Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of Gatifloxacin and Levofloxacin in the acute bacterial conjunctivitis / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of gatifloxacin eye drops and levofloxacin eye drops in the treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis using Meta-analysis.<p>METHODS: According to the Cochrane systematic evaluation method, “gatifloxacin” “levofloxacin” and “acute bacterial conjunctivitis” were used as keywords for literature search in Embase, Cochrane library, Pubmed, Medline, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and CBMdisc from the establishment of the database to March 1, 2021. Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)gatifloxacin eye drops and levofloxacin eye drops in the treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis were included. Cochrane bias risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. RevMan5.3 software was used for combined analysis. Egger's test in Stata12 was used to assess publication bias, and the level of evidence was evaluated according to the GRADE system.<p>RESULTS: A total of 10 RCTs were included in this study with 1 149 patients. The control group was treated with levofloxacin and the experimental group was treated with gatifloxacin. The results of Meta-analysis showed that the clinical effective rate of acute bacterial conjunctivitis in gatifloxacin group was higher than that in levofloxacin group(<i>OR</i>=3.75, 95%<i>CI</i>: 2.52-5.58, <i>P</i><0.00001). Egger's test suggested there was publication bias among studies. And GRADE rating results indicated, the level of evidence was VERY LOW. The incidence of adverse drug reactions in the gatifloxacin group was lower than that in levofloxacin group(<i>OR</i>=0.37, 95%<i>CI</i>: 0.19-0.71, <i>P</i>=0.003). No publication bias was observed in Egger's test and GRADE showed the level of evidence was LOW.<p>CONCLUSION: Gatifloxacin eye drops is more effective than levofloxacin eye drops in the treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis, and has lower adverse effect rates. And due to the low levels of evidence included, more multicenter, randomized double-blind clinical trials are needed to improve the strength of evidence for the clinical efficacy of gatifloxacin eye drops in the treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis.

Thermodynamic analysis and preferential solvation of gatifloxacin in DMF + methanol cosolvent mixtures / Análisis termodinâmico y solvatación preferencial de gatifloxacina en mezclas cosolventes DMF + metanol

SUMMARY This paper presents the thermodynamic analysis of solubility of gatifloxacin in the N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) + methanol (MeOH) cosolvent system at 10 temperatures. From the solubility data, the thermodynamic functions of solution, mixing, and transfers are calculated and analyzed using the Perlovich graphical method. On the other hand, an enthalpy-entropy compensation analysis is performed and the preferential solvation parameters are calculated using the inverse Kirkwood-Buff integral (IKBI) method. The result of the performed calculations indicates that the gatifloxacin solution process is endothermic with entropic favor, where the addition of DMF has a positive cosolvent effect in all cases. Regarding preferential solvation, the results are not entirely conclusive, since in all cases the values of the preferential solvation parameter are less than 0.01, so that, negligible preferential solvation takes place.

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta el análisis termodinâmico de la solubilidad de gatifloxacina en el sistema cosolvente de A,A-Dimetilformamida (DMF) + metanol (MeOH) a 10 temperaturas. A partir de los datos de solubilidad se calculan las funciones termodinámicas de solución, mezcla y transferencia. Para el análisis además se utiliza el método gráfico Perlovich. Por otro lado, se realiza un análisis de compensación entalpía-entropía y se calculan los parámetros de solvatación preferencial utilizando el método de las integrales inversas de Kirkwood-BufF (IIKB). Los resultados del análisis termodinámico indican que el proceso de solución de gatifloxacina es endotérmica con favorecimiento entrópico, donde la adición de DMF tiene un efecto cosolvente positivo en todos los casos. En cuanto a la solvatación preferencial, los resultados no son del todo concluyentes, debido a que en todos los casos los valores del parámetro de solvatación preferencial son menores a 0,01 indicando una solvatación insignificante.

Stability indicating RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of gatifloxacin and dexamethasone in binary combination

Abstract In this study, conditions were optimized for development of a simple RP-HPLC method for simultaneous analysis of gatifloxacin and dexamethasone in different matrices like pharmaceuticals, human serum and urine. Good separation of gatifloxacin and dexamethasone from the induced degradation products was accomplished using C8 as stationary phase; 0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) and methanol (42:58 v/v) as mobile phase. The concentration was measured with DAD at 270 nm. Linearity was observed in the range of 0.000040-0.000280 mol/L for gatifloxacin (r2≥0.999) and 0.000013-0.000091 mol/L for dexamethasone (r2≥0.999). Both the analyte peaks were completely separated from the peaks of induced degradation products as indicated by the peak purity index (≥0.9999 for both analytes). The optimized method is recommended to be used for concurrent analysis of gatifloxacin and dexamethasone in different matrices.

Human plasma exposure level of gatifloxacin eye gel / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To determine gatifloxacin in human plasma, and study the exposure characteristics of gatifloxacin in Chinese healthy male volunteers who used Gatifloxacin Eye Gel for 7 d. METHODS: LC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantitation of gatifloxacin in human plasma After protein precipitation with methanol and dilution with water, the chromatographic separation was carried out on an Symmetry C18 column (4.6 mm × 100 mm, 5 μm) with a gradient mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in methanol and 0.1% formic acid in water at a flow rate of 0.5 mL · min-1. The quantitation analysis was performed using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) at the specific ion transitions of m/z 376.2→261.0 for gatifloxacin and m/z 332.1→-288.1 for ciprofloxacin (internal standard) in the positive ion mode with electrospray ionization (ESI) source. Specificity, linearity, precision and accuracy, matrix effects, recovery and stability were investigated to validate the LC-MS/MS method. Plasma samples of different times from 10 Chinese healthy male volunteers were determined, who used Gatifloxacin Eye Gel for 7 d. RESULTS: The linear range was 2 -500 ng · mL-1. The intra- and inter-day precisions were less than 2.61% and 13.1%, and the accuracy was within ±5.0%. Matrix effective, recovery, specificity and stability were within ± 15.0%. The concentration of gatifloxacin in human plasma was below the lower limit of quantitation (2 ng · mL-1). CONCLUSION: This method is sensitive and accuracy for the determination of gatifloxa-cinin human plasma, and the plasma gatifloxacin level are all below the lower limit of quantitation (2 ng · mL-1) in all subjects.

pH-induced in situ gelling system of an anti-infective drug for sustained ocular delivery.

Recently, in situ gel formation has been extensively studied to enhance ocular bioavailability and the duration of drug activity. Poor ocular bioavailability of drugs (<1%) from conventional eye drops is mainly due to the precorneal loss factors that include rapid tear turnover, nonproductive absorption, transient residence time in the cul-de-sac, and the relative impermeability of the drugs to corneal epithelial membrane. These problems may overcome by the use of in situ gel-forming systems that are instilled as drops into the eye and undergoes sol-gel transition in the cul-de-sac. In this study, in situ gelling system of Gatifloxacin were prepared using polymers carbopol 940 (0.1% to 0.5% w/v) and HPMC E4M (0.2% to 0.6% w/v). The developed formulation was characterized for various in vitro parameters such as clarity, temperature, pH, tonicity, sterility, rheological behavior, drug release profile, transcorneal permeation profile, and ocular irritation. Developed formulation was clear isotonic solution, converted into gel at temperatures above 35 °C and pH 6.9–7.0. The results demonstrated that the carbopol/ HPMC mixture can be used as an in situ gelling vehicle to enhance the ocular bioavailability of Gatifloxacin. The developed system is a viable alternative to conventional eye drops for the treatment of Bacterial conjunctivitis and various other ocular infections.

Simultaneous Content Determination of Gatifloxacin Dexamethasone Acetate Ear Drops by HPLC / 中国药师

Objective:To developed an HPLC method for the simultaneous content determination of gatifloxacin dexamethasone ac-etate ear drops. Methods:The promising chromatographic separation was achieved on a Phenomenex C18 (250 mm × 4. 6 mm, 5 μm) column. Using gradient elution method, the optimized mobile phase consisted of methanol as the solvent A, and 0. 05% triethylamine solution (adjusting pH to 3. 0 with acetic acid) as the solvent B. The flow rate was 1. 0 ml·min-1, the column temperature was 30℃and the UV detection was carried out at 240 nm. Results: The compounds were separated well, the linearity between the peak areas and the concentrations was observed within the range of 1. 2-60. 0 mg·L-1 for gatifloxacin, and 0. 8-40. 0 mg·L-1 for dexamethasone acetate. The mean recovery of gatifloxacin and dexamethasone acetate was 101. 31% ( RSD =1. 17%) and 99. 71% ( RSD =1. 01%) , respectively. Conclusion: The method is specific and stable in the determination of gatifloxacin dexamethasone acetate ear drops.

Efficacy and tolerability of a gatifloxacin/prednisolone acetate fixed combination for topical prophylaxis and control of inflammation in phacoemulsification: a 20-day-double-blind comparison to its individual components

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of 0.3% gatifloxacin and 1% prednisolone (Zypred®) versus the individual components used separately (Zypred® and Predfort®) for infection prophylaxis and inflammation control after cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study of 108 patients who underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation was conducted. After random assignment, 47 eyes received the fixed combination of topical 0.3% gatifloxacin/1% prednisolone drops, and 61 eyes received the same doses of the individual components as separate solutions four times a day for 15 days. Baseline and postoperative assessments were made on postoperative days 1, 7, 15, and 20. RESULTS: All objective (best corrected visual acuity, sign of active ocular inflammation, central and incisional corneal edema, the number of cells per high-power field in the anterior chamber, and intraocular pressure) and subjective (eye pain, photophobia, burning sensation, itching, and foreign body sensation) criteria of efficacy were similar in both groups, with no significant differences. Group I included 47 eyes that received the fixed combination of gatifloxacin/prednisolone acetate eye drops and a placebo eye drop solution. Group II included 61 eyes that were treated with 0.3% gatifloxacin and 1% prednisolone acetate eye drops separately. The intraocular pressure was slightly higher in Group II (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Treatment with the fixed-dose combination of gatifloxacin/prednisolone eye drops was as effective as the non-fixed combination in preventing infection and controlling inflammation after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. .

Biocompatibility of gatifloxacin-poly(sebacic anhydride) local control release system / 中国组织工程研究

10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.25.009

Drug release characteristics of gatifloxacin-poly sebacic anhydride local controlled release system / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:High-dose antibiotics for bone infection have many adverse reactions, and its outcomes are not perfect. Thus, to explore a degradable material as a vector to prevent bone infection is valuable. OBJECTIVE:To study drug release characteristics of gatifloxa-poly sebacic anhydride local control ed release system in vivo. METHODS:A 3 mm × 6 mm bone window was made at right knee joint of New Zealand rabbits. The gatifloxacin-poly sebacic anhydride sustained release preparation was implanted. Heart blood, bone tissue and myeloid tissue specimens were obtained at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 25 and 30 days after surgery. High-performance liquid chromatography was utilized to determine gatifloxacin concentration. Scanning electron microscope was employed to observe the structural changes before and after implantation of gatifloxacin-poly sebacic anhydride sustained release preparation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After implantation of gatifloxacin-poly sebacic anhydride sustained release preparation, drug concentration gradual y decreased in the myeloid tissue, peaked at 1 day, stabilized at 3-15 days, gradual y reduced at 15-30 days. However, the drug concentration was stil higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration 0.1 mg/L against Staphylococcus aureus at 30 days. The peak of drug concentration in the bone tissue occurred at 3 days, and stabilized at other days, which was higher than 0.1 mg/L. At the same time point, drug concentration in the blood specimen was lower than that in the myeloid tissue and bone tissue. The degradation of gatifloxacin-poly sebacic anhydride sustained release preparation was surface erosion, and the shape of the degradation residue is smal globular. The change of the internal structure of gatifloxacin-poly sebacic anhydride sustained release preparation was not found. In the drug release procedure, gatifloxacin-poly sebacic anhydride sustained release preparation did not show disintegration or fragmentation. These results indicated that gatifloxacin-poly sebacic anhydride local sustained release preparation has good abilities of drug load and drug release.

Comparison of gatifloxacin and fleroxacin on respiractory infections / 中国基层医药

Objective To compare the clinic effects of gatifloxacin and fleroxacin on respiractory infections.Methods 160 patients of low-moderate respiractory infections were divided into observation group (80 cases) and control group (80 cases).Under common therapy,the observation group accepted gatifloxacin injection while the control group accepted fleroxacin injection.The effective rate,bacterial clearance rate and untoward effect were compared between the two groups.Results The effective rate of observation group was obviously higher than control group (88.8％ vs 72.5％,x2 =3.16,P ＜ 0.05).The bacterial clearance rate of observation group was obviously higher than control group (90.0％ vs 78.8％,x2 =6.28,P ＜ 0.05).There were 5 cases of nausea and vomiting in observation group while 3 cases of nausea and 2 cases of nausea and vomiting in control group.The diverse of untoward effect of two groups had no significance (x2 =0.03,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Gatifloxacin has a better clinic effect than fleroxacin.Gatifkoracin doesn't increase the untoward effect on respiractory infections.

Comparison of the effect of gatifloxacin and levofloxacin for treating acute bacterial infection / 中国基层医药

Objective To compare the effect of gatifloxacin and levofloxacin for treating acute bacterial infection.Methods According to the digital table,228 patients with respiratory or urinary tract infections were randomly divided into group A and group B,114 cases in each group.Group A was given gatifloxacin 200mg,adding 5％ glucose injection 100ml intravenous drip injection twice daily; Group B was treated with levofloxacin 200mg,by adding 5％ glucose injection 100ml intravenous infusion twice daily.The treatment course lasted 7-14 days.The clincal effect,bacterial clearance rate and adverse reactions of the two groups were observed.Results The cure rate and total effective rate of group A was 68.4％,93.0％,respectively,which of group B was 66.7％,90.3％,respectively,the differences were statistically significant (x2 =0.184,0.213,all P ＞0.05).The bacterial clearance rate and bacterial drug sensitivity test sensitivity was 89.4％,78.8％,respectively,which of group B was 77.2％,70.3 ％,respectively,the differences were all statistically significant (x2 =4.812,4.236,all P ＜ 0.05).The incidence rate of adverse reactions of group A was 7.0％,which of group B was 6.1％,there was no statistically significant difference (x2 =0.672,P ＞0.05).Conclusion Gatifloxacin has better effect and lower adverse reactions in the treatment of acute bacterial respiratory or urinary tract infections,and there is no significant difference compared with levofloxacin treatment,and it is worthy of clinical application.

Analysis of 76 adverse reactions reports of gatifloxacin injection / 中国基层医药

Objective To find out the clinical adverse reactions of gatifloxacin injection,to analyze its influencing factors,and provide reference data for the clinical use of the drug.Methods 76 gatifloxacin adverse reaction reports were collected in our hospital.The patients' gender,age,time of the occurrence of adverse reaction,classification of clinical manifestations,the joint drug use,treatment methods and outcome were analyzed.The causalities of adverse reactions were analyzed.Results Adverse reactions of gatifloxacin in most patients occurred less than 1 day,accounting for 90.79％.83 adverse performances occurred in the 76 cases of adverse reactions,the most common adverse reactions occurred in digestive system,accounting for 40.96％ ;followed by cutaneous adverse reactions 15 cases,accounting for 18.07％ ;systemic adverse reactions 8 cases,accounting for 9.64％.Gatifloxacin combined with other drugs in 59 cases,accounting for 77.63％.45 cases combined with antibacterial drugs,including penicillin,fosfomycin,azithromycin,cefepime,ceftizoxime,amoxicillin-sulbactam,etc..In 76 cases of adverse reactions,13 caseswere definitely related,accounting for 17.11％ ;45 cases were likely to be relevant,accounting for 59.21％ ; 17cases were may be relevant,accounting for 22.37％ ;1 case wasto be evaluated,accounting for 1.32％ ;0 casewas could not be evaluated.Conclusion The adverse reactions monitoring of gatifloxacin injection must be strengthened,the prospective re-evaluation should be made,so that the adverse reactions can be reduced.

Formulation and characterization of a novel pH-triggered in-situ gelling ocular system containing Gatifloxacin.

The present research work deals with the formulation and evaluation of in-situ gelling system based on sol-to-gel transition for ophthalmic delivery of an antibacterial agent gatifloxacin, to overcome the problems of poor bioavaila-bility and therapeutic response exhibited by conventional formulations based a sol-to-gel transition in the cul-de-sac upon instillation. Carbopol 940 was used as the gelling agent in combination with HPMC and HPMC K15M which acted as a viscosity enhancing agent. The prepared formulations were evaluated for pH, clarity, drug content, gelling capacity, bioadhesive strength and in-vitro drug release. In-vitro drug release data of optimized formulation (F12) was treated according to Zero, First, Korsmeyer Peppas and Higuchi kinetics to access the mechanism of drug release. The clarity, pH, viscosity and drug content of the developed formulations were found in range 6.0-6.8, 10-570cps, 82-98% respectively. The gel provided sustained drug release over an 8 hour period. The developed formulation can be used as an in-situ gelling vehicle to enhance ocular bioavailability and the reduction in the frequency of instillation thereby resulting in better patient compliance.

Formulation and characterization of a novel pH-triggered in-situ gelling ocular system containing Gatifloxacin.

The present research work deals with the formulation and evaluation of in-situ gelling system based on sol-to-gel transition for ophthalmic delivery of an antibacterial agent gatifloxacin, to overcome the problems of poor bioavaila-bility and therapeutic response exhibited by conventional formulations based a sol-to-gel transition in the cul-de-sac upon instillation. Carbopol 940 was used as the gelling agent in combination with HPMC and HPMC K15M which acted as a viscosity enhancing agent. The prepared formulations were evaluated for pH, clarity, drug content, gelling capacity, bioadhesive strength and in-vitro drug release. In-vitro drug release data of optimized formulation (F12) was treated according to Zero, First, Korsmeyer Peppas and Higuchi kinetics to access the mechanism of drug release. The clarity, pH, viscosity and drug content of the developed formulations were found in range 6.0-6.8, 10-570cps, 82-98% respectively. The gel provided sustained drug release over an 8 hour period. The developed formulation can be used as an in-situ gelling vehicle to enhance ocular bioavailability and the reduction in the frequency of instillation thereby resulting in better patient compliance.

Effect of diabetes mellitus on the pharmacokinetic behavior of gatifloxacin in sprague-dawley rats.

Effects of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin (DMIS) on the pharmacokinetics of Gatifloxacin were investigated after i.v and oral administration (50mg/mg) to control Sprague-Dawley rats and DMIS rats (at 7th and 29th days after administration of streptozotocin (55mg/kg). After i.v administration to DMIS rats, there was no significant difference in clearance, t1/2, Vd and MRT last. But after oral administration of gatifloxacin to DMIS rats Cmax was significantly increased. This could be supported with the marginal increase in AUC and an increase in bioavailability of drug in chronic (78.7% increase) as well as acute conditions (75.3% increases). Streptozotocin induced toxicity did not influence considerably on the pharmacokinetics of gatifloxacin.

Study on gatifloxacin in situ pH-sensitive gel release in vitro / 中国生化药物杂志

purpose To investigate the release properties of gatifloxacin in situ pH-sensitive gel in vitro.Methods The improved paddle method and the membraneless model were applied in assessing the drug release behavior.Results The gel erosion and drug release were increased with the increase of surface area and shaking frequency.The cumulative quantities of gel erosion were well correlated with the cumulative release of drug loaded in the gel.Conclusion Gatifloxacin was released from in situ pH-sensitive gel with zero-order kinetics characters,and drug release was mainly controlled by gel erosion.

Plasma levels, pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of intravenously administered gatifloxacin in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis) on coadministration with meloxicam / Os níveis plasmáticos, farmacocinética e regime de dosagem de gatifloxacina administrado por via intravenosa em bezerros búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) na administração concomitante com meloxicam

The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered gatifloxacin, upon concomitant administration with meloxicam was investigated in buffalo calves. Meloxicam was administered subcutaneously (0.5 mg.kg-1) immediately followed by intravenous administration of Gatifloxacin (4 mg.kg-1). The concentration of gatifloxacin was estimated in plasma by microbiological assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and appropriate dosage schedule was computed. The therapeutic plasma drug concentration was maintained up to 12 h. Gatifloxacin was rapidly distributed from blood to tissue compartment, which was evident from the high values of distribution rate constant, α1 (11.9 ± 0.52 h-1) and the ratio of rate constant of transfer of drug from central to peripheral compartments and vice versa, K12/K21 (3.05 ± 0.36) and K13/K31 (2.04 ± 0.12). The area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve and apparent volume of distribution were 12.0 ± 0.68 µg.ml-1.h and 2.69 ± 0.14 L.kg-1, respectively. The elimination half-life (t1/2β), total body clearance (ClB) and the ratio of drug present in peripheral to central compartment (P/C) were 5.59 ± 0.40 h, 337.6 ± 19.9 ml.kg-1.h-1 and 8.04 ± 0.50, respectively. The present study revealed that the most suitable dosage regimen of gatifloxacin when concomitantly administered with meloxicam in buffalo calves would be 2.5 mg.kg-1 followed by 2.0 mg.kg-1 at 12 h intervals.

Investigou-se a farmacocinética da gatifloxacina, administrada por via intravenosa, concomitante à aplicação de meloxicam em bezerros búfalos. O meloxicam foi administrado por via subcutânea (0,5 mg.kg-1), imediatamente seguido pela administração intravenosa de gatifloxacina (4 mg.kg-1). A concentração plasmática de gatifloxacina foi estimada por ensaio microbiológico. Os parâmetros farmacocinéticos foram calculados e a posologia adequada foi computada. A concentração plasmática do fármaco-terapêutico foi mantida por 12 h. A gatifloxacina foi rapidamente distribuída a partir de sangue para o compartimento de tecido, o que ficou evidente a partir dos valores elevados da taxa constante de distribuição, α1 (11.9 ± 0.52 h-1) e a proporção de velocidade constante de transferência de droga a partir de centrais para os compartimentos periféricos e vice-versa, K12/K21 (3.05 ± 0.36) e K13/K31 (2.04 ± 0.12). A área sob a curva plasmática de concentração-tempo da droga e o volume aparente de distribuição foi de 12.0 ± 0.68 µg.ml-1.h e 2.69 ± 0.14 L.kg-1, respectivamente. A meia-vida (t1/2β), a depuração corporal total (ClB) e relação da droga presente no sangue periférico para o compartimento central (P/C) foram 5.59 ± 0.40 h, 337.6 ± 19.9 ml.kg-1.h-1 e 8.04 ± 0.50, respectivamente. O presente estudo revelou que o regime de dosagem mais adequado de gatifloxacina quando administrada concomitantemente com meloxicam em bezerros búfalos seria 2,5 mg.kg-1 seguida de 2,0 mg.kg-1 em intervalos de 12 h.

The cost-effect iveness analysis of patients with urinary tract infection treated with moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To estimate the curative effect and cost-effectiveness of moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin for treatment of urinary traet infection. Methods Eighty patients with urinary tract infection were randomly divided into treatment group (40 cases) and control group (40 cases). The patients in treatment group were given 400 mg moxifloxacin once a day for 7 d, while in control group were given 400 mg gatifloxacin once a day for 7d. Results The total clinical effective rate of treatment group and control group were 95.0%(38/40) and 92.5%(37/40) respectively, and the bacterial eliminating rate were 77.50% (31/40) and 76.92% (30/39), and the rate of adverse reaction were 5.0% ( 2/40 ) and 7.5% (3/40) respectively. There was no significant difference between two groups (P>0.05). The cost-effectiveness ratio of moxifloxacin was 2296 and 779 for gatifloxacin (P<0.01). Conclusion The therapeutic scheme of gatifloxacin seems to be the best one for treating urinary tract infection.

Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing After Treatment with Gatifloxacin with or Without Benzalkonium Chloride in Rabbits

PURPOSE: This study was performed to compare the effect of fourth-generation fluoroquinolones gatifloxacin on epithelial healing and penetration into the aqueous humor following corneal epithelial removal. The administered drugs were Zymar(TM) and Gatiflo(R), which differ from each other by the presence of benzalkonium chloride. METHODS: Eighteen eyes of nine New Zealand white rabbits were randomized to receive either Zymar(TM) or Gatiflo(R) following anterior keratectomy with a diameter of 6.0 mm. Eyes were dosed with either antibiotic according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval; specifically, Zymar(TM) and Gatiflo(R) were dosed every two hours for the first two days and then four times daily for the following five days. Starting from postoperative day 0, photos were taken daily to measure the area of the residual epithelial defects. Anterior chamber paracentesis was performed to determine the drug concentration at postoperative days 1, 2, and 7. RESULTS: The mean healing times after Zymar(TM) and Gatiflo(R) treatment were 3.0+/-0.71 and 3.2+/-0.84 days, respectively (P=0.813). No statistically significant differences in the mean healing time and the mean area of the healed corneal wound were noted between the two groups. No difference in anterior chamber concentration was observed between the two groups at postoperative day 7 (P=0.362). CONCLUSIONS: Although the two drugs differ in that on drug has preservatives, no significant differences were found in the epithelial healing effect or anterior chamber concentration after short-term dosing for 1 week in this trial.

The Efficacy of Intravitreal Gatifloxacin in Experimental S. epidermidis Endophthalmitis

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of intravitreal gatifloxacin with intravitreal vancomycin in the treatment of Staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis in a rabbit model. METHODS: Albino rabbits (n=30), infected with an intravitreal inoculum of S. epidermidis (10(5) colony forming unit/0.1 mL), were divided into 6 groups (n=5). Groups I and IV received 200 microgram/0.1 mL of intravitreal gatifloxacin, and groups II and V were injected 1000 microgram/0.1 mL of vancomycin intravitreally. Intravitreal balanced salt solutions (untreated control) were given to Groups III and VI. Intravitreal antibiotic therapy commenced 24 hours after bacterial inoculation. The bactericidal efficacy was determined by electroretinography (ERG), clinical grading, bacterial culture of vitreous aspirates and histopathologic grading. ERGs and clinical gradings were performed only for groups I, II, and III and bacterial cultures were done only for groups IV, V, and VI. RESULTS: Eyes in the gatifloxacin groups showed similar appearance to those in the vancomycin treated groups clinically, histologically, and functionally as proved with ERG. All aspirates from the gatifloxacin and vancomycin groups were culture negative at 5 days after bacterial inoculation, whereas all eyes in the untreated control group were culture positive. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that intravitreal injection of 200 microgram /0.1mL gatifloxacin appeared to be equally effective compared to intravitreal 1000 microgram /0.1 mL vancomycin in the treatment of S. epidermidis endophthalmitis. If proven safe and efficacious after further study in humans, intravitreal injection of gatifloxacin could be considered an effective alternative to vancomycin for the treatment of S. epidermidis endophthalmitis.