets of grit. Exploratory factorial analysis revealed that, after excluding two items due to low factor loadings (items No. 1 and 2), grit presented a one-dimensional configuration, with an adequate internal consistency (ordinal Alpha: .80). A positive linear correlation, although marginally significant, was obtained between grit and academic achievement, r(143)= .12, p =.069, d = .24. However, a planned contrast revealed that a nonlinear relationship, similar to a hyperbolic curve, better explains the link between these two variables. Specifically, this analysis showed that students in the upper grit quintile obtained a significantly higher grade point average than the combined grade point average of the remaining grit quintiles, t(138) =1.87, p = .032, d = .32. This result suggests that academic achievement remains reduced when grit level is low or moderate and only increases when grit level is high. A multiple regression analysis indicated that sex, age and number of years in the program account for 12.6% of grit variance, F(3, 149) = 7.15, p < .001, d = .76. Sex significantly contributed to the prediction (β =.198, p = .011, d = .38) with women, (M = 3.77,dt = .61) reporting higher levels of grit than men (M = 3.53, dt = .69). Whereas age did not significantly contribute to the prediction (β =.102, p = .206), the number of years in the program showed a significant direct association with grit (β = .261, p = .001, d = .60. Due to the originality of these findings, most differing from those reported in the literature, this study offers tentative explanations that future research could use to formulate and empirically test new hypotheses using, hopefully, a confirmatory approach. These possible explanations mainly refer to the participants' previous level of mathematic mastery and/or the level of difficulty demanded by the educational program.

Reliability and validity of the Farsi version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) with Iranian psychiatric outpatients / Confiabilidade e validade da versão persa do Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) em pacientes psiquiátricos ambulatoriais iranianos

Abstract Introduction: The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a brief screening and diagnostic tool for depression. It has been used in research and clinical practice in primary care and other clinical and non-clinical settings. The PHQ-9 has not had its validity examined in psychiatric and psychological settings in Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the validation of the Farsi version of the PHQ-9. A convenience sample of 130 Iranian volunteer psychiatric outpatients was selected from psychiatric and psychological clinics. They completed the PHQ-9, the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15), the World Health Organization-five Well-Being Index (WHO-5), and the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory-13 (BDI-13). Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Cronbach's α, Pearson correlation coefficient, principal component analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Mean score of the PHQ-9 was 12.83 (standard deviation = 6.25), indicating moderately severe depression in the sample. Cronbach's α coefficient for PHQ-9 was 0.88, and one-week test-retest reliability 0.79. The PHQ-9 correlated 0.64 with PHQ-15, −0.35 with WHO-5, and 0.70 with BDI-13, indicating good construct and criterion-related validity. The results of the factor analysis of PHQ-9 items identified and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a single factor labeled general depression. Conclusions: The PHQ-9 appears to have a unidimensional structure, adequate validity and reliability, and can be useful in epidemiological/research settings. Based on previous literature and on the present findings, the PHQ-9 may have applicability to other contexts in the studied population, but this needs to be confirmed by other studies.

Resumo Introdução: O Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) é uma ferramenta breve de triagem e diagnóstico para depressão. Tem sido usado em pesquisa e na prática clínica primária e em outros contextos clínicos e não clínicos. O PHQ-9 não teve sua validade examinada em contextos psiquiátricos e psicológicos no Irã. Métodos: Um estudo transversal foi conduzido para investigar a validação da versão persa do PHQ-9. Uma amostra de conveniência de 130 pacientes psiquiátricos ambulatoriais iranianos foi selecionada em clínicas psiquiátricas e psicológicas. Os pacientes completaram o PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15), the World Health Organization-five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) e a forma abreviada do Beck Depression Inventory-13 (BDI-13). Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva, α de Cronbach, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, análise de componentes principais e análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória. Resultados: O escore médio do PHQ-9 foi 12,83 (desvio padrão=6,25), indicando depressão moderadamente severa na amostra. O α de Cronbach para PHQ-9 foi 0,88, e a confiabilidade teste-reteste de uma semana 0,79. O PHQ-9 apresentou correlação de 0,64 com PHQ-15, −0,35 com WHO-5 e 0,70 com BDI-13, indicando boa validade do construto e dos critérios relacionados. Os resultados da análise fatorial dos itens do PHQ-9 identificaram, e a análise fatorial confirmatória confirmou, um único fator, chamado depressão geral. Conclusões: O PHQ-9 parece ter uma estrutura unidimensional, validade e confiabilidade adequadas, e pode ser útil em contextos epidemiológicos e de pesquisa. Com base na literatura prévia e neste estudo, o PHQ-9 pode ter aplicabilidade em outros contextos na população estudada, mas isso precisa ser confirmado.

The Farsi translation, reliability and validity of the Death Concern Scale / Tradução, confiabilidade e validade da Death Concern Death para a língua persa

Abstract Introduction: Death concern is a conscious contemplation of the reality of death combined with a negative evaluation of that reality. The Death Concern Scale (DCS) is related to thinking, and death fear or anxiety about death. The aim of the present study was to develop a Farsi version of the DCS and to explore its psychometric properties in a sample of Iranian nurses. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the reliability, validity, and factorial structure of the Farsi version of the DCS in a convenience sample of 106 Iranian nurses in two hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The nurses completed the DCS, the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale (CLFDS), the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), the Reasons for Death Fear Scale (RDFS), the Death Depression Scale (DDS), and the Death Obsession Scale (DOS). Results: For the DCS, Cronbach's α was 0.77, the Spearman-Brown coefficient 0.63, the Guttman split-half coefficient 0.62, and two-week test-retest reliability 0.77. The DCS correlated at 0.51 with the CLFDS, 0.52 with the DAS, 0.34 with the RDFS, 0.40 with the DDS, and 0.48 with the DOS, indicating good construct and criterion-related validity. The results of an exploratory factor analysis for the DCS identified seven factors, accounting for 64.30% of the variance and indicating considerable heterogeneity in the content of the items. Conclusions: The Farsi version of the DCS has good validity and reliability, and it can be used in clinical, educational, and research settings to assess death concerns in the Iranian society.

Resumo Introdução: A preocupação com a morte é uma contemplação consciente da realidade da morte combinada com uma avaliação negativa dessa realidade. A Death Concern Scale (DCS) aborda o pensamento, o medo da morte ou a ansiedade em relação à morte. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma versão da DCS na língua persa e explorar suas propriedades psicométricas em uma amostra de enfermeiros iranianos. Métodos: Um estudo transversal foi conduzido para investigar a confiabilidade, validade e estrutura fatorial da versão persa da DCS em uma amostra de conveniência de 106 enfermeiros iranianos em dois hospitais de Teerã, no Irã. Os enfermeiros completaram os seguintes instrumentos: DCS, Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale (CLFDS), Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), Reasons for Death Fear Scale (RDFS), Death Depression Scale (DDS) e Death Obsession Scale (DOS). Resultados: Para a DCS, o α de Cronbach foi 0,77, o coeficiente de Spearman-Brown 0,63, o coeficiente split-half de Guttman 0,62 e a confiabilidade teste-reteste de duas semanas 0,77. A DCS apresentou correlação de 0,51 com CLFDS, 0,52 com DAS, 0,34 com RDFS, 0,40 com DDS e 0,48 com a DOS, indicando a qualidade do construto e a validade dos critérios relacionados. Os resultados de uma análise fatorial exploratória para a DCS identificaram sete fatores, respondendo por 64,30% da variância e indicando uma heterogeneidade considerável no conteúdo dos itens. Conclusões: A versão persa da DCS tem boa validade e confiabilidade e pode ser usada em contextos clínicos, educacionais e de pesquisa para avaliar preocupação com a morte na sociedade iraniana.

Reliability, validity, and factorial structure of the World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) in Iranian psychiatric outpatients / Confiabilidade, validade e estrutura fatorial do World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) em pacientes psiquiátricos ambulatoriais iranianos

Abstract Introduction: The association between psychological well-being and physical and mental health has been shown in the literature. Psychological well-being is a multifaceted concept. The World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) is a 5-item instrument used to screen for depression. However, the validity of the WHO-5 has not been investigated in Iranian psychiatric or psychological settings. Objective: To investigate the validation of the Farsi version of the WHO-5 in a sample of Iranian psychiatric outpatients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 116 Iranian volunteer psychiatric outpatients selected from the psychiatric and psychological clinics at the School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health - Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences. Patients completed the WHO-5, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15), and the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory-13 (BDI-13). Results: The mean score of the WHO-5 was 8.95 (standard deviation [SD] = 5.49). Cronbach's α for the WHO-5 was 0.91. The WHO-5 negatively correlated with PHQ-9 (-0.358), PHQ-15 (-0.328), and BDI-13 (-0.475), indicating good validity. Factor analysis of the WHO-5 items identified one factor labeled psychological well-being. Conclusions: The WHO-5 has a single dimensional structure and acceptable psychometric parameters. The results of this study suggest that WHO-5 can be used in a clinical context in Iran.

Resumo Introdução: A associação entre bem-estar psicológico e saúde física e mental tem sido demonstrada na literatura. Bem-estar psicológico é um conceito multifacetado. O World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) é um instrumento composto por 5 itens utilizado para avaliar depressão. No entanto, a validade do WHO-5 não foi investigada em contextos psiquiátricos ou psicológicos iranianos. Objetivo: Investigar a validade da versão persa do WHO-5 em uma amostra de pacientes psiquiátricos ambulatoriais iranianos. Métodos: Um estudo transversal foi conduzido com uma amostra de conveniência composta por 116 pacientes psiquiátricos ambulatoriais iranianos voluntários selecionados nas clínicas psiquiátrica e psicológica da School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences. Os pacientes completaram o WHO-5, o Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), o Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) e a versão abreviada do Beck Depression Inventory-13 (BDI-13). Resultados: O escore médio obtido no WHO-5 foi de 8,95 (desvio padrão = 5,49). O alfa de Cronbach para o WHO-5 foi 0,91. O WHO-5 se correlacionaram negativamente com o PHQ-9 (-0,358), o PHQ-15 (-0,328) e o BDI-13 (-0,475), indicando validade adequada. A análise fatorial dos itens do WHO-5 identificaram um único fator, a saber, bem-estar psicológico. Conclusão: O WHO-5 tem uma estrutura dimensional única e parâmetros psicométricos aceitáveis. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o WHO-5 pode ser usado em contextos clínicos no Irã.

The Factorial Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Persian Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire

BACKGROUND: With global changes in the current state of work and employment, the role of health-adverse psychosocial work environments has received increasing attention in developed as well as in rapidly developing countries. Thus, there is a need to apply valid measurement tools for monitoring and preventive purposes. This study aims to examine the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) questionnaire, assessing one of the internationally leading concepts of stressful work. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study of a random sample of 202 white collar employees in an industrial company in Iran analyzes the ERI scales by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Moreover, aspects of construct and criterion validity are tested. To this end, correlations of ERI scales with subscales of organizational injustice, a complementary work stress model, and also the correlations of ERI scales with a questionnaire assessing psychosomatic symptoms are performed. RESULTS: Internal consistency of the three ERI scales was satisfactory (Cronbach α effort: 0.76, reward: 0.79, overcommitment: 0.75). Fit indices of confirmatory factor analysis pointed to an adequate representation of the theoretical construct (e.g., adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI): 0.73, goodness of fit index (GFI): 0.78). Negative correlations with subscales of organizational injustice supported the notion of construct validity of the ERI scales, and positive correlations of ERI scales with psychosomatic symptoms indicated preliminary criterion validity. CONCLUSION: The Persian version of the ERI questionnaire has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used as a valid instrument in research on this topic.

Propiedades psicométricas del Work Preference Inventory (WPI) en una muestra de adultos jóvenes mexicanos / Psychometric properties of the Work Preference Inventory (WPI) in a sample of young Mexican adults

Resumen El presente trabajo analiza las propiedades psicométricas del Work Preference Inventory (WPI; Amabile, Hill, Hennessey & Tighe, 1994) traducido al español, en una muestra de 762 participantes mexicanos de entre 17 y 27 años. La consistencia interna del instrumento indica un alfa de Cronbach general de 0.72, así como de 0.71 para la escala de motivación intrínseca y de 0.69 para la de motivación extrínseca. Se realizaron análisis factoriales para agrupar los reactivos en dos escalas primarias y cuatro secundarias. Además, se hizo la baremación a partir de la muestra estudiada. Los resultados indican que el WPI es un instrumento válido y confiable para medir la motivación en poblaciones universitarias.

Abstract In the present study was analyzed the psychometric properties of the Work Preference Inventory (WPI; Amabile, Hill, Hennessey & Tighe, 1994) translated into Spanish, in a sample of 762 Mexican participants between 17 and 27 years old. The internal consistency of the instrument indicates a general Cronbach alpha of 0.72, as well as 0.71 and 0.69 for intrinsic and extrinsic motivation scales, respectively. Factor analyzes were performed to pool the items in two primary and four secondary scales. In addition, the norms were developed ​​from the study sample. The results indicate that the WPI is a valid and reliable instrument to measure motivation in college populations.

Los Estudios de la Migración Laboral: Estructura Factorial Exploratoria Del Estigma Laboral

El objetivo es establecer la confiabilidad y la validez de un instrumento que midió el estigma laboral. Se realizó un estudio no experimental, transversal y exploratorio con una selección no probabilística de 432 estudiantes de una universidad pública del Estado de México. A través de un modelo estructural ⌠χ2 = 303,205 (28) p = 0,017; GFI = 0,953; NFI = 0,973; RFI = 0,918; IFI = 0,917; TLI = 0,979; CFI = 0,908; RMSEA = 0,007⌡se encontró que el indicador EFL4 reflejó al factor del estigma formativo laboral (ß = 0,70), y el indicador ECL1 reflejó al factor del estigma de la calidad laboral (ß = 0,60). Se recomienda incluir en el modelo al estigma social, considerando que el clima de relaciones es preponderante sobre el clima de tareas, así como la extensión del estudio con grupos migrantes respecto a la formación y la calidad del desempeño de grupos oriundos.

Objective. The purpose of the study was to establish the reliability and validity of an instrument measured the labor stigma from two dimensions on training and performance quality. Method. From the question and alluding to the adjustment of the theoretical dimensions of labor stigma regarding factors weighted hypothesis, conducted a non- experimental, transversal and exploratory study with a nonrandom selection of 432 students from a public university in the State from Mexico. Results. Through a structural model ⌠χ2 = 303.205 (28) p = 0.017; GFI = 0.953; NFI = 0.973; RFI = 0.918; IFI = 0.917; TLI = 0.979; CFI = 0.908; RMSEA = 0,007⌡se found that EFL4 indicator showed the labor training stigma factor (ß = 0.70) and ECL1 indicator reflected the stigma factor of labor quality (ß = 0.60). Discussion. It is recommended to include in the model of social stigma, considering that the climate of relations is prevailing climate of tasks according to the literature reviewed, and the extension of the study with migrant groups to training and quality performance of native groups.

Escala de condutas antissociais e delitivas: estrutura fatorial da versão portuguesa / Scale of antisocial and criminal conducts: factorial structure of the portuguese version

ResumoA Escala de Condutas Antissociais e Delitivas tem vindo a ser usada em vários países como uma medida comportamental do desvio juvenil, evidenciando resultados muito consistentes. Este artigo apresenta e discute a análise da validade empírica da estrutura fatorial da sua versão Portuguesa. A amostra foi constituída por 443 estudantes, 305 do sexo feminino e 138 do sexo masculino, com idades compreendidas entre os 15 e os 23 anos de idade (M = 14,8; DP = 1,90; Mo = 20), maioritariamente de nacionalidade portuguesa (92,1%). Em 60,6% dos casos os/as estudantes frequentavam a universidade. Os resultados sugerem a adequação psicométrica do instrumento, corroborando a estrutura bifatorial proposta em estudos prévios. São discutidas as potencialidades da utilização do instrumento em Portugal (AU).

AbstractThe Scale of Antisocial and Criminal Conducts has been used in several countries as a behavioral measure, showing very consistent results. This paper presents and discusses the analysis of the empirical validity of the factorial structure of its Portuguese version. The sample was comprised of 443 students, 305 female and 138 male, aged between 15 and 23 years (M = 14.8; SD = 1.90; Mo = 20), mostly Portuguese (92%), and 60.6% were college students. Results suggest the psychometric adequacy of instrument, confirming the bi-factorial structure proposed in previous studies. Advantages of its use with the Portuguese population are discussed (AU).

Escala de bienestar de Ryff: análisis comparativo de los modelos teóricos en distintos grupos de edad / Ryff scale of well-being: factorial structure of theoretical models in different age groups

La escala de bienestar psicológico surge a partir del modelo multidimensional propuesto por Ryff (1989). Pese a su amplia utilización, su estructura teórica inicial no ha sido confirmada completamente, debido a que se han encontrado otro tipo de soluciones factoriales distintas a las 6 dimensiones propuestas por la autora. Estas divergencias podrían estar relacionadas al tipo de muestras y poblaciones utilizadas. Ante esto, la siguiente investigación compara el ajuste factorial de los modelos tradicionalmente aplicados de corrección en distintos grupos en edad adulta. Se describen las propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación al español realizada por Díaz et al. (2006), analizando los niveles de confiabilidad (consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal) y estructura factorial confirmatoria, en datos de 1646 personas entre 18 y 90 años de edad. Se encuentran diferencias en los indicadores de confiabilidad para la escala total y las dimensiones, así como en los indicadores de bondad de ajuste dependiendo del grupo de edad. El modelo que presenta mejores indicadores de ajuste en la mayoría de los rangos etarios evaluados fue el de seis factores de primer orden.

The scale of psychological well-being arises from the multidimensional model proposed by Ryff (1989). Despite its wide use, its initial theoretical structure has not been completely confirmed because other factorial solutions which are different from those 6 dimensions proposed by the author have been found. These differences may be related to the type of sample and population used. Given this fact, the current study compares the adjustment factor of correction models traditionally used in different groups of adults. We describe the psychometric properties of the Spanish adaptation done by Díaz et al. (2006) and analyze the levels of reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability) and confirmatory factorial structure with data from 1,646 people aged from 18 to 90 years old. Differences are found in the indicators of reliability for the total scale and its dimensions as well as in the indicators of goodness of fit depending on the age group. The model that presents the best indicators of adjustment for most age ranges evaluated was the one of six first-order factors.

Una medida de la conducta desviada: Verificación Empírica de la Estructura Factorial en Reclusos de Brasil

En el ámbito delictivo, se destaca el comportamiento antisocial y criminal, que a pesar de la diversidad de conceptos que se les asignan, se destacan como antecedentes de la criminalidad. Con base en estudios de la conducta desviada en Brasil en sujetos no criminales, esta investigación tiene como objetivo determinar, a partir de un análisis confirmatorio de factores, la adecuación estructural y coherencia con respecto de la conducta antisocial y delictiva en una muestra de reclusos. La muestra estuvo conformada por 355 participantes, hombres y mujeres condenados por diversos tipos de delitos y detenidos en la prisión Profesor Jacy Assis en Uberlândia-MG. Después de generar el modelo propuesto en GRAFICS AMOS, se encontró que, además de confirmar la estructura bifactorial de la conducta desviada, los indicadores psicométricos demostraron mejor grado de ajuste que los encontrados en estudios con sujetos no penales.

The antisocial and criminal behaviors are prominences in criminality contrast, which can be pointed out as antecedent of crime, although the diversity of concepts that are attributed to them. The present study, take as orientation studies about deviant behaviors in Brazil in not criminal individuals, wich objective is verify, from a confirmatory factorial analysis, the adequacy and structural consistency referring to the antisocial and criminal behaviors for a prisoners' sample. It was composed by 355 men and women, sentenced for different types of rimes in Professor Jacy de Assis Penitentiary in Uberlândia ­ MG. The model proposed in AMOS GRAFICS observed that, beyond the confirmation of the bifactorial structure of the deviant behaviors, the psychometric indicators demonstrated better degree of adjustment than the indicators founded in studies with not criminal individuals

Modelagem estrutural da escala de atividades de hábitos de lazer em jovens: comprovação em diferentes contextos escolares no Brasil / Structural modeling of the scale habits of leisure activities in youth: Evidence in different school contexts in Brazil

Neste estudo pretende-se avaliar a consistência estrutural da escala das atividades dos hábitos de lazer em diferentes contextos sócio-escolares. Desenvolvida por Formiga, Bonato e Sarriera (2011), esta escala avalia os hábitos cotidianos favorecedores de equilíbrio entre o pensar e fazer da prática do repouso e relações sociais quando em momento da diversão. Sujeitos masculinos e femininos, do nível fundamental e médio, de 13 a 18 anos de idade de uma escola particular e pública da cidade de João Pessoa-PB, compuseram o estudo. Eles responderam a escala das atividades de hábitos de lazer nas salas de aula. No programa AMOS GRAFICS (versão 16.0), efetuou-se a análise de modelagem de equação estrutural e observaram-se indicadores estatísticos que confirmaram a mesma estrutura fatorial da escala, já encontrados em estudos anteriores, corroborando o seu uso para o contexto brasileiro.

This study aims to evaluate the structural consistency of the scale of activities of leisure habits in different socio-schoolers contexts. Developed by Formiga, Bonato and Sarriera (2011), this scale assesses the daily habits that make easier the balance between thinking and doing the practice of resting and social relations at fun times. Male and female subjects, elementary and secondary level from 13 to 18 years old from a private and public schools in Joao Pessoa, composed the study. They answered the scale of activities of leisure habits in the classroom. In AMOS Software (version 16.0), we performed the analysis of structural equation modeling and statistical indicators have shown the same factor structure, as found in previous studies, supporting its use in the Brazilian context.

A BATTERY OF FIELD TESTS FOR PREDICTING THE GENERAL PHYSICAL FITNESS LEVEL OF MALE PARAPLEGICS IN ACTIVE DAILY LIFE / 体力科学

<b>Purpose:</b> To investigate the factorial structure of physical fitness of male paraplegics with thoracic or lumbar spinal cord injury and to develop a battery of field tests for predicting their general physical fitness level.<b>Methods:</b> Fifty-three active male paraplegics with spinal cord injury (PSCI) (age range: 18-54; spinal cord injury level: T4 to L4) were examined. Thirteen feasible variables were selected using physical fitness components based on the International Committee for the Standardization of Physical Fitness Tests and previous PSCI studies. Factor analysis was applied to 14 variables; 13 of these involved physical fitness tests stratified by age to determine the factorial structure of physical fitness variables. Multiple regression analysis was performed to obtain a linear regression equation using a representative variable for each factor in the factorial structure as an independent variable. A first principal component score was obtained by principal component analysis using each variable as a dependent variable.<b>Results:</b> For factorial structure, wheelchair driving ability (3-minute shuttle run), body composition (sebum thickness), respiratory function (vital capacity) and shoulder joint extension force factors were obtained. The results of multiple regression analysis involved 5 variables (the 4 above-mentioned variables plus age); and the first principal component score of each subject from all variables provided a significant linear regression equation (r = 0.934, <i>P</i> ＜0.01) when the body composition factor was excluded.<b>Conclusions:</b> The representative measurement variables obtained from the factorial structure allowed for the development of a battery of field tests for predicting general physical fitness level of PSCI.

Caracterización del nivel de dependencia al alcohol entre habitantes de la Ciudad de México

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Summary: The dynamic and scope of the consumption of alcoholic beverages, in Mexico, have been known by household surveys, since the last third of the last century. Nowadays those surveys describe alcohol use as one of the main public health tasks nationwide, due not only to its consequences but also to the damage on the different areas of individual's everyday life. A number of indicators have been highlighted by the first survey on 1988, such as teetotalism rates, the alcohol consumers proportion, age of first use, and problems associated with alcohol consumption. As a public health problem, alcohol consumption represents high costs to health institutions because of the problems related to the consumption. So, it requires undertaking certain actions that would be deal with this problem on primary and structural attention, as well as in the individual susceptibility as prevention, or attention levels, diagnosis and treatment. All actions to face this problem are practically impossible in the absence of instruments to establish differential diagnosis between heavy drinking and alcohol dependence. Along the study of alcoholism, have been distinguished two issues to establish differential diagnosis. First is a traditional version of dependence diagnosis by DSM criterions, defined as disadaptative pattern of alcohol consumption that produces significant malaise, expressed trough one year long. The second diagnosis issue quantifies the individual differences of physical, psychological and social damage degrees, caused by the alcohol consumption. From this, appears the motion of Multiple Alcoholism Syndrome. From this last point of view, The Alcohol Use Inventary by Skinner, Horn and Wanberg (1983), is compose by 147 items self administrated, clusted in 24 scales. Time latter, as of many researches done by this research group, aroused The Multiple-syndrome Alcohol Model as The Alcohol Use Inventary simplified version, used as a useful differential diagnosis questionnaire in alcoholics. There for, last version has been done many researches that agree on characterize the alcohol use inventory as screening questionnaire useful to detect problematic drinking to implement primary intervention. Those authors suggest the use of this questionnaire at different stages and populations, with different cut points. Antecedent's use of the questionnaire in Mexico, by Ayala et al., made the adapted version, however, researches seems to be not enough to know the validity of diagnostic instruments on ethanol dependence. The Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) consider the dependence as a continuum of four levels, depending on the damage degree associated with alcohol consumption, on the different areas of physical, intellectual, social and psychiatric functioning. In the questionnaire 1 is the minimum cut point for dependence diagnostic and 48 as the highest point, this rank lets differentiate with respect to low dependence, moderate dependence, substantial dependence and severe dependence. This article pretends to diffuse the EDS's validity on inhabitants in Mexico City. As methodology, a case design and 1:1 paired controls were used by age and marital status. Through a not intentioned sampling by quotas were selected 240 men of 18 to 50 years old. The cases group was integrated by 120 individuals that voluntarily sought treatment at the Center of Assistance for the Alcoholic and Relatives (CAAF) from June, 1998 to June, 2000. All cases comply with DSM-IV alcohol dependence criterion; they reported the last consumption at one month before the beginning of the research and with basic school as scholar level. In the control group were 120 volunteers that request treatment to CAAF from June, 1998 to June, 2000. They did not comply with alcohol dependence criterion. As gold standard, was considered the DSM-IV criteria to sensibility, specificity and predictive values; the factorial structure and internal consistency of the scale are indicated. Socio-demographic data indicated 34 years old as sample average, just over the half had a partner at the time of the study; the predominant education level was secondary school (35%). In the cases the 86% covered 6 to 7 criteria for ethanol dependence in the DSM-IV; the predominant dependence level was moderate at 37%, while 53% of the control group had no evidence of dependence. The heterogeneity test showed significant statistics differences on dependence levels in cases and controls (t=23, df=238 and p=0.00). The ADS displays overall internal consistency of 0.96, based on the Cronbach Reliability Coefficient, a higher level of consistency than that reported in previous studies. With a factorial analysis by varimax rotation and maximum likelihood extraction, revealed the presence of three factors with 56.5% of variance explained: intoxication (48.3%), abstinence (5.6%) and delirium tremens. In the application manual, the authors specify 13/14 as values to use the DAS as a diagnosis questionnaire, and 9 for a screening instrument. While other authors suggest less cut points 13/14 to 2/3 to reduce the false-negative; however, on Mexico City inhabitants, such cut points were inappropriate. The most suitable cut point to detect a significant dependence on clinical was at 8 points, with 96% sensitivity, 98% specificity and a 94% likelihood of making correct diagnoses. These findings show that DAS is a suitable screening instrument for using on Mexico City inhabitants. We suggest including items to evaluate social area or any other scale to complement the ADS.

Factores involucrados en la adhesión al tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo II en una muestra de pacientes diabéticos de la zona norte de Costa Rica: un estudio psicométrico / Factors involved in the adhesion to the treatment of the diabetes mellitus type II in a sample of diabetic patients of the north zone of Costa Rica: a psychometric study

Se probó la Escala de Adhesión al Tratamiento de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo II-versión III (EATDM-III©), la cual estaba compuesta por los factores apoyo familiar, organización y apoyo comunal, ejercicio físico, control médico, higiene y autocuidado, dieta y valoración de la condición física. La investigación se realizó en centros de salud públicos de la zona norte de Costa Rica, y se aplicó a una muestra de 59 personas de ambos géneros entre febrero y marzo de 2006. El instrumento demostró una confiabilidad alta (á=0,92). Se obtuvieron correlaciones significativas (p<0,05) entre cada factor y en la relación factores-escala total. La EATDM-III© es un instrumento valioso para medir la adhesión al tratamiento en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo II.

The Adhesion to the Treatment of the Diabetes Mellitus type II (EATDM-III©) scale was proved, which was composed by the factors Familiar Support, Organization and Communal Support, Physical Exercise, Medical checkup, Hygiene and Self-Care, Diet and Valuation of the Physical Training Conditions. The investigation was made in public health centers of the North Zone of Costa Rica, n=59, both genders, it takes place during February-March of 2006. The instrument demonstrated a high reliability (á=0,92). Significant correlations were obtained (p<0,05) between each factor and in the total relation factor-Scale. The EATDM-III© is an valuable instrument to measure the adhesion to the treatment in people with Diabetes Mellitus type II.

Activity groupings reflecting functional characteristics required in daily life in institutionalized dependent females in the old old elderly group

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>This study aimed to determine the activity groupings reflecting functional characteristics required in daily life for the institutionalized dependent females in the old-old elderly group, by examining the interrelationships of activities based on actual achievement characteristics.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The participants were 697 dependent elderly living at welfare institutions in Japan and 344 old-old females were used for analysis. Factor analysis, based on Promax with the Kaiser Normalization method, was conducted using 74 activities of daily living (ADL) items to determine activity groups. Furthermore, whether each activity group could be classified into sub-groups was confirmed by applying factor analysis to the activities consisting of each activity group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Four activity groups of lower extremity activities, manual activities, changing and holding posture activities, and upper extremity and dexterous manual activities were interpreted. Except for the manual activity group, these activity groups were classified into two sub-groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>These activity groupings were characterized by similarities of the body parts used in achievement and the difficulty of activity. The activity groupings obtained in this study are considered to be useful in ADL assessment focusing on evaluating functional characteristics of the dependent elderly.</p>