Cefalea postpunción dural con aguja espinal de bisel cortante aguja espinal de punta cónica: revisión sistemática / Postdural puncture headache with cutting spinal needle pencil point spinal needle: systematic review

INTRODUCTION: Postdural puncture headache is one of the most frequent complications that occurs after the puncture of the dura mater, resulting in the spinal fluid leakage, through the same and subsequent traction of brain structures. OBJECTIVE: To compare cutting spinal needle and pencil point spinal needle in the incidence of postural dural puncture headache. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search of scientific articles published since 2006 was carried out in the Pubmed, Science Direct, Clinical Key and EBSCO databases, which evaluates the incidence of postdural puncture headache in spinal needles with conical tip and cutting bevel, additionally, experts will be consulted in the area that should suggest literature related to this topic, which would not have been included in the search methods previously described. RESULTS: In total, 14 studies were selected in the population that suffered puncture of the dura mater after accidental, therapeutic or diagnostic lumbar puncture (LP) and the presentation of postdural puncture headache was measured according to the ICHD-3 beta criteria. It was found that there is a decrease in the incidence of postdural puncture headache with conical tip spinal needles, compared to spinal needles of cutting bevel. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence indicates that postdural puncture headache occurs less frequently, with low intensity and short duration in patients operated with a conical spinal needle, compared to the cutting bevel. In addition, according to the recently described pathophysiology, it is contradictory that conical spinal needles are called "atraumatic", so this review proposes a change in nomenclature that is most useful for the clinical anesthesiologist.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La cefalea postpunción dural es una de las complicaciones más frecuentes que se presenta posterior a la punción de la duramadre, lo cual produce salida de líquido cefalorraquídeo, a través de la misma y posterior tracción de las estructuras cerebrales. OBJETIVO: Comparar la aguja espinal de bisel cortante y la aguja espinal de punta cónica en la incidencia de presentación de cefalea postpunción dural. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de artículos científicos publicados desde el año 2006, en las bases de datos Pubmed, Science Direct, Clinical Key y EBSCO, que evaluaran la incidencia de cefalea postpunción dural en agujas espinales de punta cónica y bisel cortante, adicionalmente se consultó con expertos en el área que pudieran sugerir literatura relacionada con este tema, la cual no hubiese sido incluida en los métodos de búsqueda previamente descritos. RESULTADOS: En total se seleccionaron 14 estudios realizados en población que sufrieron punción de la duramadre luego de punción lumbar (PL) accidental, terapéutica o diagnóstica y se midió la presentación de cefalea postpunción dural según los criterios ICHD-3 beta. Se encontró que hay una disminución de la incidencia de cefalea postpunción dural con las agujas espinales de punta cónica, en comparación con las agujas espinales de bisel cortante. CONCLUSIONES: La evidencia actual indica que la cefalea postpunción dural se presenta con menor frecuencia, baja intensidad y corta duración en pacientes intervenidos con aguja espinal de punta cónica, en comparación con la aguja espinal de bisel cortante. Adicionalmente, según la fisiopatologia recientemente descrita, es contradictorio que las agujas espinales de punta cónica sean llamada "atraumáticas", por lo que esta revisión propone un cambio en la nomenclatura que resulta de mayor utilidad para el anestesiólogo clínico.

Headache associated with polyneuritis cranialis

Polyneuritis cranialis (PNC), a variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), is a very rare disorder of multiple cranial nerve palsies without any peripheral nerve involvement or ataxia. While pain is frequent in GBS, headache is not known in the patient with PNC. We report a 72-year-old man who presented acute bilateral multiple cranial neuropathy, including neuropathies of cranial nerve III-XII and severe and prolonged headache. The brain MRI, cerebrospinal fluid examination, and peripheral nerve conduction studies showed no abnormalities. The headache improved in five weeks. All cranial neuropathies resolved completely 8 months later. We suggest that headache should be considered as an additional cardinal feature of PNC along with multiple cranial neuropathies

Intracranial Hypertension in a Patient with a Chiari Malformation Accompanied by Hyperthyroidism

The Chiari malformation is an infrequently detected congenital anomaly characterized by the downward displacement of the cerebellum with a tonsillar herniation below the foramen magnum that may be accompanied by either syringomyelia or hydrocephalus. Surgery, such as foramen magnum decompression, is indicated for a symptomatic Chiari malformation, although an incidental lesion may be followed-up without further treatment. Infrequently, increased intracranial pressure emerges due to hyperthyroidism. A nineteen-year-old girl visited our outpatient clinic presented with a headache, nausea and vomiting. A brain and spinal magnetic resonance image study (MRI) indicated that the patient had a Chiari I malformation without syringomyelia or hydrocephalus. An enlarged thyroid gland was detected on a physical examination, and serum markers indicated Graves' disease. The patient started anti-hyperthyroid medical treatment. Subsequently, the headache disappeared after the medical treatment of hyperthyroidism without surgical intervention for the Chiari malformation. A symptomatic Chiari malformation is indicated for surgery, but a surgeon should investigate other potential causes of the symptoms of the Chiari malformation to avoid unnecessary surgery.

Relationship between Pachymeningeal Enhancement on Brain MRI and CSF leakage on Radioisotope Cisternography in Patients with Orthostatic Headache

BACKGROUND: In orthostatic headache (OH) associated with low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, loss of CSF vol-ume reflected by pachymeningeal enhancement (PCE) on brain magnetic resonance image (MRI) has been suggested as a pathogenenesis according to Monro-Kellie rule. We attempted to test the following hypotheses; 1) OH is caused by loss of CSF volume, 2) CSF volume loss in OH is caused by hyperabsorption of CSF or 3) by decreased production of CSF. METHODS: Nineteen patients with OH were recruited. Lumbar puncture, brain MRI and radioisotope cisternogra-phy (RIC) were performed in all of them. We evaluated duration of headache from onset to first evaluation, presence of PCE on MRI and CSF leakage (CSFL) on RIC. Firstly, we compared duration of headache between patients with and without PCE. Secondly, between those with and without PCE, we analyzed presence of CSF fistula and demonstration of CSFL on RIC. RESULTS: Mean duration (16.1 +/-19.6) of headache in 13 patients with PCE (66.7%) was significantly longer than in those without PCE (P=0.036). Among 19 patients, CSF fistula was detected in 13 patients (72%) and CSFL in 16 patients (88.9%). There was no significant difference in CSF fistula presence (P=0.114) and in demonstra-tion of CSFL between those with and without PCE. In 16 patients, delayed appearance of radioisotope along cerebral interhemispheric and sylvian regions was shown on RIC. CONCLUSIONS: Pain in OH may be caused by CSF volume loss, however, whether CSF volume loss is caused by CSF hyperabsorption or decreased production remains to be clarified.