Review of basic trends in cryotherapy applications for horse injuries / Revisão das tendências básicas em aplicações de crioterapia em lesões em cavalos

While solving the problem of sport horses' pathologies it is important to choose safe and environmentally friendly methods, including cryotherapy, which is the topic of our research. The use of cryotherapy is a promising means of treatment of primary injury, rehabilitation in post-traumatic conditions and in chronic injuries. Prospects of cryotherapy applications in horse breeding, in particular in sports and prize areas, were researched. It was found out that modern sport horses training and their involvement in competitions is associated with serious stress on their locomotor system and maximum mobilization of all body systems, which overstrains certain muscle groups, determines increased probability and severity of injury incidence, reduction of sport longevity and worse performance in competitions.(AU)

Na resolução do problema das patologias dos cavalos esportivos é importante escolher métodos seguros e ecológicos, incluindo a crioterapia, que é o tópico desta pesquisa. O uso da crioterapia é um meio promissor no tratamento de lesões primárias, reabilitação em condições pós-traumáticas e lesões crônicas. Foram pesquisadas as perspectivas de aplicações da crioterapia na criação de cavalos, particularmente em esportes e prêmios. Verificou-se que o treinamento moderno de cavalos esportivos e seu envolvimento em competições está associado com severo estresse sobre seu sistema locomotor e mobilização máxima de todos os sistemas corporais, que sobrecarregam certos grupos musculares, determinam maior probabilidade e severidade da incidência de lesões, e reduzem a longevidade no esporte e pior desempenho em competições.(AU)

Live-trapping Ocelots (Leopardus pardalis): traps, baits, injuries, immobilization and costs / Captura de jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis): armadilhas, iscas, ferimentos, imobilização e custos

Abstract The capture of wild animals can provide important information on community structure, population dynamics, home range size, activity patterns, habitat use, denning, social behavior and health status. The objective of this study was to describe the method of capture with details on baits, injuries, non-target captures, anesthesia and costs, to evaluate its success as part of a health evaluation program of ocelots in a Brazilian Atlantic Forest Reserve. From a total of 1,011 trap-night effort in 86 days, we had 68 capture events composed of ocelots (22%, n=15) and non-target species (78%, n = 53). We captured 10 individual ocelots in 15 capture events, corresponding to 5.7 days to capture one ocelot. Capture efficiency was 14.8 ocelots/1,000 trap-nights effort. We suggest capture methods should be selected and implemented based on the following criteria: (i) high capture efficiency; (ii) high selectivity; (iii) low injury rate; (iv) high immobilization suitability; and (v) low costs, in order to enable comparisons of studies from different research groups and from different study areas, allowing a deliberate choice of the best method.

Resumo A captura de animais selvagens é capaz de proporcionar informações importantes acerca da estrutura da comunidade, dinâmica populacional, tamanho das áreas de vida, uso dos hábitats, locais de toca, comportamento social e estado de saúde. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever o método de captura enfatizando as iscas utilizadas, ferimentos, capturas de espécies não-alvo, anestesia e custos, para avaliar o sucesso de captura como parte de um programa de avaliação de saúde de jaguatiricas numa reserva de Mata Atlântica no Brasil. De um de esforço total de 1.011 armadilhas-noite em 86 dias, nós tivemos 68 eventos de captura compostos de jaguatiricas (22%, n= 15) e espécies não-alvo (78%, n= 53). Nós capturamos 10 indivíduos diferentes em 15 eventos de captura, correspondendo a 5,7 dias para capturar uma jaguatirica. A eficiência de captura foi de 14,8 jaguatiricas/1.000 armadilhas-noite. Nós sugerimos que os métodos de captura deveriam ser selecionados e implementados com base nos seguintes critérios: (i) alta eficiência de captura; (ii) alta seletividade; (iii) baixa taxa de ferimentos; (iv) alta adequação de imobilização; e (v) baixos custos, de forma a viabilizar comparações de estudos de diferentes grupos e diferentes áreas, permitindo a escolha do melhor método.

Estimated rate of agricultural injury: the Korean Farmers' Occupational Disease and Injury Survey

OBJECTIVES: This study estimated the rate of agricultural injury using a nationwide survey and identified factors associated with these injuries. METHODS: The first Korean Farmers' Occupational Disease and Injury Survey (KFODIS) was conducted by the Rural Development Administration in 2009. Data from 9,630 adults were collected through a household survey about agricultural injuries suffered in 2008. We estimated the injury rates among those whose injury required an absence of more than 4 days. Logistic regression was performed to identify the relationship between the prevalence of agricultural injuries and the general characteristics of the study population. RESULTS: We estimated that 3.2% (+/-0.00) of Korean farmers suffered agricultural injuries that required an absence of more than 4 days. The injury rates among orchard farmers (5.4 +/- 0.00) were higher those of all non-orchard farmers. The odds ratio (OR) for agricultural injuries was significantly lower in females (OR: 0.45, 95% CI = 0.45-0.45) compared to males. However, the odds of injury among farmers aged 50-59 (OR: 1.53, 95% CI = 1.46-1.60), 60-69 (OR: 1.45, 95% CI = 1.39-1.51), and > or =70 (OR: 1.94, 95% CI = 1.86-2.02) were significantly higher compared to those younger than 50. In addition, the total number of years farmed, average number of months per year of farming, and average hours per day of farming were significantly associated with agricultural injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Agricultural injury rates in this study were higher than rates reported by the existing compensation insurance data. Males and older farmers were at a greater risk of agriculture injuries; therefore, the prevention and management of agricultural injuries in this population is required.

Analysis of lower limb injuries in collegiate American football team: a 2-year prospective study / 体力科学

Collegiate American football injuries for two year seasons in Japanese Kansai Division I team were analyzed using injury rates (IR) per 1000 athlete-exposures (1000AE: one athlete-exposure was defined as a player participating in one game or one practice.), especially focusing on lower limb injuries. The overall game injury rate (GIR: 38.3) was significantly higher than practice injury rate (PIR: 13.1) (X²=12.355, p < 0.05). The difference between GIR in 2008 season (50.8) and in 2007 season (25.7) was significant (X²=8.235, p < 0.05). The lower extremity injuries approximately occupied 60% of all injuries, especially GIRs of both ankle inversion sprains (3.8) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL: 3.3) injuries being much higher. PIR in this study was higher than the rates of collegiate American football teams in the U.S.A., especially PIRs of knee ligament injuries (ACL and medial collateral ligament injuries) and ankle sprains (inversion and eversion sprains) being much higher. Regarding the occurrence of injury, GIR with contact in ACL injuries (2.8) and GIR without contact in ankle inversion sprains (2.4) were the highest. It is also necessary to change practice plans and circumstances so that the PIR of knee and ankle injuries could be reduced. Research is needed on injury prevention for knee and ankle injuries in the games and practices.

Occupational Injury Statistics in Korea

OBJECTIVES: The occupational accident rate was officially reported to be 0.77 per 100 workers in 2001 and 0.70 in 2009. The stagnant decrease in accident rate raises a question about the effectiveness of prevention activity because there have been active prevention efforts in the past 10 years. It is also necessary to know the exact status of occupational injuries to direct a prevention strategy. METHODS: The author re-analyzed occupational injury statistics to find the reason for stagnant decreases in occupational injuries. Compensated occupational injuries cases were used to calculate fatal and non-fatal injury rates. Injuries from commuting accidents and sports activities were excluded as well as occupational diseases. The number of workers was adjusted to that of full time equivalent employees. RESULTS: The fatal injury rate excluding injuries associated with commuting accidents, sports activities, and occupational diseases decreased from 12.59 in 2001 to 8.20 in 2009. In 2007, 67.5% of accidents that involved being caught in objects, which are mostly caused by machines and equipment, occurred in the manufacturing industry; this type of incident has decreased since 2001. The fatal and non-fatal injury rates in the manufacturing industry have continuously decreased while the rates in the service industry have not changed from 2001 to 2009. Non-fatal injuries might not be reported in many cases. The number of insured workers was underestimated as long working hours were not adjusted for in the reporting system. CONCLUSION: The occupational fatal injury rate has decreased and the non-fatal injury rate might have decreased during the last 10 years, although the statistics show stagnancy. The decrease of the injury rate was countervailed by various factors. Hence, the current accident rate does not reflect the actual situation of accidents in Korea. Korea needs to develop an improved system to more accurately calculate occupational fatal and non-fatal injury rates.

The Status of Occupational Accidents and Injuries and the Implications / 대한산업의학회지

Since 1964, when the official statistics on occupational injury rates had been produced for the first time, the rates have showed a steady decline until 2000. However, the injury rate has been stagnant since 2000 although the fatal injury rate has decreased 40% in the same period. The non-fatal injury rate per 100 employees was 0.63 while the fatal injury rate per 100,000 employees was 9.74 in 2010. Traumatic injuries accounted for 86.8% of all injuries, followed by non-traumatic injuries at 8.4% and injuries by traffic accidents at 4.6%. Injuries caused by being caught in objects, hit by flying or falling objects and collisions have decreased while those caused by slip and fall on same level and fall from the height have increased. The decrease in injuries caused by being caught in objects may be the result of prevention efforts because 68.6% of them occurred in the manufacturing industry where most efforts for prevention have been invested. The increase in injuries involving slips and falls on same level may be caused by the growing number of employees in the service industry where 51% of the cases occurred. The construction industry accounted for 40.2% of all fatal injuries, and falls from the height caused 54.3% of the fatality. The non-fatal injury rate of Korea is lower than that of industrialized countries while its fatal injury rate is comparatively higher. It is probably caused by many unclaimed cases of mild non-fatal injuries whereas most fatal injuries were filed. Another problem is that the injury rate does not include injuries that occur to workers who are not eligible for the compensation scheme. This information can be obtained through a surveillance system or the national survey. Therefore, the attention of occupational physicians should focus on injuries as well as diseases occurring at work, and also on all working population whose injuries and diseases are not covered by the compensation scheme.