Goitrogenic/antithyroidal potential of moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) of Indian origin on thyroid status in male albino rats

Moringa leaves and spinach used as vegetables containing cyanogens and polyphenols having suspected antithyroidal activity; however, detailed studies in this aspect found unavailable. Goitrogenic/antithyroid potentiality of those plant foods of Indian origin was evaluated. To explore the goitrogenic/antithyroid effect of those plant foods cyanogenic glucosides, glucosinolates, thiocyanate and polyphenol content were measured. These plant foods were fed with diet regularly to adult male albino rats for 30 and 60 days respectively, followed by evaluation of morphological and functional status of thyroid,as thyroid gland weight, the activity status of thyroid hormone synthesizing enzymes viz. TPO, Na+-K+-ATPase, deiodinase I, thyroid hormone profiles, thyroid histoarchitecture as well as urinary iodine and thiocyanate. In moringa leaves and spinach fed diet, there was a significant increase in urinary excretion of thiocyanate and iodine, enlargement of thyroid gland along with hypertrophy of thyroid follicles and altered in the activities of thyroid hormone synthesizing enzymes with concomitant changes of thyroid hormone profiles. Effects were more severe in moringa leaves treated group than that of spinach. Biochemical analysis moringa leaves and spinach reveal that those are rich sources of goitrogens and their prolonged consumption gradually developed a relative state of biochemical and morphological hypothyroidism.

Soybean, Cassava And Cabbage Locally Grown In A Iodine Deficient Area In Central Java Are Goitrogenic To Rats

Although the relation of iodine deficiency to endemic goiter is well established, other factors may be involved. Some factors are related to food. The aim of the study was to prove that some foods locally grown in an iodine deficient area are goitrogenic. Twenty eight Wistar rats age 28 days, weight 60-70 g were randomly assigned into seven groups. The first group fed with AIN-93G as control group. Group II and III were given 25% and 50% raw soybean replacing the same weight of AIN-93G. Group IV and V were given 25% and 50% raw cassava replacing the same weight of AIN-93G. Group VI and VII were given 25% % and 50% raw cabbage replacing the same weight of AIN-93G. The length of the experiment was 34 days. The results showed that the control group fed with AIN-93G grew optimally, while the other groups showed deficits in growth significantly. Histological preparation of the thyroid gland were carried out under hematoxilyn eosin staining. Both 25% and 50% of raw soybean, raw cassava and raw cabbage produced colloid goiter. The study proved that foods locally grown in an iodine deficient area are goitrogenic.

Multi-nodular goiter: Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathogenesis and Pathology.

Multi-nodular goiter is a common endocrine disorder worldwide. It is endemic in certain populations. It is more common in women and presents mainly in 4th and 5th decades of life. Various factors have been implicated for the development of multi-nodulor goiter, most common being Iodine deficiency. Nodular goiter results from uni or multifocal hyperplasia of follicular cells which may have autonomy of growth and autonomy of function. The process can be divided into five stages which result in the classic appearance and histology of multi-nodulor goiter. Present article deals with epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis and pathology of multi-nodulor goiter based on relevant articles searched on pubmed.

Dietary supplies of iodine & thiocyanate in the aetiology of endemic goitre in Imphal East district of Manipur, north east India.

Background & objectives: The present investigation was undertaken to study the iodine nutritional status of school children of Imphal east district in Manipur where endemic goitre persists during post-salt iodization phase along with the investigation of the factors responsible for the occurrence of goitre endemicity. Methods: A total of 1,286 children (6-12 yr) were clinically examined for goitre from study areas of Imphal east district. A total of 160 urine samples were collected and analyzed to measure urinary iodine and thiocyanate levels. Iodine content was measured in 140 salt samples and 16 drinking water samples. Results: Overall goitre prevalence was about 30 per cent (grade 1-24.7%; grade 2-5.3%) and median urinary iodine level was 17.25 μg/dl. The mean urinary thiocyanate level was 1.073 + 0.39 mg/dl. Iodine/thiocyanate ratio (μg/mg) was in the ranges from 15.65 to 22.34. The mean iodine content in drinking water samples was 2.92 + 1.75 μg/l and 97.8 per cent of edible salts had iodine level above 15 ppm at the consumption point. Interpretation & conclusion: Our findings showed that in spite of no biochemical iodine deficiency, iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) is a serious public health problem in Imphal east district of Manipur. The consumption pattern of certain plant foods containing thiocyanate (or its precursors) was relatively high that interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis resulting in the excretion of more iodine. Thus, the existing dietary supplies of thiocyanate in relation to iodine may be a possible aetiological factor for the persistence of endemic goitre in the study region during post salt iodization period.