Responsabilidad penal médica: consideraciones en la aplicación del principio del doble efecto / Medical Criminal Liability: considerations in the application of the principle of double effect

La responsabilidad médica en Chile contempla un espacio de discrecionalidad, en situaciones de peligro para la mujer durante el embarazo y en el tratamiento paliativo de pacientes terminales. En estos casos se presentan conceptos jurídicos indeterminados, en el ordenamiento jurídico chileno, que requieren de una propuesta interpretativa en consonancia con la protección del derecho a la vida, en actividades médicas que tengan por efecto colateral la muerte de personas inocentes (AU).

The chilean medical liability leaves a room of discretion in cases when a hazardous condition exists during the pregnancy or palliative care for those dying from a terminal disease. In such cases, the Chilean legal system presents undefined legal concepts. This concepts need to be in accordance with the promotion of the constitutional right to life, in medical cases where innocent people could die by side effect (AU).

O arquétipo da anima, a sexualidade, o amor e a ferida de Amfortas: uma interpretação da psicologia simbólica junguiana da lenda do Graal / Anima archetype, sexuality and king Amfortas' wound: an interpretation of the Grail legend by Jungian symbolic psychology

Baseado no referencial teórico da psicologia simbólica junguiana, o autor analisa o símbolo da ferida do rei Amfortas na lenda do Graal. Nesta teoria, os arquétipos matriarcal, patriarcal, da anima, do animus e da alteridade não se restringem ao individual, ao masculino ou ao feminino, pois todos esses arquétipos incluem os dois gêneros e a dimensão cultural. Na transição para a maturidade (40-60 anos), segunda adolescência ou metanoia, ativam-se conteúdos dos arquétipos da anima, do animus e da alteridade na posição ativa (Byington, 2013). Essa transição é a missão redentora do herói inocente e tolo Parsifal, na lenda do Graal, pois foi nela que o rei Amfortas caiu na lascívia e numa depressão defensiva patriarcal, pela sedução de Kundry, dominada pelo feiticeiro Klingsor. Parsifal é o herói inocente-tolo do arquétipo da alteridade, que resiste à tentação de Kundry, resgata a lança, anula a feitiçaria de Klingsor e destrói seu castelo. Ao curar a ferida de Amfortas com a lança que o feriu e a Jesus, Parsifal salva o reino, resgata a fixação matriarcal e patriarcal do Self individual e do Self cultural e se torna rei do Graal. No nível mitológico o herói Parsifal pode ser associado a Cristo e a Buda.

Based on Jungian symbolic psychology, the author analyses the symbol of king Amfortas' incurable wound in the Grail legend. In this theory, the matriarchal, patriarchal, anima, animus and alterity (otherness) archetypes are not restricted exclusively either to the feminine or the masculine, as all these archetypes include both genders. They can be activated to lead individuation in any existential dimension. In the maturity stage (40-60 years), the second adolescence or metanoia, contents of the anima, animus and alterity (otherness) archetypes are activated in the active position (Byington, 2013). This transition is the goal of the Grail legend when king Amfortas tempted by Kundry fell into matriarchal lasciviousness and patriarchal defensive depression, dominated by the magic of the sorcerer Klingsor. Parsifal is the innocent fool hero guided by the alterity (otherness) archetype. He resists Kundry's temptation, rescues the spear, exorcises Klingsor's magic and his castle is destroyed. Curing Amfortas's wound and the matriarchal and patriarchal fixations, Parsifal saves Kundry, king Amfortas and the kingdom and is crowned king of the Grail. In this sense, two great symbols of anima and animus archetypes in the archetypal theory of history are the mythological figures of Buddha and Christ.

Las medidas de seguridad en materia penal juvenil / Security measures in juvenile criminal law

En la actualidad exite una ardua discusión sobre las sanciones dentro del derecho penal juvenil, tema que cobra especial relevancia cuando nos enfrentamos a conductas delictivas cometidas por personas menores de edad en las cuales se ha determinado su condiciçon de inimputables o toxicómanos a partir de las conclusiones de las pericias respectivas. El cuestionamiento nos lleva a dos posibles soluciones: una darle un abordaje como un problema de salud y excluirlo del derecho penal y otra, mantener la línea tradicional, en la cual se faculta al derecho penal sancionar la conducta delictiva, imponiendo una medida de seguridad. Si se admite la primera posición, la normativa aplicable lo constituye el Código de la Niñez y la Adolescencia, el cual contempla la posibilidad de imponer medidas de protección para quienes están en una situación de vulnerabilidad, dentro de las que se ubican los casos de inimputables y toxicómanos, esto implica admitir medidas de "seguridad o protección" con una naturaleza jurídica de carácter administrativo. Posición que implicaría no sólo una vulneración de derechos sino que contraviene lo señalado por Sala Constitucional, la cual al desarrollar el alcance del artículo 39 de la Constitución Política, ha señalado que la imposición de las sanciones y por ende de las medidas de seguridad gozan de la garantía de la reserva de ley, destacando su naturaleza jurisdiccional y exclusivamente ante la comisión de delitos. La única solución posible en aras del respeto de esta reserva legal, es aplicar, conforme al artículo 9 de la Ley de Justicia Penal Juvenil la legislación penal de adultos y admitir la imposición de medidas de seguridad en la justicia penal juvenil.

Currently, there has been an arduous discussion about penalties in juvenile criminal law, topic which becomes especially relevant when we are faced to criminal conducts from people who are underage, in which their condition of not guilty or drug addict has been determined from the conclusions of respective expertise. The question leads up to two possible solutions: first, face it like a health problem and exclude it from criminal law; second, keep the traditional line, in which the criminal law can punish the criminal conduct, imposing a security measure. If we admit the first solution, the laws applicable are the Code of Childhood and Adolescence, contemplating the possibility of applying protection measures towards those who are in a vulnerable situation, in which we would put the cases of the not guilty and the drug addicts; this would imply admitting "security or protection" measures with a juridical nature of administrative sort. Position that would imply not only a weakening of rights, but would also violate what the Constitutional Chamber has said, when studying the scope of Article 39 of the Political Constitution, that the imposition of punishments and security measures have the guarantee of law reserve, which makes its nature jurisdictional and exclusive to when a crime is committed. The only possible solution, in order to respect this law reserve, is to apply, according to Article 9 of the Law of Juvenile Criminal Justice, the legislation applicable to adults and to admit the imposition of security measures in juvenile criminal justice.