Effect of ganoderma spore on mitochondrial autophagy and apoptosis in testicular tissue of diabetic rats / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:As a common complication of diabetes mellitus,male reproductive disorders have received increasing attention in recent years.Ganoderma spore have hypoglycemic,antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects,but the regulatory mechanism for diabetic testicular tissue has not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of ganoderma spore on the PTEN-induced kinase 1/E3 ubiquitin ligase pathway and cell apoptosis in testicular tissue of diabetic rats. METHODS:Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal group,high fat and high sugar group,diabetic group and ganoderma spore group,with 10 rats in each group.The latter three groups were given high fat/high sugar diet until the end of the experiment.After 1 month of high fat/high sugar diet,the diabetic and ganoderma spore groups were given intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(30 mg/kg per day)to establish type 2 diabetic rat models.After successful modeling,the ganoderma spore group was intragastrically given ganoderma spore(300 mg/kg per day),and the other groups were given the same amount of normal saline for continuous 12 weeks.The sperm number and morphology were detected.The histopathological changes of the testicle were observed.Serum testosterone and oxidative stress levels in testicular tissue were measured.The levels of PTEN-induced kinase 1,E3 ubiquitin ligase,and anti-nucleoporin p62 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and the expression of PTEN-induced kinase 1,E3 ubiquitin ligase,anti-nucleoporin p62,programmed cell death-1,microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ,caspase 3,cleaved-caspase 3 were detected by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the normal group and the high fat and high sugar group,the diabetic group had decreased sperm number(P＜0.01),increased sperm malformation rate(P＜0.01),and decreased serum testosterone level(P＜0.01).Compared with the diabetic group,ganoderma spore intervention could increase the sperm number(P＜0.05),decrease the malformation rate(P＜0.01),and increase the serum testosterone level(P＜0.01).Compared with the normal group and the high fat and high sugar group,the malondialdehyde level in testis tissue was increased in the diabetic group(P＜0.01),while the levels of glutathione deoxidase and superoxide dismutase decreased(P＜0.01).Compared with the diabetic group,the malondialdehyde level in testis tissue was decreased in the ganoderma spore group(P＜0.01),and the levels of glutathione deoxidase and superoxide dismutase increased(P＜0.01).Immunohistochemical staining showed that compared with the normal group and the high fat and high sugar group,the positive expressions of PTEN-induced kinase 1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase in testicular tissue were decreased in the diabetic group,while the positive expressions of anti-nucleoporin p62 were increased.Compared with the diabetic group,the positive expressions of PTEN-induced kinase 1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase in testicular tissue e were increased in the ganoderma spore group,while the positive expression of anti-nucleoporin p62 was decreased.Western blot assay results indicated that compared to the normal group and the high fat and high sugar group,the expression of PTEN-induced kinase 1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase,programmed cell death-1 and the ratio of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ protein were decreased in the diabetic group(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01),while the expressions of anti-nucleoporin p62,caspase3 and cleaved-caspase3 were increased(P＜0.01).Compared with the diabetic group,ganoderma spore intervention could elevate the expression of PTEN-induced kinase 1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase,programmed cell death-1 and the ratio of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ protein(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01)as well as reduce the expressions of anti-nucleoporin p62,caspase3 and cleaved-caspase3(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Overall,ganoderma spores may activate the PTEN-induced kinase 1/E3 ubiquitin ligase pathway to enhance autophagy in testicular tissue and reduce apoptosis in tissue cells,so as to protect testicular tissue.

Effect of Ganoderma Spore Oil on Behavior in Depression Mice and Its Neurophysiology Mechanisms / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of ganoderma spore oil(GSO) on behavior of the mice with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and its possible neurophysiology mechanisms. METHODS: Thirteen different kinds of chronic unpredictable mild stress were given to the male BALB/C mice for establishing the mouse model of depression. The mice were treated with GSO at 3 doses (850, 283, 141.5 mg·kg-1·d-1) or vehicle [(oil) or fluoxetine (10 mg·kg-1·d-1)] by oral administration from the 3rd week. After 2 weeks administration, the mice was evaluated by behavioral tests, and the contents of hippocampal glutamate (GLU) and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) were analyzed by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The contents of hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured by ELISA kit. RESULTS: Compared with model group, GSO increased the body weight, sucrose preference rate and open field test score, shortened the immobility time in the tails suspension test and forced swimming test in the depression mice (P0.05) in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION: GSO shows obvious anti-depressant effect on depressant model mice. The antidepressant effect of GSO may be related to decreasing GLU contents and increasing BDNF contents.

Ganoderma Spore Powder’s Role in the Treatment of Severe Acute Pancreatitis / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective] To explore Ganoderma spore powder on severe acute pancreatitis(SAP) for the role. [Methods] Retrograde cholangiopancreatography injection of 5% sodium taurocholate caused SAP model; SD rats were randomly divided into sham surgery group, model group, octreotide treatment group, Ganoderma spore powder treatment group and Ganoderma spore powder octreotide in the treatment group; After hours of the serum amylase levels in the rats killed after 7 days administration, the level of plasma endotoxin and pancreas for histopathologic examination.[Results]SAP results in serum amylase concentration and plasma endotoxin were significantly increased, with serious pancreatic tissue damage. Treatment found the effect of Ganoderma spore powder combined with octreotide better, and the other treatment groups difference was significant(P

Antagonistic Effects of Ganoderma Spore on Mutation Induced by Sodium Nitrite in Drosophila melanogaster / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the antagonistic effects of Ganoderma spore on mutation induced by NaNO2 in Drosophila melanogaster. Methods After 24 hours of starvation,male Drosophila melanogaster were transferred to the culture bottles with medium with NaNO2 of 0,0.001,0.01,0.05 and 0.1 g/L for 24 hours and then cultured with female Drosophila melanogaster for 7 days. Male Drosophila melanogaster were treated with NaNO2 at the doses of 0,0.01,0.001 g/L for 24 hours and then transferred to the medium with Ganoderma spores at the dose of 0.2%,1%,2%,cultured with female Drosophila melanogaster for 7 days. The distilled water was used as the negative control. The amount of F1 generation and the mutation of the F1 generation were calculated. Results The mutation Drosophila melanogaster were mainly vestigial,some had malformation with white body and strange eyes. Compared with the negative control group,the count of offspring decreased,the rate of mutation proved positively correlated to the concentration of NaNO2. High dose of sporoderm-unbroken spores could cause a decrease of number of offspring. Compared with the negative control group,the mutation in the group of 0.1,0.01 g/L NaNO2 with 0.2% sporoderm-unbroken spores was much higher (P

EFFECTS OF GANODERMA SPORE ON SURVIVAL AND EXPRESSION OF NT-3 AND NOS OF SPINAL MOTOR NEURON FOLLOWING VENTRAL ROOT CUT IN THE RAT / 解剖学报

Objective To explore the effects of Ganoderma spore(germination activated Ganoderma spore) on survival and expression of neurotrophin_3(NT_3) and nitric oxide synthase(NOS) of injured motor neurons in rat spinal cord. Methods Different dosages of Gandoerma spore were irrigated into the rat's stomach respectively in experimental groups after oneside ventral root cut.The survival ratio of injured motor neurons was counted.NT_3 expression of surviving motor neurons was measured by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization methods and NOS activity was measured by enzymo_histochemistry method. Results Thirty_five days after ventral root cut,the survival ratio of motor neurons was 47.32% in control group,and those were 67.11%,72.67% and 81.67% respectively in low,medial and high dosage Ganoderma spore groups.Expressions of NT_3 and NOS of surviving motor neurons in high dosage Ganoderma spore group were higher than those in control group.Conclusion Ganoderma spore may promote the survival of injured spinal motor neurons,and survival ratio of injured motor neurons is related to the dosages of Ganoderma spore.Ganoderma spore may also enhance the expressions of NT_3 and NOS of surviving spinal motor neurons.

EFFECTS OF GANODERMA SPORE AND L-NNA ON THE NEURONAL SURVIVAL AND AXONAL REGENERATION IN CLARKE'S NUCLEUS AND RED NUCLEUS AFTER RAT SPINAL CORD INJURY / 解剖学报

Objective Whether combination of ganoderma spore and L-NNA(NOS inhibitor) could promote the neuronal survival and axonal regeneration in Clarke's nucleus(CN) and red nucleus(RN) following spinal cord hemisection was explored. Methods Thirty adult female rats were divided into control group,L-NNA group,low dosage of ganoderma spore group,low dosage of ganoderma spore+L-NNA group,high dosage of ganoderma spore group and high dosage of ganoderma spore+L-NNA group.L-NNA was intraperitoneally injected and high dosage of ganoderma spore was irrigated into the rat's stomach after hemisection of T11 spinal cord segment in high dosage of ganoderma spore+L-NNA group. Results Thirty days after spinal cord hemisection,the number of CN neurons was decreased and some neurons were expressing NOS on lesioned side of L1 spinal cord in control group.The number of CN neurons on lesioned side of L1 spinal cord was increased in L-NNA group and low dosage of ganoderma spore group,but the number of NOS-positive neurons was decreased.In low dosage of ganoderma spore+L-NNA group and high dosage of ganoderma spore group,the number of CN neurons was significantly increased and NOS-positive neurons were also significantly decreased on lesioned side of L1 spinal cord.In high dosage of ganoderma spore+L-NNA group,there were most CN neurons surviving and least NOS-positive CN neurons,and some neurons were labeled by flourogold on lesioned side of LI spinal cord.The density of RN neurons on lesioned side was decreased in control group and L-NNA group.The density of RN neurons on lesioned side was increased in low dosage of ganoderma spore group and low dosage of ganoderma spore+L-NNA group.The density of RN neurons on lesioned side was significantly increased in high dosage of ganoderma spore group and high dosage of ganoderma spore+L-NNA group.Conclusion Ganoderma spore or L-NNA can promote the survival of injuried CN neurons after spinal cord hemisection.Combination of ganoderma spore and L-NNA can better promote injuried CN neuronal survival and axonal regeneration.Ganoderma spore can also enhance injuried RN neuronal survival.

In vivo treatment for Friend murine leukemia virus with ganoderma spore oil / 中草药

Objective To study the effects of ganoderma spore oil on Friend murine leukemia virus(Fr.MuLV)and its mechanism.Methods The BALB/C female mouse was infected with Fr.MuLV,body weight,spleen index,thymus index,the percentages of CD4+,CD8+,and CD4+/CD8+ were mea-sured.Results Compared to the control group,body weight extenuation,splenomegaly,and atrophy of thymus gland severely in the model group,the percentages of CD4+,CD8+,and CD4+/CD8+ were significantly decreased in the model.Body weight,spleen index,and thymus index(P

GANODERMA SPORE MAY PREVENT THE DECREASE OF CELL PROLIFERATION AND NEURONAL SURVIVAL IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF FETAL AND POSTNATAL RATS INDUCED WITH GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION / 解剖学报

Objective To investigate the intervening effects of Ganoderma spore on the decrease of cell proliferation and neuronal survival in the hippocampus of fetal and postnatal rats induced with gestational hypertension. Methods Fourty SD pregnant rats were divided into four groups including the control group,Nw-nitro-L-arginine methylester(L-NAME)+distilled water(DW) group,L-NAME+L-Arginine group and L-NAME+Ganoderma spore(GS) group.The hippocampal tissue of the brain was detected by immunohistochemistry,Western blotting,RT-PCR,flow cytometry and electron microscopy. Results After the application of L-NAME,the expressions of hypoxia inducing factor-1?(HIF-1?) and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) were increased at the hippocampus of E21 brain and continued up to P30 brain.The microvessel density of E21 hippocampus was increased and the structural abnormalities of blood capillary at P30 hippocampus were showed.The cell proliferation was decreased at E21 hippocampus and so was the neuronal number at P30 hippocampus.With the administration of Ganoderma spore,HIF-1? and VEGF were down-regulated at E21 hippocampus and were not detected at P30 hippocampus.The microvessel density of E21 hippocampus reached a normal level and the blood capillary ultrastructure of P30 hippocampus was restored.The cell proliferation of E21 hippocampus and neuronal number of P30 hippocampus were recuperatively increased.Conclusion Ganoderma spore may prevent the decrease of cell proliferation and neuronal survival in the hippocampus of fetal and postnatal rats induced with gestational hypertension.