Clinical characteristics,diagnosis,and treatment of renal cell carcinoma in kidney transplant recipients / 中国肿瘤临床

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics,diagnosis,and treatment of renal cell carcinoma in kidney transplant recipients.Methods:The clinical data of 27 kidney transplant recipients(2 female and 25 male patients)with renal cell carcinoma admitted to Tianjin First Center Hospital between March 2011 and March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.Twenty-four of the 27 patients underwent radic-al nephrectomy,including one who underwent bilateral surgery and one who underwent nephroureterectomy.Three patients were conser-vatively treated.The surgical approaches included open,laparoscopic,and robot-assisted laparoscopic procedures,and analyses were per-formed on the diagnosis and treatment process,pathological features,and surgical prognoses of patients.Results:The surgical duration was 148 min(range,100-210 min),and the postoperative hospital stay was 7 d(range,4-10 d).Twenty-four cases of renal cell carcinoma were detected in native kidneys,with an average diameter of(4.03±2.49)cm,including 6 cases of papillary renal cell carcinomas,1 case of chro-mophobe cell carcinoma,and 17 cases of clear cell carcinomas.One of the conservatively treated patients with graft clear renal cell car-cinoma was pathologically confirmed via biopsy puncture.The clinical stages of the 27 patients were divided based on the extent of the tu-mor(T),extent of spread to the lymph nodes(N),and presence of metastasis(M),referred to as the TNM staging criteria as follows:T1aN0M0 in 18 cases,T1bN0M0 in 4 cases,T2aN0M0 in 2 cases,and T4N1M1 in 3 cases.The average age at the first tumor diagnosis after transplantation was(51.21±7.60)years.Median dialysis time before transplantation was 19 months(range,1.2-72 months).The median time from tumor diagnosis to transplantation surgery was 95 months(range,12-180 months).The median follow-up time of the 27 patients was 47 months(range,3-147 months),and two patients died after 129 and 95 months of follow-up because of pneumonia and sepsis,re-spectively.Conclusions:Early diagnosis of renal cancer after renal transplantation is difficult because of multiple cystic changes and necrotic tendencies.In addition,it is especially important to have a standardized follow-up plan and determine the timing of prophylactic surgery.

Research progress of extra-genitourinary system infections caused by Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum / 中华临床感染病杂志

It is generally accepted that Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum are primarily found in the genitourinary tract and rarely enter the tissues and bloodstream. In recent years，cases of extra-genitourinary system infections caused by Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum have been increasing with a trend of multi-drug resistance，while detection and diagnosis are difficult，leading to treatment delay clinically. This article reviews the latest research progress on the pathogenic characteristics，laboratory diagnosis，infection types，and treatment options of extra-genitourinary system infections caused by Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum，in order to provide reference for etiological diagnosis and treatment of the infection.

Causas, curso clínico y desenlace de pacientes con estancia prolongada en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital de Ginecoobstetricia de la Ciudad de México / Causes, clinical course and outcome of patients with prolonged stay in the Intensive Care Unit of a Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Mexico City

Resumen OBJETIVO: Identificar las causas, curso clínico y el desenlace de las pacientes con estancia prolongada en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un centro de atención ginecoobstétrica de tercer nivel. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrolectivo, transversal y descriptivo de serie de casos llevado a cabo en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Ginecoobstetricia 3 del Centro Médico Nacional La Raza del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, en pacientes admitidas entre enero de 2016 y diciembre de 2019. Solo se consultaron los expedientes de las pacientes con estancia prolongada definida: tiempo en días, con dos desviaciones estándar por encima de la media general. Se estudiaron los motivos de ingreso, causas que condicionaron la estancia prolongada y el desenlace. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 34 pacientes con estancia prolongada que representaron el 2.23% del total de casos de la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Motivos de ingreso: complicaciones del embarazo 20 de 34, complicaciones de la cirugía del aparato genitourinario 7 de 34 y también 7 de 34 con complicaciones quirúrgicas de tumores malignos pelvi-abdominales. La estancia prolongada en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, en promedio, fue de 11.99 ± 4.21 días, condicionada por reintervenciones por sangrado en 9 de 34 pacientes, lesión renal aguda 7 de 34, insuficiencia multiorgánica 5 de 34, descontrol hipertensivo 4 de 34, reintervenciones por infección 3 de 34, desempaquetamiento 3 de 34, ventilación mecánica 2 de 34 y cetoacidosis diabética 1 de 34. Dos pacientes fallecieron (hemorragia intraoperatoria urogenital n = 1 y sepsis de partida abdominal n = 1). CONCLUSIONES: Los casos con estancia prolongada representaron un pequeño porcentaje, las principales causas fueron multifactoriales y la frecuencia de mortalidad fue baja.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify the causes, clinical course and outcome of patients with prolonged stay in the intensive care unit of a third level gyneco-obstetric care center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrolective, cross-sectional, descriptive case series study conducted in the intensive care unit of the Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Gineco-Obstetricia 3 del Centro Médico Nacional La Raza del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, in patients admitted between January 2016 and December 2019. Only the records of patients with defined prolonged stay were consulted: time in days, with two standard deviations above the overall mean. We studied the reasons for admission, causes that conditioned the prolonged stay and the outcome. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients with prolonged stay were studied, representing 2.23% of the total number of cases in the intensive care unit. Reasons for admission: pregnancy complications 20 out of 34, complications of genitourinary system surgery 7 out of 34 and also 7 out of 34 with surgical complications of pelvi-abdominal malignant tumors. Prolonged stay in the intensive care unit, on average, was 11.99 ± 4.21 days, conditioned by reinterventions for bleeding 9 of 34, acute kidney injury 7 of 34, multiorgan failure 5 of 34, hypertensive decontrol 4 of 34, reinterventions for infection 3 of 34, unpacking 3 of 34, mechanical ventilation 2 of 34 and diabetic ketoacidosis 1 of 34. Mortality occurred in 2 cases (urogenital intraoperative bleeding n = 1 and abdominal game sepsis n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: Cases with prolonged length of stay represented a small percentage, the main causes were multifactorial, and the frequency of mortality was low.

Bilateral Spontaneous Urinoma in a Cyanotic Child

Background: Urinoma is an encapsulated collection of extravasated urine, secondary totrauma or obstructive uropathy. Spontaneous bilateral urinoma is rare. Casecharacteristics: 7-year-old boy with cyanotic heart disease and fever of unknown origin.Obeservation: The ultrasound abdomen and CT abdomen revealed bilateral spontaneousurinoma which was aspirated and was found to be infected. Following intravenous atibioticsthe child became afebrile, with subsequent renal scans showing no recurrence. Message:Hypoxia and consequent polycythemia may be responsible for perinephric leaks leading toNon-traumatic spontaneous urinoma.

Clinical characteristics and pathogens of recurrent urinary tract infection after renal transplantation / 中华器官移植杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and the pathogens of recurrent urinary tract infection (RUTI) after renal transplantation.Methods The data of adult recipients with UTI from November 2011 to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.The recipients were divided into single UTI (SUTI) group and RUTI group.The clinical characteristics and pathogens were analyzed,and the independent risk factors of RUTI were analyzed using logistic regressionmodel.Results Fifty-three cases were selected,including 29 cases of SUTI and 24 cases of RUTI.The positive rate of blood culture (55％ vs.25％,P =0.042) and the concentration of FK506 in the peri-infection period (11.0 + 3.4 ng/mL vs.8.6 + 3.2 ng/mL,P =0.024) in the RUTI group were significantly higher than that those in the SUTI group at the first UTI.The increased concentration of FK506 in the peri-infection period at the first UTI was an independent risk factor for RUTI (β:0.282,95％ CI:1.026-1.713,P＜0.05).There were 86 infection events in 53 patients,and pathogenic microorganisms were cultured in blood culture and urine culture for 86 times.The positive frequency of culture in the RUTI group was higher than that in the SUTI group,but not significantly.The most common pathogenic microorganisms included Escherichia coli (17 times),pseudomonas aeruginosa (16 times),and Enterococcus (16 times).Conclusion Reduction of the FK506 concentration during the peri-infection period at the first UTI is the key to prevent RUTI after renal transplantation.The empirical antibiotics for RUTI should be sensitive for Escherichia coli (ESBL +)and pseudomonas aeruginosa.

De Novo urinary and male genital cancers in kidney transplant recipients / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To explore the outcomes of kidney transplant recipients who developed urinary and male genital cancers after transplantation. Methods Data of 31 kidney transplant recipients developed de novo urinary and male genital cancer were compared with data of 31 patients in general population with the same age and same tumor stage. Results Compared with the general population, the overall survival was significantly worse in the transplant recipients (P=0. 02) , 5-year survival rates for each group were 50% vs 68%. Multivariate analyses demonstrated cancer stage to be a negative risk factor for survival for transplant recipients with de novo urinary and male genital cancer, and surgery and functioning graft to be the positive survival predictors. Conclusions Transplant recipients experience worse outcomes than the general population from urinary and male genital cancers. Cancers in transplant recipients are more biologically aggressive at the time of diagnosis.

Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of a Uterine Fusion Anomaly Associated with Neonates with Unilateral, Ectopic, Multicystic, Dysplastic Kidney

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to reinforce the necessity of careful ultrasonographic evaluation of the uterus to detect uterine fusion anomaly in female neonates who were detected as having a unilateral, ectopic, multicystic, dysplastic kidney (MCDK) on fetal US. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We detected eight unilateral ectopic MCDK on fetal US of second trimester and neonatal ultrasonography between October 2003 and February 2009; neonatal US were taken at 2 to 10 days after birth for the initial evaluation of MCDK. Uterine fusion anomaly, vaginal obstruction and other associated urogenital anomalies were evaluated by neonatal US. RESULTS: Four of eight female neonates with unilateral ectopic MCDK showed a double uterus on neonatal US. They all showed hemivaginal fluid collection. Obstruction of the hemivagina and vaginal septum were depicted in two cases. A perivaginal cyst was seen in three cases, and in two cases the cyst was connected with the vaginal cavity. An ipsilateral perivaginal tubular structure was seen in one case, which was indicative of a ureteral remnant. There was no associated anomaly in the contralateral kidney except for a tiny cortical cyst in one case. CONCLUSION: The careful ultrasonographic evaluation of the uterus is important in female neonates who showed the ectopic MCDK on fetal US. In addition, it may help to detect the fusion anomaly that is otherwise difficult to detect on fetal US and to devise a treatment plan to prevent upcoming complications.

Urografía por tomografía computada multicorte (UroTAC): estudio descriptivo utilizando la técnica de split bolus / Multislice CT urography (Uro-CT): a descriptive study using split bolus technique

Multislice computed tomography provides high spatial and temporal resolution images in addition to high quality multiplanar and three-dimensional reconstructions. As a result of this diagnostic efficacy, the Computed Tomography Urography (Uro-CT) has become the technique of choice for evaluating the urinary tract, virtually replacing the traditional urography examination. At Padre Hurtado Hospital, Santiago, Chile, we conducted a retrospective analysis to review our experience with Uro-CT scanning and split bolus technique, which has the potential to yield a synchronous nephrographic and excretory phase of the urinary system, thus reducing radiation dose for patients, number of images and costs generated by MDCT urography. A series of 31 cases is presented, along with description of techniques applied as well as study main findings.

La tomografía computada multicorte permite obtener imágenes de alta resolución espacial y temporal además de reconstrucciones multiplananes y tridimensionales de gran calidad, lo que ha hecho que la Urografía por Tomografía Computada (UroTAC) se convierta en la técnica de elección para la evaluación del tracto urinario, reemplazando prácticamente a la urografía tradicional. En el Hospital Padre Hurtado, revisamos nuestra experiencia con UroTAC y técnica de "split bolus" que permite obtener simultáneamente una fase nefrográfica y excretora del sistema urinario mediante una sola adquisición, lo que disminuye la dosis de radiación al paciente, el número de imágenes y los costos de la UroTAC estándar. Presentamos una serie de 31 pacientes estudiados, describiendo la técnica y los principales hallazgos obtenidos en ellos.

Urethral Calculi with Periurethral Abscess: a Case Report

Urethral calculi are relatively unusual. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report in the literature of abscess formation related to calculus-induced urethral rupture. We report a case of a 57-year-old man with a periurethral abscess at the penoscrotal junction caused by urethral stones.

Transverse Testicular Ectopia Diagnosed by US and MR Imaging: A Case Report

Transverse testicular ectopia (TTE) is a rare congenital anomaly in which both testes migrate toward the same hemiscrotum. In most cases, the correct diagnosis is not made preoperatively, but it's made during an inguinal herniotomy or during surgical exploration for an undescended testis because TTE is clinically misdiagnosed as an symptomatic inguinal hernia or as a tumor of the testis on the side to which the ectopic testis has migrated or as an undescended testis on the contralateral side. US and MR imaging can detect the transverse testicular ectopia by its characteristic appearance and so provide useful information about any associated anomalies. We report here on a case of transverse testicular ectopia that was diagnosed by US and MR imaging in a 10-month-old boy, and we review the relevant literature.

Transverse Testicular Ectopia Diagnosed by US and MR Imaging: A Case Report

Transverse testicular ectopia (TTE) is a rare congenital anomaly in which both testes migrate toward the same hemiscrotum. In most cases, the correct diagnosis is not made preoperatively, but it's made during an inguinal herniotomy or during surgical exploration for an undescended testis because TTE is clinically misdiagnosed as an symptomatic inguinal hernia or as a tumor of the testis on the side to which the ectopic testis has migrated or as an undescended testis on the contralateral side. US and MR imaging can detect the transverse testicular ectopia by its characteristic appearance and so provide useful information about any associated anomalies. We report here on a case of transverse testicular ectopia that was diagnosed by US and MR imaging in a 10-month-old boy, and we review the relevant literature.

The "Mini-Perc" Technique of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy with a 14-Fr Peel-away Sheath: 3-year Results in 72 Patients

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of a "mini-perc" technique of percutaneous nephrolithotomy using a 14-Fr peel-away sheath for the removal of pyelocaliceal stones, and to determine appropriate inclusion criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 1999 to June 2002, the medical records and radiographic images of 72 patients who underwent the "mini-perc" technique of percutaneous nephrolithotomy with a 14-Fr peel-away sheath, were reviewed to determine clinical history, stone characteristics, immediate stone free rate, final stone free rate after additional procedures, complications, and hospital stay. We also analyzed the effect of the longest stone diameter, the cumulative longest diameter of stones, the cumulative stone burden, and the stone density on the immediate stone free rate using a Fisher exact test. RESULTS: The only major complication, arterial bleeding, occurred in a patient with Child A liver cirrhosis and was successfully treated by embolization with coils and a gelatin sponge. The immediate stone free rate was 80.6 %, which was significantly influenced by stone diameter but not stone density. The mean hospital stay after the procedure was 3.97 days. CONCLUSION: The "mini-perc" technique of percutaneous nephrolithotomy, which uses the 14-Fr peel-away sheath, is a safe and effective modality for treating renal calculi.

Comparison of CT Urography and Intravenous Urography in Patients with Hematuria

PURPOSE: We wanted to compare CT urography (CTU) with using multi-detector row CT (MDCT) and intravenous urography (IVU) for diagnosing the causes of hematuria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2003 to March 2004, IVU and CTU were obtained in 48 patients. We evaluated the causes of hematuria in 34 of 48 patients. The IVU images were obtained by the conventional method. The CTU images were routinely obtained before intravenous contrast injection, and at 2 and 5 minutes after intravenous contrast injection. In case of delayed excretion of contrast by the kidneys, the delayed CT scans were obtained at 120 minutes after contrast injection. All the CT images, including the axial and 3D coronal reformatted CTUs with using software as well as conventional IVU images, were reviewed by two radiologists working in consensus. We decided if urinary stone existed or not and we looked for the indirect signs such as hydronephrosis or delayed excretion, etc. We also observed if it was possible to determine the mass, ureteral stricture and enhancement of the ureteral wall, etc. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for each modality to diagnose urinary stone. We compared the detection rate according to the phases of CTU. RESULTS: We confirmed the presence of urinary tract stones in 27 of 34 patients who had undergone both IVU and CTU. We diagnosed ureteritis in 1, transitional cell carcinoma in 5 and acute pyelonephritis in 1 of the remaining 7 patients. The urinary stones were detected in fifteen patients on both IVU and CTU (15/27, 55.6%). We detected the urinary stones on CTU, but not IVU, in twelve patients (12/27, 44.5%). The sensitivity to detect the urinary stones was 100% (27/27) on CTU and 55.6% (12/27) on IVU respectively. The specificity was 100% (7/7) on IVU and CTU, respectively. The positive predictive value was 100% (15/15) on IVU and 100% (27/27) on CTU, respectively. The negative predictive value was 36.8% (7/19) on IVU and 100% (7/7) on CTU. Precontrast CTU demonstrated the urinary stones in all 27 patients (100%, 27/27). On the other hands, urinary stones were detected in 19 patients (19/27, 70.4%) and 8 patients (8/27, 29.6%) at 2 and 5 minutes on CTU, respectively. CONCLUSION: CTU is superior to IVU to diagnose the causes of hematuria such as urinary tract stone or extrarenal lesion. Precontrast CTU is the most useful modality for the detection of the urinary tract stone of the other enhanced CTUs.

Efficacy of Cyclic Voiding Cystourethrography in Detection of Vesicoureteral Reflux in Young Children

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of cyclic voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) for the detection of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in young children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two cycles of cyclic VCUG were performed in 119 kidney-ureter units (KUUs) of 60 children (mean age; 9 months, range; 5 days-2 years). Spot radiographs and fluoroscopic-image captures were obtained. We analyzed the presence of VUR and the grade of VUR according to the standards of the international grading system. We recorded the amount of total contrast material on each cycle and the total fluoroscopic time. RESULTS: VUR was present in 21 (17.6%) KUUs of 13 (21.7%) children. On the first and second cycle, the reflux occurred in 9 (15.0%) children and 13 (12.6%) KUUs. In one hundred-four KUUs of 51 children whose VCUG results were negative on the first cycle, the reflux occurred in 4 (7.8%) children and 6 (5.8%) KUUs during the second cycle. The grading of the reflux was upgraded during a second cycle in one case. A new detection and upgrade of VUR by the second cycle was observed in 5 (9.8%) children and 7 (6.7%) KUUs. In 4 KUUs (53%) of these 7 KUUs, the VUR was higher than grade II. The mean amounts of contrast solution were 28 cc (range; 5-100 cc) on the first cycle and 39 cc (range; 10-100 cc) on the second cycle. The mean of the total fluoroscopic time was 147 seconds (range; 59-338 seconds). CONCLUSION: Cyclic VCUG can enhance the ability of the method to detect and grade VUR in children under 2 years of age.

Orthostatic Proteinuria with Nutcracker Phenomenon: Case Report

Orthostatic proteinuria has been recognized as a benign condition with a good prognosis and has not been associated with any underlying glomerular disease. The pathogenesis of orthostatic proteinuria is unclear. Recently, a few foreign reports suggested that the nutcracker phenomenon, which is known as a cause of asymptomatic hematuria, may also be a major cause of orthostatic proteinuria. We report a case of a 12-year-old female patient presenting only with orthostatic proteinuria, who was diagnosed as having nutcracker phenomenon by Doppler study and venography.

Horseshoe Adrenal Gland in a Newborn with Right Isomerism

Horseshoe adrenal gland is a rare congenital abnormality associated with multiple congenital anomalies that may involve the cardiovascular, central nervous, and genitourinary systems. In this report, we describe the sonographic findings of horseshoe adrenal gland in a newborn with right isomerism a frequently associated cardiovascular anomaly.

Hemoptysis and Hemoperitoneum due to Metastatic Gestational Choriocarcinma: Bronchial Artery Embolization and Superselective Splenic Artery Embolization: A Case Report

Gestational choriocarcinoma is easily disseminated hematogenously and its hypervascular nature places the patient at risk of significant hemorrhage both at the sites of metastatic lesions and in the uterus. In addition, its tends to give rise to pseudoaneurysm formation. Treatment of the condition by percutaneous embolization has been reported in several published articles, and hemoperitoneum secondary to rupture of splenic metastasis of gestational choriocarcinoma has also been reported, as has angiographic embolization. Hemoptysis resulting from pulmonary metastasis and treatment by means of embolization of the bronchial artery have not been reported, however. In this article, we describe a case of hemoptysis and hemoperitoneum due to pulmonary and splenic metastasis of gestational choriocarcinoma. Treatment of the condition involved embolization of the bronchial artery and superselective embolization of the splenic artery.

Ultrasound Diagnosis of Bladder Exstrophy in the Second Trimester of Pregnancy: A Case Report / 대한산부인과학회잡지

Bladder exstrophy is a rare congenital malformation in which the anterior wall of the bladder is absent, and the posterior wall is exposed. Because of the poor prognosis, prenatal diagnosis is important. We present a case of bladder exstophy which was presented as a solid mass in the lower part of the fetal abdomen instead of fluid-filled urinary bladder, and confirmed at autopsy after termination of pregnancy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of bladder exstrophy prenatally diagnosed in the Korean literature.

Effects of Intensive Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise on Recovery of Genitourinary System, Sexual Life and Daily Life after Normal Delivery / 여성건강간호학회지

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise using biofeedback and electrical stimulation after normal vaginal delivery. The data were collected from November 1999 to April 2000 at a university hospital located in Seoul, Korea. Out of 49 women with normal vaginal delivery, 25 of experimental group(with exercise) and 24 of control group(without exercise) were questioned about lower urinary symptoms, discomfort during sexual intercourse and daily life. The maximum pressure of pelvic floor muscle contraction(MPPFMC) and duration of pelvic floor muscle contraction(DPFMC) were measured at pre-treatment, the end of treatment and 8 weeks after a treatment program. The pelvic floor muscle exercise program(using biofeedback and electrical stimulation) was applied to the experimental group twice a week for 4 weeks at the incontinence clinic and the pelvic floor muscle exercise at home for that time and more 8 weeks. Data were analyzed by t-test, X(2)-test, Fisher's exact test and the repeated measures ANOVA. The results were as follows; 1) MPPFMC(p=0.000) and DPFMC(p=0.021) were significantly increased in the experimental group. 2)In the lower urinary symptoms, daily frequency(p=0.001), nocturia(p=0.002), incontinence episode(p=0.016), stress incontinence(p=0.012), quantity of incontinence(p=0.026), straining(p=0.041), and strength of stream(p=0.009) were significantly decreased in the experimental group. 3)Discomfort during sexual intercourse had not a significant difference between the two groups, which was not significantly decreased as time passed. 4) In the discomfort during daily life, activity restriction(p=0.042), exercise restriction (p=0.008), interpersonal relationship restriction(p=0.046), and discomfort of general life(p=0.027) showed a significant difference between the two groups, which were not significantly decreased as time passed. In conclusion, it is suggested that the pelvic floor muscle exercise using biofeedback and electrical stimulation might be a safer and more effective program for the improvement of postpartum pelvic muscle contraction.

CT Findings of Acute Pyelonephritis in Children:Correlation with Clinical Manifestations

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the CT findings of acute pyelonephritis (APN) in children and to assess the correlation between these findings, clinical parameters and renal scar development, as seen on follow-up CT scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Contrast-enhanced CT scans of thirty children in whom APN had been diagnosed were assigned to one of three groups according to whether an abscess had formed, and then to subgroups on the basis of the number of lesions in the renal parenchyme. Initial CT findings were retrospectively correlated with five clinical parameters (maximal body temperature, fever duration, leukocytosis, pyuria and admission period) and renal scar development, as seen on follow-up CT (n=12). RESULTS: CT scans demonstrated linear, wedge-shaped, low-density renal parenchymal lesions in 35 kidneys of 25 patients and abscesses in seven kidneys of seven patients, but no abnormal lesions in five patients. In the three groups there was correlation between these findings and some clinical parameters (maximal body temperature, fever duration and admission period), but no subgroup showed significant correlation with any clini-cal parameter. Renal cortical scars detected by follow-up CT were more prevalent in patients in whom initial CT demonstrated the presence of an abscess. CONCLUSION: Clinical parameters correlated with the presence of renal parenchymal hypoenhancing lesions and abscess formation, as seen on CT scans, rather than the number of renal parenchymal lesions. Renal cortical scars were more prevalent in patients in whom initial CT revealed the presence of an abscess. Enhanced CT is thought to be useful both for diagnosing APN and for predicting its clinical course in children.