Antibacterial ability of different activated irrigation after root canal preparation: intratubular analyses

Abstract This study assessed the intratubular antibacterial ability of different activated irrigations after chemical mechanical preparation. Seventy-two palatal root canals of upper molars were infected with Enterococcus faecalis for 4 weeks, and then initial bacterial collection from the main root canal was performed. The root canals were prepared by using a WaveOne Gold large (45/.05) and distributed into 6 groups according to the activation of the final irrigation: ultrasonic activation (UA), XP-Endo Finisher (25/.00), XP Clean (25/.02), EasyClean (25/.04) in reciprocating motion and continuous rotary motion (ECRot), and conventional irrigation. After final irrigation, another bacterial collection from the main root canal was performed, and the root was sectioned transversely in three-thirds and stained for analysis by confocal laser microscopy. Intratubular bacteria were collected through dentin powder and plated for bacterial viability analysis. Intergroup and intragroup comparisons were performed by using analysis of variance and repeated measures analysis of variance, respectively, both at 5% significance. ECRot had higher antibacterial ability than UA (p<0.05), and both were superior to the other groups (p<0.05) in both methodologies. It can be concluded that activation of final irrigation enhances the disinfection of the root canal system, and activators have different efficacies

Resumo Este estudo avaliou a capacidade antibacteriana intratubular de diferentes irrigações ativadas após o preparo químico-mecânico. Setenta e dois canais palatinos de molares superiores foram contaminados com Enterococcus faecalis por 4 semanas, e então a coleta bacteriana inicial do canal principal foi realizada. Os canais foram preparados com WaveOne Gold large (45/.05) e distribuídos em 6 grupos de acordo com a ativação da irrigação final: ativação ultrassônica (UA), XP-Endo Finisher (25/.00), XP Clean (25/.02), EasyClean (25/.04) em movimento reciprocante e em movimento rotatório contínuo (ECRot) e irrigação convencional. Após a irrigação final, outra coleta bacteriana do canal principal foi realizada, e a raiz foi seccionada transversalmente em três terços e corada para análise por microscopia laser confocal. Bactérias intra tubulares foram coletadas através de pó de dentina e cultivadas para análise de viabilidade bacteriana. As comparações entre grupos e intragrupos foram realizadas usando análise de variância e análise de variância de medidas repetidas, respectivamente, ambas com 5% de significância. ECRot apresentou maior capacidade antibacteriana que UA (p<0,05), e ambos foram superiores aos demais grupos (p<0,05) em ambas as metodologias. Pode-se concluir que a ativação da irrigação final melhora a desinfecção do sistema de canais radiculares, e os ativadores têm eficácias diferentes.

Aplicación de la crioterapia en endodoncia: su importancia en el control del dolor

Introducción: La endodoncia es la disciplina odontológica que estudia la morfología, fisiología y patología de la pulpa dentaria y del tejido perirradicular. Comprende la etiología, prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las alteraciones pulpares, así como sus repercusiones en la región periapical y el resto del organismo. Su finalidad es aliviar el dolor y preservar las piezas dentales en función dentro del sistema estomatognático. El dolor que se origina en piezas dentarias o tejidos circundantes es uno de los principales motivos de consulta odontológica. Objetivo general: explicar el uso de la crioterapia en endodoncia. Objetivos específicos: analizar su mecanismo fisiológico de acción; la eficacia en la reducción del dolor en las terapias endodónticas con diferentes diagnósticos iniciales; describir sus formas de aplicación clínica; establecer las contraindicaciones o los posibles inconvenientes que pueda presentar su aplicación. Metodología: El trabajo es una revisión narrativa. Se realizó la búsqueda bibliográfica con los siguientes términos MeSH (Medical Subject Heading): cryotherapy, endodontic, intracanal irrigation, dental pain y sus correspondientes descriptores en ciencias de la salud DeCS: crioterapia, endodoncia, irrigación intracanal y dolor dental. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: artículos disponibles a texto completo que contengan al menos una palabra clave en título y/o resumen, en idioma inglés, español o portugués, sin límite temporal. Se excluyeron los artículos con estudios en animales o en piezas dentarias deciduas. Conclusiones: De acuerdo al presente trabajo existen estudios científicos que sostienen positivamente la aplicación de la crioterapia para el control del dolor en endodoncia.

Introdução: Endodontia é a disciplina odontológica que trata da morfologia, fisiologia e patologia da polpa dentária e do tecido perirradicular. Inclui a etiologia, prevenção, diagnóstica e tratamento das desordens pulpares, bem como suas repercussões na região periapical e no restante do organismo. O objetivo é aliviar a dor e preservar os dentes em função. A dor originada nos dentes ou tecidos circundantes é um dos principais motivos de consulta odontológica. Objetivo geral: explicar a aplicação da crioterapia na endodontia. Objetivos específicos: analisar seu mecanismo fisiológico de ação; a eficácia na redução da dor em terapias endodônticas com diferentes diagnósticos iniciais; descrever suas formas de aplicação clínica; estabelecer as contraindicações ou possíveis inconvenientes que a sua aplicação possa apresentar. Metodologia: O trabalho é uma revisão narrativa. A busca bibliográfica foi realizada com os seguintes termos MeSH (Medical Subject Heading): crioterapia, endodontia, irrigação intracanal, dor dentária e seus correspondentes descritores no DeCS ciências da saúde: crioterapia, endodontia, irrigação intracanal e dor dentária. Os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos disponíveis em texto completo que contenham pelo menos uma palavra-chave no título e/ou resumo, nos idiomas inglês, espanhol ou português, sem limite de tempo. Foram excluídos artigos com estudos em animais ou em dentes decíduos. Conclusões: De acordo com o presente trabalho, existem estudos científicos que apoiam positivamente a aplicação da crioterapia para controle da dor em endodontia.

Introduction: Endodontics is the dental discipline that deals with the morphology, physiology and pathology of the dental pulp and periradicular tissue. It includes the etiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of pulp disorders, as well as its repercussions in the periapical region and the rest of the organism. The purpose is to relieve pain and preserve the teeth in function. Pain originating from teeth or surrounding tissues is one of the main reasons for dental consultation. General objective: explain the implementation of cryotherapy in endodontics. Specific objectives: to analyze its physiological mechanism of action; the efficacy in reducing pain in endodontic therapies with different initial diagnoses; describe its forms of clinical application; establish the contraindications or possible inconveniences that its application may present. Methodology: The work is a narrative review. The bibliographic search was carried out with the following MeSH (Medical Subject Heading) terms: cryotherapy, endodontic, intracanal irrigation, dental pain and their corresponding descriptors in DeCS health sciences: cryotherapy, endodontics, intracanal irrigation and dental pain. The inclusion criteria were: articles available in full text that contain at least one keyword in the title and/or abstract, in English, Spanish or Portuguese, with no time limit. Articles with studies in animals or in deciduous teeth were excluded. Conclusions: According to the present work, there are scientific studies that positively support the application of cryotherapy for pain control in endodontics.

Alum instillation: A management option for intractable hemorrhagic cystitis / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

@#Intractable hemorrhagic cystitis is an uncommon but significant treatment complication of concurrent chemoradiation therapy for cervical cancer. Alum instillation is regarded as a safe and effective option for its treatment. This case presentation will discuss a patient who presented with postradiation cystitis and was treated with alum irrigation. The aim of this report is to offer alum irrigation as a management option for intractable hematuria.

Custo Direto com Tecnologias Para Manejo da Colostomia Definitiva em um Serviço Especializado / Direct Cost of Technologies for Management of Definitive Colostomy in a Specialized Service / Costo Directo de Tecnologías Para el Manejo de la Colostomía Definitiva en un Servicio Especializado

Objetivos:Identificar o custo direto de um serviço especializado com o uso de equipamentos coletores e adjuvantes e compará-lo com o custo simulado da autoirrigação intestinal em pessoas com colostomia definitiva. Método: Estudo descritivo-exploratório conduzido por meio da abordagem quantitativa nos moldes de estudo de casos múltiplos. A amostra por conveniência foi composta de 22 participantes cadastrados em um serviço especializado do norte de Minas Gerais. A coleta de dados foi realizada em prontuários do período de janeiro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020. Resultados: Dos participantes, 59,1% apresentaram complicações relacionadas à estomia e pele periestomia. Em relação aos equipamentos coletores/adjuvantes, o custo variou de 2.340,00 a R$ 5.535,00, custo médio de R$ 4.050,01 e desvio padrão amostral de R$ 770,31. O custo direto médio com autoirrigação de colostomia foi de R$ 3.793,44. Conclusão: O custo direto médio dos equipamentos coletores/adjuvantes foi superior ao da autoirrigação de colostomia, impactado pela presença de complicações e pelo valor do protetor de colostomia.

Objectives:To identify the direct cost of a specialized service with the use of collection equipment and adjuvants and to compare it with the simulated cost of intestinal self-irrigation in people with permanent colostomy. Method: Descriptive-exploratory study conducted through a quantitative approach in the form of multiple-case studies. The convenience sample consisted of 22 participants registered in a specialized service in the north of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data collection was carried out in medical records from January 2019 to January 2020. Results: Among the participants, 59.1% had complications related to the ostomy and peristomal skin. Regarding collector/adjuvant equipment, the cost ranged from R$ 2,340.00 to R$ 5,535.00, average cost of R$ 4,050.01, and sample standard deviation of R$ 770.31. The average direct cost with colostomy self-irrigation was R$ 3,793.44. Conclusion: The average direct cost of collection/adjuvant equipment was higher than that of colostomy self-irrigation, impacted by the presence of complications and the value of the colostomy protector.

Objetivos:Identificar o custo direto de um serviço especializado com o uso de equipamentos coletores e adjuvantes e compará-lo com o custo simulado da autoirrigação intestinal em pessoas com colostomia definitiva. Método: Estudo descritivo-exploratório conduzido por meio da abordagem quantitativa nos moldes de estudo de casos múltiplos. A amostra por conveniência foi composta de 22 participantes cadastrados em um serviço especializado do norte de Minas Gerais. A coleta de dados foi realizada em prontuários do período de janeiro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020. Resultados: Dos participantes, 59,1% apresentaram complicações relacionadas à estomia e pele periestomia. Em relação aos equipamentos coletores/adjuvantes, o custo variou de 2.340,00 a R$ 5.535,00, custo médio de R$ 4.050,01 e desvio padrão amostral de R$ 770,31. O custo direto médio com autoirrigação de colostomia foi de R$ 3.793,44. Conclusão: O custo direto médio dos equipamentos coletores/adjuvantes foi superior ao da autoirrigação de colostomia, impactado pela presença de complicações e pelo valor do protetor de colostomia.

Apical enlargement favors endodontic irrigation ­ an in vivo study

Aim: This study evaluated the irrigation penetration during root canal instrumentation and the clinical step in which the irrigation solution can be detected in the apical region. Materials and Methods: Twenty necrotic molars were divided according to the irrigation protocol, saline solution with manual active pressure, and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite with dripping delivery. Solution penetration assessment used a radiopaque component added to each irrigant solely before a periapical radiograph. Instrumentation sequence was: #10, and #15 K-files (step 1), cervical flaring using WaveOne Small (step 2), WaveOne Small at working length (step 3), Hero-642 #35/.02 (step 4), and Hero-642 #40/.02 (step 5). The step each contrasted-irrigant reached the 2-mm-apical region was registered. Shapiro-Wilk and Fisher's exact tests were used for comparisons. Results: In step 3, both contrasted-irrigants started to be detected in the apical region, and after step 5, contrasted-irrigants penetrated in 100% of the cases, without significant difference. Conclusion: Considering distal molar roots, the apical enlargement up to an instrument #40.02 favors the irrigation to reach the 2-mm apical region.

Evaluación angiográfica de la distribución anatómica de la irrigación sanguínea del ángulo esplénico del colon en población chilena

Objetivo: Identificar los patrones de distribución vascular del ángulo esplénico del colon (AEC) en la población chilena para su comparación con la literatura oriental (Fukuoka). Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Se caracterizó la irrigación del AEC de imágenes con protocolo Urotac realizadas en Clínica INDISA entre el año 2020 y 2021 (n = 127), clasificándolas dentro de 6 tipos descritos por Fukuoka. Se evaluaron características demográficas y comorbilidades. Las variables fueron analizadas utilizando estadística descriptiva y la significancia mediante la prueba Chi2. Resultados: Existen diferencias en los tipos irrigación del AEC entre la serie local y Fukuoka, la irrigación tipo 3 fue la que presentó mayor variación (p < 0,05). El tipo 1 es la más frecuente (34,7%), sin casos del Tipo 4. No se identificó diferencia entre los distintos tipos de irrigación con relación a las variables demográficas y comorbilidades. Discusión: Al comparar nuestra serie con la oriental se evidenció similar frecuencia en tipos 1 y 6, mayor en tipos 3 y 5, y tipos 2 y 4 con menor representación. Se identificó un mayor aporte en la irrigación del AEC por la arteria cólica izquierda (ACI) en la población estudiada (64,6%). Conclusión: Nuestra población tiene mayor participación de ACI en irrigación del AEC que orientales (64,6% vs 49,6%), los tipos más frecuentes son 1, 3 y 6, el Tipo 1 es la forma más frecuente de irrigación, similar a Fukuoka (34,7% vs 39,7%), Tipo 3 tiene mayor representación en nuestra población que en la oriental (29,9% vs 9,9%).

Objective: To identify the vascular distribution patterns of the splenic flexure of the colon (AEC) in the Chilean population for comparison with the oriental literature (Fukuoka). Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. The irrigation of the AEC of images with the Urotac protocol performed at the INDISA Clinic between 2020 and 2021 (n = 127) was characterized, classifying them into 6 types described by Fukuoka. Demographic characteristics and comorbidities were evaluated. Variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics and significance using the Chi2 test. Results: There are differences in the types of irrigation of the AEC between the local series and Fukuoka, irrigation type 3 was the one that presented the greatest variation (p < 0.05). Type 1 is the most frequent (34.7%), with no cases of Type 4. No difference was identified between the different types of irrigation in relation to demographic variables and comorbidities. Discussion: When comparing our series with the eastern one, a similar frequency was found in types 1 and 6, higher in types 3 and 5, and types 2 and 4 with less representation. A greater contribution was identified in the irrigation of the AEC by the left colic artery (ICA) in the population studied (64.6%). Conclusion: Our population has a greater participation of ICA in AEC irrigation than Orientals (64.6% vs 49.6%), the most frequent types are 1, 3 and 6, Type 1 is the most frequent form of irrigation, similar to Fukuoka (34.7% vs 39.7%), Type 3 is more represented in our population than in the eastern one (29.9% vs 9.9%).

DOES THE ACTIVATION OF ROOT CANAL DRESSINGS IMPROVE THEIR FILLING QUALITY ON TEETH WITH SIMULATED INTERNAL ROOT RESORPTION?

This study aims to evaluate, by micro-computed tomography, the filling capacity of two root canal dressings (RCD) - Bio-C Temp and Ultracal - after different activation protocols in teeth with simulated internal root resorption. Eighty single-rooted bovine teeth were sectioned in the cervical portion, standardizing the roots at 16 mm. Then, the canals were prepared by the apex-crown technique until instrument #80 using 2mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution at each instrument change. Afterward, the roots were sectioned longitudinally, and internal root resorptions were simulated using a diamond bur 1016 at 5 mm from the root apex. Hemiroots were joined and fixed with cyanoacrylate, scanned in micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to assess total canal volume and simulated internal resorption, and then divided by stratified randomization into experimental groups according to RCD and method of activation (n = 10): Ultracal/Syringe; Ultracal/PUI, Ultracal/XP Endo Finisher, Ultracal Easy Clean, Bio-C Temp/Syringe, Bio-C Temp/PUI, Bio-C Temp/XP Endo Finisher and Bio-C/Easy Clean. Another scanning was performed to assess the volume of voids after RCD activation methods. The ANOVA and Tukey tests compared the activation methods. Student's T-test compared the RCDs within each activation method. Initial root canal volume values were similar for all groups (P > 0.05). There was no difference between activation protocols (P > 0.05). Higher volumes of void spaces were observed for Bio-C Temp compared to Ultracal after all activation methods (P < 0.05), except for Easy Clean (P > 0.05). Due to this, it can be concluded that the agitation methods tested for the Bio-C Temp and Ultracal pastes did not improve the filling of bovine teeth with simulated internal root resorption.

DOES THE ACTIVATION OF ROOT CANAL DRESSINGS IMPROVE THEIR FILLING QUALITY ON TEETH WITH SIMULATED INTERNAL ROOT RESORPTION?

Aims: This study aims to evaluate, by micro-computed tomography, the filling capacity of two root canal dressings (RCD) -Bio-C Temp and Ultracal -after different activation protocols in teeth with simulated internal root resorption.Materials and methods: Eighty single-rooted bovine teeth were sectioned in the cervical portion, standardizing the roots at 16 mm. Then, the canals were prepared by the apex-crown technique until instrument #80 using 2mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution at each instrument change. Afterward, the roots were sectioned longitudinally, and internal root resorptions were simulated using a diamond bur 1016 at 5 mm from the root apex. Hemiroots were joined and fixed with cyanoacrylate, scanned in micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to assess total canal volume and simulated internal resorption, and then divided by stratified randomization into experimental groups according to RCD and method of activation (n = 10): Ultracal/Syringe; Ultracal/PUI, Ultracal/XP Endo Finisher, Ultracal Easy Clean, Bio-C Temp/Syringe, Bio-C Temp/PUI, Bio-C Temp/XP Endo Finisher and Bio-C/Easy Clean. Another scanning was performed to assess the volume of voids after RCD activation methods. The ANOVA and Tukey tests compared the activation methods. Student's T-test compared the RCDs within each activation method. Initial root canal volume values were similar for all groups (P > 0.05).Results:There was no difference between activation protocols (P > 0.05). Higher volumes of void spaces were observed for Bio-C Temp compared to Ultracal after all activation methods (P < 0.05), except for Easy Clean (P > 0.05).Conclusion:It can be concluded that the agitation methods tested for the Bio-C Temp and Ultracal pastes did not improve the filling of bovine teeth with simulated internal root resorption.

DOES THE ACTIVATION OF ROOT CANAL DRESSINGS IMPROVE THEIR FILLING QUALITY ON TEETH WITH SIMULATED INTERNAL ROOT RESORPTION?

Aims: This study aims to evaluate, by micro-computed tomography, the filling capacity of two root canal dressings (RCD) -Bio-C Temp and Ultracal -after different activation protocols in teeth with simulated internal root resorption.Materials and methods: Eighty single-rooted bovine teeth were sectioned in the cervical portion, standardizing the roots at 16 mm. Then, the canals were prepared by the apex-crown technique until instrument #80 using 2mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution at each instrument change. Afterward, the roots were sectioned longitudinally, and internal root resorptions were simulated using a diamond bur 1016 at 5 mm from the root apex. Hemiroots were joined and fixed with cyanoacrylate, scanned in micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to assess total canal volume and simulated internal resorption, and then divided by stratified randomization into experimental groups according to RCD and method of activation (n = 10): Ultracal/Syringe; Ultracal/PUI, Ultracal/XP Endo Finisher, Ultracal Easy Clean, Bio-C Temp/Syringe, Bio-C Temp/PUI, Bio-C Temp/XP Endo Finisher and Bio-C/Easy Clean. Another scanning was performed to assess the volume of voids after RCD activation methods. The ANOVA and Tukey tests compared the activation methods. Student's T-test compared the RCDs within each activation method. Initial root canal volume values were similar for all groups (P > 0.05).Results:There was no difference between activation protocols (P > 0.05). Higher volumes of void spaces were observed for Bio-C Temp compared to Ultracal after all activation methods (P < 0.05), except for Easy Clean (P > 0.05).Conclusion:It can be concluded that the agitation methods tested for the Bio-C Temp and Ultracal pastes did not improve the filling of bovine teeth with simulated internal root resorption

Irrigation protocols effects on radicular dentin: Cleaning, disinfection and remaining ultrastructure / Efecto del protocolo de irrigación en la dentina radicular: limpieza, desinfección y ultraestructura remanente

A successful endodontic treatment requires a combination of satisfactory mechanical instrumentation, adequate irrigation protocols, and three-dimensional obturation of the canal system. Irrigation is considered the most critical procedure to ensure cleaning and disinfection. To date, a large variety of irrigants has been proposed. However, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) remains the gold standard. In order to achieve complete cleaning and disinfection, final irrigation with EDTA and ultrasonic devices has been used as an ideal protocol. Most endodontic research focuses on the cleaning and antibacterial properties of the irrigant solutions. Recent evidence demonstrated that the irrigation protocols cause erosion, affecting the radicular dentin ultrastructure. This article aims to describe the clinical features of the present knowledge concerning the effect of irrigation protocols on radicular dentin.

Un tratamiento de endodoncia exitoso requiere de una satisfactoria instrumentación mecánica, protocolos de irrigación adecuados y obturación tridimensional del sistema de conductos radiculares. La irrigación se considera el procedimiento más crítico para garantizar la limpieza y desinfección. Hasta la fecha, se ha propuesto una gran variedad de irrigantes. Sin embargo, el hipoclorito de sodio (NaOCl) sigue siendo el estándar de oro. Para lograr una limpieza y desinfección completa, se ha utilizado como protocolo ideal la irrigación final con EDTA y dispositivos ultrasónicos. La mayor parte de la investigación en endodoncia se enfoca en las propiedades antibacterianas y de limpieza de las soluciones de irrigación. Reciente evidencia demostró que los protocolos de irrigación provocan erosión, afectando la ultraestructura de la dentina radicular. Este artículo tiene como objetivo describir algunas consideraciones clínicas del conocimiento actual sobre el efecto de los protocolos de irrigación en la dentina radicular.

Desmineralización de la Dentina Humana Producida por Irrigantes Endodónticos Combinados

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de soluciones de irrigación endodónticas solas y combinadas sobre iones calcio y fosfato de la dentina radicular ex vivo. Se emplearon 56 discos de dentina obtenidos del tercio medio radicular de premolares inferiores unirradiculares extraídos por razones ortodóncicas. Los discos se dividieron al azar en 8 grupos (n=7). Grupo I: agua destilada (AD), Grupo II: hipoclorito de sodio (NaClO) 1 %, Grupo III: EDTA 17 %, Grupo IV: ácido maleico (AM) 5 %, Grupo V: ácido acético (AA) 5 %, Grupo VI: EDTA 17 % + NaClO 1 %, Grupo VII: AM 5 % + NaClO 1 %, Grupo VIII: AA 5 % + NaClO 1 %. Los segmentos de dentina permanecieron en contacto a 37° C durante 5 min y 2,5 minutos en cada solución cuando se usaron en forma sucesiva. Se determinó la concentración de iones calcio de las soluciones mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica y la concentración de iones fosfatos mediante colorimetría (Wienner Lab.). Los resultados se expresaron en mg/ml/gr de tejido. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó ANOVA y Test de Tukey. AA 5 % y EDTA 17 % se comportaron de manera similar utilizados solos durante 5 minutos, NaClO 1 % no mostró diferencias con el AD. AM 5 % eliminó significativamente más calcio y fosfato que todos los grupos. Todas las soluciones desmineralizaron la dentina, pero AM 5 % durante 5 min fue la solución que más afectó el componente inorgánico de la dentina.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate ex vivo irrigating solutions effect under calcium and phosphates dentin ions, using them alone and combined. In this study 56 dentin discs where used. They were obtained from middle third of mandibular single-root premolars extracted for orthodontics reasons. Discs were randomly divided into 8 groups (n:7). Group I: Distilled water (DW), Group II: 1 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), Group III: 17 % EDTA, Group IV: 5 % maleic acid (MA), Group V: 5 % acetic acid (AA), Group VI: 17 % EDTA + 1 % NaOCl, Group VII: 5 % MA + 1 % NaOCl, Group VIII: 5 % AA + 1 % NaOCl. Dentin segments were kept in contact with irrigating solutions at 37°C for 5 minutes, when used alone, or for 2.5 minutes when used combined. After that, calcium ions (using absorption atomic spectrometry) and phosphorus ions (by colorimetry Wienner Lab.) were determined. Results were expressed in mg/ml/g tissue. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Tukey test. 5 % AA and 17 % EDTA eliminated similar concentrations of calcium and phosphates ions from dentin at 5 minutes exposure time, while 1 % NaOCl did not present statistical differences with control. 5 % MA eliminated significantly more calcium and phosphates ions than the rest of analyzed groups. Every tested solutions demineralized human dentin, but 5 % MA used for 5 minutes did it the most.

Physiological and morphological responses of two beans common genotype to water stress at different phenological stages

Comprehension of the bean responses of beans common under to water deficit is an important tool in agricultural planning, like sowing time, and deficit irrigation management strategies. The study aimed to understand the morpho-physiological responses and yield attributes of two common bean genotypes submitted to water stress at different phenological stages. The study was carried out in a greenhouse, in randomized block scheme with five repetitions. To achieve the objectives deficit irrigation of 25% of crop evapotranspiration was practiced during vegetative (DI-V), flowering (DI-F), and pod filling (DI-PF) stages. A non-deficit irrigated (NDI) and deficit irrigated through vegetative to pod filling stages (DI-VP) treatments were added for comparison. The following morphophysiological responses and yield attributes were evaluated: net assimilation of CO2, stomatal conductance, and leaf transpiration, chlorophyll index, number of trifoliate leaves, chlorophyll index, leaf area, number of grains per plant, number of grains per pod, number of pods per plant, the mass of thousand grains, harvest index, and water use efficiency. The beans genotype under DI-V exhibited acclimation, observed by the relative increment with NDI of 195%, 759%, and 231% of net assimilation of CO2, stomatal conductance, and leaf transpiration, respectively. Plants under treatment DI-PF experienced dis-stress and plastic responses as leaf losses and exhaustion of gas exchanges. Treatment DI-V received 11% less water than NDI and exhibited equal yield, resulting in higher water use efficiency. Yield attributes correlations indicated that yield penalty might be related to pods abortion, which not occurred to plants under DI-V.

The effect of simulation on nursing students' knowledge about colostomy irrigation: a quasi-experimental study / Efecto de la simulación en los conocimientos de estudiantes de enfermería sobre irrigación de colostomía: estudio cuasiexperimental / Efeito da simulação no conhecimento de estudantes de enfermagem sobre irrigação de colostomia: estudo quase experimental

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the effect of clinical simulation and of a lectured class on Nursing students' knowledge about the colostomy irrigation procedure. Method: a quasi-experimental study conducted in September 2019 with Nursing students attending Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte in Natal, Brazil. The instruments used were a questionnaire targeted at sociodemographic issues and a knowledge analysis tool at three different moments. The Control Group had a lectured class and the Intervention Group took part in the laboratory simulation. The Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney tests were used for data analysis. Results: no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of the sociodemographic profile. In the analysis of the means of correct answers, better measures were observed in the post-test of both groups when compared to the pre-test; however, in the retention test, the students from the Intervention Group had better and statistically significant results than those from the Control Group (p-value=0.015). Conclusion: it is noticed that both teaching strategies exerted a positive effect on the students' learning process. Although both are equally important and effective, simulation showed better performance in knowledge retention. It is expected that this research enables educators to reflect on their work and allows them to use strategies that enhance their teaching practice, in order to benefit teaching and the students' development.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar el efecto de la simulación clínica y de una clase expositiva en los conocimientos de estudiantes de Enfermería sobre el procedimiento de irrigación de colostomía. Método: estudio cuasiexperimental realizado en septiembre de 2019 con estudiantes de Enfermería de la Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte en Natal, Brasil. Como instrumentos se utilizaron un cuestionario dirigido a cuestiones sociodemográficas y una herramienta de análisis del conocimiento, en tres ocasiones diferentes. Al Grupo Control se le ofreció la clase expositiva y el Grupo Intervención participó de la simulación en laboratorio. Para el análisis de los datos se emplearon las pruebas de Chi-Cuadrado y de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: no se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre los grupos en relación con el perfil sociodemográfico. En el análisis de los valores medios de respuestas correctas se observaron mejores medidas en el post-test de ambos grupos, en comparación con el pre-test; sin embargo, en el test de retención, los estudiantes del Grupo Intervención obtuvieron mejores resultados que los del Grupo Controle, además de ser estadísticamente significativos (valor p =0,015). Conclusión: se percibió que ambas estrategias de enseñanza produjeron un efecto positivo en el proceso de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Aunque ambas son importantes y eficaces, la simulación presentó mejor desempeño en la retención de conocimientos. Se espera que este trabajo de investigación permita que los educadores reflexiones acerca de su trabajo y haga posible la utilización de estrategias que mejoren su práctica docente, a fin de beneficiar la educación y el desarrollo de los estudiantes.

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar o efeito da simulação clínica e da aula expositiva dialogada no conhecimento de estudantes de enfermagem sobre o procedimento de irrigação de colostomia. Método: estudo quase experimental, realizado em setembro de 2019 com acadêmicos de enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, em Natal, Brasil. Utilizaram-se como instrumentos um questionário voltado para questões sociodemográficas e um de análise de conhecimento em três diferentes ocasiões. O grupo controle teve aula expositiva dialogada e o grupo intervenção participou da simulação em laboratório. Para análise de dados foram usados os testes Qui-Quadrado e o de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: observou-se ausência de diferenças estatísticas significantes entre os grupos quanto ao perfil sociodemográfico. Na análise das médias de acertos, observaram-se melhores medidas no pós-teste dos dois grupos, quando comparado ao pré-teste, contudo, no teste de retenção os discentes do grupo intervenção tiveram resultados melhores que o grupo controle e estatisticamente significantes (p-valor=0,015). Conclusão: percebeu-se que as duas estratégias de ensino produziram efeito positivo no processo de aprendizagem dos discentes. Apesar de ambas serem importantes e eficazes, a simulação apresentou melhor desempenho na retenção do conhecimento. Espera-se que a pesquisa possibilite aos educadores a reflexão de seu trabalho e oportunize a utilização de estratégias que aprimorem sua prática docente, com vistas a beneficiar o ensino e desenvolvimento dos estudantes.

Effectiveness of ultrasonic activation associated to glycolic acid on smear layer removal, dentin structure and bond strength to root dentin

This study evaluated the effects of ultrasonic activation (US) associated to glycolic acid (GA) on smear layer, dentin structure and bond strength (BS) of filling/restorative material to root dentin. The roots were used for antimicrobial activity, dentin structure and BS evaluation, being distributed into seven groups, according to irrigation protocols: G1:DW+US; G2:17% EDTA; G3:QMix; G4:17% GA; G5:17% EDTA+US; G6:QMix+US; G7:17% GA+US. Scanning electronic microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy and push-out were performed, with specific statistical analysis for each evaluation. The highest smear layer removal occured in Groups 6 and 7 (p<0.05), and the largest collagen dispersion in Group 7, being similar to Group 2 and 5 (p>0.05). The highest BS of filling and restorative material occurred in Groups 6 and 7, and Groups 5, 6 and 7, respectively, being similars between them (p>0.05). The use of GA+US promoted effective smear layer removal and dentin structure preservation, improving the BS of filling/restorative material to root dentin.

Morphology of the brain base arteries of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)

This study aimed to describe the brain base arteries of the Myrmecophaga tridactyla using ten cadavers of adults from this species, including five male and five female specimens. The arterial vascular bed was perfused via the thoracic aorta with a dyed natural latex solution, and the animals were fixed and preserved with a 10% formaldehyde buffered solution. The encephala were removed, and their vessels dissected. Basilar artery formation occurred by anastomosis of the thick ventral spinal artery with vertebral arteries. The basilar artery formed two arterial islands and gave bulbar and pontine branches, and cranial, middle, and caudal cerebellar arteries and ended by forking into its terminal branches, the caudal communicating arteries. The blood supply of the encephalon derived solely from the vertebrobasilar system, and the arterial circle of the brain was closed caudally and rostrally. The absence of participation of internal carotid arteries in encephalon irrigation, the island formations by the basilar artery, and the fusiform shape of the arterial circle of the brain are peculiar characteristics of the vascular anatomy of the brain base of M. tridactyla.

Fijadores externos para tratar fractura mandibular causada por herida de arma de fuego. Reporte de caso / External fxators as treatment for mandibular fracture caused by gunshot wound. Case report

Introducción: las heridas por proyectil de arma de fuego en la región craneofacial provocan daños funcionales devastadoras y deformidades estéticas, que se suman al trauma psicológico al momento del regreso a la vida cotidiana de un paciente. Por esta razón, la reconstrucción adecuada es esencial para una rehabilitación integral. La fijación externa es un método de reducción cerrada de fracturas que implica el uso de tornillos para manipular segmentos sueltos de hueso, que luego se fijan mediante conexiones externas. Es importante recalcar que las fracturas mandibulares causadas por proyectil de arma de fuego son un reto para este tipo de tratamiento. Objetivo: presentar el caso de un paciente con fractura mandibular por proyectil de arma de fuego tratado con fijadores externos y revisión de la literatura sobre este tipo de tratamiento. Caso clínico: paciente masculino de 19 años que presentó fractura de rama mandibular izquierda causado por proyectil de arma de fuego; la fractura se manejó mediante la colocación de fijación intermaxilar con arcos barra tipo Erich y fijación externa durante 3 meses. Como parte del resultado, el paciente presentó una correcta oclusión dentaria y mantiene sus movimientos mandibulares sin ninguna limitación. Esto demuestra que la reducción cerrada y fijación externa debe mantenerse en el arsenal terapéutico debido a sus adecuados resultados comprobados en la literatura y en este caso. Ahora bien, aunque la reducción abierta y fijación interna con material de osteosíntesis hace parte del manejo idóneo para todo tipo de fractura, todos los casos requieren ser individualizados.

Background: wounds from a frearm projectile in the craniofacial region cause devastating functional damage and aesthetic deformities, along with psychological trauma when returning to daily life. This is why proper reconstruction is essential for comprehensive rehabilitation. External fxation is a method of closed fracture reduction that involves the use of screws to manipulate loose segments of bone that are then fxed using external connections. Objective: to present the case of a patient with a mandibular fracture caused by a frearm projectile treated with external fixators and review the literature. Clinical case: a 19-year-old male patient who presented a fracture of the left mandibular ramus caused by a frearm projectile, the fracture was managed by placing intermaxillary fxation with Erich-type bar arches and external fixation for 3 months. The patient presented a correct dental occlusion and maintains his mandibular movements without any limitation. Conclusion: mandibular fractures caused by frearm projectiles are a challenge for treatment. Open reduction and internal fixation with osteosynthesis material is the ideal management for all types of fractures, however, all cases must be individualized, and it must be considered that closed reduction and external fxation must remain in our therapeutic arsenal due to their adequate results verifed in the literature and in our case.

Transanal irrigation to manage neurogenic bowel in the pediatric population with spina bifida: a scoping review

Abstract Objective To map available scientific evidence about the pediatric population with spina bifida submitted to transanal irrigation to manage signs and symptoms of neurogenic bowel. Source of data This research was developed according to recommendations from the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers' Manual and the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. Searches were carried out in the databases: CINAHL, Medline/Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, LILACS, Proquest, and the CAPES catalog of theses and dissertations. Quantitative and qualitative studies on the topic were included, as long as they dealt with this population. There was no predetermined time frame. Summary of the findings The authors found 1.020 studies, selected 130 for close reading, and included 23 in the review, all of which had been published from 1989 to 2021. The authors mapped the characteristics of the studies, including their definitions of concepts and use of scales, criteria for the indication of transanal irrigation, training to carry out the procedure, devices and solutions used, number and frequency of transanal irrigations, health care actions, time spent, associated complications, complementary exams, adherence rate, follow-up, and outcomes, focusing on the benefits for bowel management. Conclusions Despite the variability of evaluation parameters and term definitions, evidence suggests that transanal irrigation is a safe and effective method to manage fecal incontinence. Studies in the field are likely to grow, using standardized scales and longitudinal follow-ups. The authors suggest further research on transanal irrigation in the pediatric population with spina bifida in the Latin American context.

Artritis séptica en el niño, resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico: revisión bibliográfica / Septic arthritis in children, results of surgical treatment: bibliographic review / Artrite séptica em crianças, resultados do tratamento cirúrgico: revisão bibliográfica

Introducción: A pesar de su baja incidencia, las infecciones osteoarticulares pueden generar complicaciones y secuelas devastadoras para el niño en desarrollo con su esqueleto en crecimiento. El manejo general de la patología debe ser multidisciplinario, asociando la terapia antibiótica y un tratamiento quirúrgico adecuado si se requiere. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es analizar los resultados sobre las diferentes opciones terapéuticas quirúrgicas (punción-aspiración, lavado artroscópico o lavado abierto) en el tratamiento de la artritis séptica en la edad, mediante la realización de revisión sistematizada de la bibliografía. Metodología: Realizamos una búsqueda bibliográfica online en los buscador PubMed y en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS) utilizando los siguientes términos MESH: ("Arthritis, Infectious/surgery"(Mesh) OR "Arthritis, Infectious/therapy"(Mesh)), utilizando filtros de búsqueda y aplicando criterios de inclusión y exclusión según nuestro objetivo. De los artículos incluidos se obtuvieron entre otros los siguiente datos: país, año, nivel de evidencia, número de pacientes con artritis séptica, articulación afectada, edad media, seguimiento promedio, tipo de tratamiento quirúrgico realizado de inicio y sus resultados según cada autor : complicaciones (de la enfermedad y del procedimiento ) y/o secuelas (en base a evolución clínica y radiológica), necesidad de un tratamiento quirúrgico adicional ante la falla del método terapéutico inicial y además de conclusiones relevantes de cada autor. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 22 artículos: 8 para el lavado por artroscopia, 6 para el lavado por artrocentesis, 4 para el lavado por artrotomía, ademas de otros 4 artículos que realizaba un análisis comparativo: dos de ellos entre lavado artroscópico y lavado por artrotomía y los otros dos entre lavado por artrocentesis y lavado abierto. El lavado artroscópico se encuentra en lo más alto de nuestra revisión ya que presenta los mejores resultados con solo un 6% complicaciones y/o secuelas (en solo 4 de los 8 artículos incluidos), con un total de 13 pacientes (8,7% ) que requirieron un tratamiento adicional (5 artrotomías y 8 un nueva lavado artroscópico ) y se destacan ademas 3 artículos con un 100% de buenos resultados, en los que no se presentaron complicaciones y/o secuelas, ni se requirió un segundo lavado, mientras que solo en 3 trabajos, de los 8, se necesitó de la artrotomía adicional para la resolución final. Para el lavado por artrocentesis se obtuvo el menor porcentaje de complicaciones y/o secuelas con un 2%, (reportado en tres de los 6 trabajos), y solo el 9,7% necesitaron de un segundo método terapéutico diferente a la aspiración articular (23 artrotomías y 2 artroscopias), destacando ademas la repetición de la punción (hasta 4 veces) como dentro de la directiva terapéutica del autor en dos artículos, y que para éste método se encontró el mayor número de pacientes. El lavado por artrotomía como método inicial obtuvo los peores resultados, con un 12% de complicaciones y/o secuelas y un 22,6% de lavados adicionales. Conclusiones: A pesar de que el lavado abierto por artrotomía se toma como el ¨ gold-standard ¨, teniendo indicaciones absolutas en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la artritis séptica en niños (especialmente en cadera), de nuestro análisis se desprende que ésta opción arroja los peores porcentajes de resultados, duplicando el porcentaje de necesidad de lavado adicional y el de complicaciones, en comparación con el lavado artroscópico. Existen otros métodos terapéuticos que se presentan como procedimientos menos invasivos, seguros y eficaces, respaldados por buenos resultados en la biografiaría, como son: el lavado por artroscopia (que presentó el porcentaje más bajo de pacientes con necesidad de lavado adicional, con el mayor número de artículos con buenos resultados en general, con un porcentaje de complicaciones por debajo del lavado por artrotomía) y el lavado por artrocentesis (que presentó el porcentaje de compilaciones más bajo de las 3 opciones analizadas.

Introduction: Despite its low incidence, osteoarticular infections can generate devastating complications and sequelae for the developing child with his growing skeleton. The general management of the pathology must be multidisciplinary, associating antibiotic therapy and adequate surgical treatment if required. The objective of our work is to analyze the results on the different surgical therapeutic options (puncture-aspiration, arthroscopic lavage or open lavage) in the treatment of septic arthritis in the pediatric age, by carrying out a systematic review of the bibliography. Methodology: We conducted an online bibliographic search in the PubMed search engine and in the Virtual Health Library (VHL) using the following MESH terms: ("Arthritis, Infectious/surgery"(Mesh) OR "Arthritis, Infectious/therapy"(Mesh)), using search filters and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria according to our objective. The following data were obtained from the included articles, among others: country, year, level of evidence, number of patients with septic arthritis, affected joint, mean age, average follow-up, type of initial surgical treatment and its results according to each author: complications (of the disease and of the procedure) and/or sequelae (based on clinical and radiological evolution), the need for additional surgical treatment in the event of failure of the initial therapeutic method, and in addition to relevant conclusions of each author. Results: A total of 22 articles were included: 8 for arthroscopic lavage, 6 for arthrocentesis lavage, 4 for arthrotomy lavage, in addition to another 4 articles that performed a comparative analysis: two of them between arthroscopic lavage and lavage. by arthrotomy and the other two between lavage by arthrocentesis and open lavage. Arthroscopic lavage is at the top of our review as it presents the best results with only 6% complications and/or sequelae (in only 4 of the 8 articles included), with a total of 13 patients (8.7% ) that required additional treatment (5 arthrotomies and 8 a new arthroscopic lavage) and also highlight 3 articles with 100% good results, in which there were no complications and/or sequelae, nor did a second lavage be required, while that only 3 of the 8 studies required an additional arthrotomy for the final resolution. For lavage by arthrocentesis, the lowest percentage of complications and/or sequelae was obtained with 2% (reported in three of the 6 works), and only 9.7% required a second therapeutic method other than joint aspiration (23 arthrotomies and 2 arthroscopies), also highlighting the repetition of the puncture (up to 4 times) as within the author's therapeutic directive in two articles, and that the largest number of patients was found for this method. Arthrotomy lavage as the initial method obtained the worst results, with 12% complications and/or sequelae and 22.6% additional lavages. Conclusions: Even though open lavage by arthrotomy is taken as the ¨ gold-standard ¨, having absolute indications in the surgical treatment of septic arthritis in children (especially in the hip), from our analysis it can be deduced that this option yields the worse percentages of results, doubling the percentage of need for additional lavage and the percentage of complications, compared to arthroscopic lavage. There are other therapeutic methods that are presented as less invasive, safe and effective procedures, supported by good results in the biography, such as: arthroscopic lavage (which presented the lowest percentage of patients requiring additional lavage, with the highest number of articles with good results in general, with a percentage of complications below lavage by arthrotomy) and lavage by arthrocentesis (which presented the lowest percentage of compilations of the 3 options analyzed).

Introdução: Apesar de sua baixa incidência, as infecções osteoarticulares podem gerar complicações e sequelas devastadoras para a criança em desenvolvimento com seu esqueleto em crescimento. O manejo geral da patologia deve ser multidisciplinar, associando antibioticoterapia e tratamento cirúrgico adequado, se necessário. O objetivo do nosso trabalho é analisar os resultados das diferentes opções terapêuticas cirúrgicas (punção-aspiração, lavagem artroscópica ou lavagem aberta) no tratamento da artrite séptica em idade pediátrica, através da realização de uma revisão sistemática da bibliografia. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma busca bibliográfica online no buscador PubMed e na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) utilizando os seguintes termos MESH: ( "Arthritis, Infectious/surgery"(Mesh) OR "Arthritis, Infectious/therapy"(Mesh) ), utilizando filtros de busca e aplicando critérios de inclusão e exclusão de acordo com nosso objetivo. Os seguintes dados foram obtidos dos artigos incluídos, entre outros: país, ano, nível de evidência, número de pacientes com artrite séptica, articulação afetada, idade média, seguimento médio, tipo de tratamento cirúrgico inicial e seus resultados de acordo com cada autor: complicações (da doença e do procedimento) e/ou sequelas (com base na evolução clínica e radiológica), necessidade de tratamento cirúrgico adicional em caso de falha do método terapêutico inicial e, além das conclusões relevantes de cada autor. Resultados: Foram incluídos 22 artigos: 8 para lavagem artroscópica, 6 para lavagem artrocentese, 4 para lavagem artrotômica, além de outros 4 artigos que realizaram uma análise comparativa: dois deles entre lavagem artroscópica e lavagem por artrotomia e a outros dois entre lavagem por artrocentese e lavagem aberta. A lavagem artroscópica está no topo da nossa revisão por apresentar os melhores resultados com apenas 6% de complicações e/ou sequelas (em apenas 4 dos 8 artigos incluídos), com um total de 13 doentes (8,7%) que necessitaram de tratamento adicional (5 artrotomias e 8 uma nova lavagem artroscópica) e também destacam 3 artigos com 100% de bons resultados, nos quais não houve complicações e/ou sequelas, nem foi necessária uma segunda lavagem, enquanto que apenas 3 dos 8 estudos necessitaram de uma artrotomia para a resolução final. Para a lavagem por artrocentese, o menor percentual de complicações e/ou sequelas foi obtido com 2% (relatado em três dos 6 trabalhos), e apenas 9,7% necessitaram de um segundo método terapêutico diferente da aspiração articular (23 artrotomias e 2 artroscopias), destacando também a repetição da punção (até 4 vezes) conforme diretriz terapêutica do autor em dois artigos, e que o maior número de pacientes foi encontrado para este método. A lavagem por artrotomia como método inicial obteve os piores resultados, com 12% de complicações e/ou sequelas e 22,6% de lavagens adicionais. Conclusões: Apesar de a lavagem aberta por artrotomia ser tida como ¨padrão-ouro¨, tendo indicações absolutas no tratamento cirúrgico da artrite séptica em crianças (especialmente no quadril), da nossa análise pode-se deduzir que esta opção rende os piores percentuais de resultados, dobrando o percentual de necessidade de lavagem adicional e o percentual de complicações, em comparação com a lavagem artroscópica. Existem outros métodos terapêuticos que se apresentam como procedimentos menos invasivos, seguros e eficazes, corroborados por bons resultados na biografia, tais como: a lavagem artroscópica (que apresentou a menor percentagem de doentes que necessitaram de lavagem adicional, com o maior número de artigos com boa resultados em geral, com percentual de complicações abaixo da lavagem por artrotomia) e lavagem por artrocentese (que apresentou o menor percentual de compilações das 3 opções analisadas).

The penetration effect of ultrasound and Er:YAG laser irrigation activation techniques on dentine of infected human root canals / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#This ex vivo study evaluated the effect of ultrasound and Er:YAG laser irrigation activation techniques on the penetration of sodium hypochlorite solution into infected human root canal dentin, providing a reference for clinical infection control of infected root canals.@*Methods @#Thirty-six cases of infected root canals were collected and randomly divided into three groups according to the irrigation technique: 12 cases in the conventional syringe irrigation (CSI) group, 12 cases in the passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) group, 12 cases in the Er:YAG laser and photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) group and 36 cases of clean root canals (12 cases in the CSI group, 12 cases in the PUI group, 12 cases in the PIPS group). All of the selected root canals were straight root canals of posterior teeth. After standardizing the root length, all canals were subjected to instrumentation and dynamic irrigation. 2% methylene blue solution was used to visualize the penetration of the irrigant. EXAKT cutting and grinding equipment was used to take transverse sections of 100-150 μm at the coronal, middle and apical thirds of the root canals. The data (maximum penetration depth, average penetration depth, and penetration percentage) were observed under a light microscope to evaluate the effect of dye penetration. @*Results @# With the three irrigation techniques, the maximum penetration depth, average penetration depth and penetration percentage of the infected root canals were significantly lower than those of clean root canals in the full length of the root canal (P<0.05). The penetration percentage, average penetration depth and maximum penetration depth of the PIPS group were significantly higher than those of the CSI group in the coronal, middle and apical thirds of the infected root canal, respectively (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the maximum penetration depth, average penetration depth or penetration percentage between the PUI and CSI groups (P>0.05). There was also no significant difference in the maximum penetration depth, average penetration depth or penetration percentage between the PIPS and PUI groups (P>0.05). @*Conclusion @# The dentine permeability of infected root canals was weaker than that of clean root canals. Er:YAG laser-assisted irrigation activation technology could significantly improve the penetration of sodium hypochlorite solution into infected dentin, but passive ultrasonic irrigation did not significantly improve the penetration.

Research progress on root canal irrigation disinfection drugs / 口腔疾病防治

@#Endodontic infection control is crucial to successful root canal treatment. Irrigation is the key step in endodontic procedures, and the application of root canal irrigation and disinfection medications play an important role. How to enhance antibacterial effects and functions in removing tissues while maintaining biocompatibility is a hot topic in endodontics. Currently, insights to address this issue can be split into two categories: one, the modification or combination of conventional endodontic irrigation solutions, and two, the development of novel endodontic irrigation solutions with new technologies and materials, for instance, nanomaterials and natural exacts. However, conventional endodontic irrigation solutions, such as sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine, are still the first choice in clinical practice. Most novel endodontic irrigation solutions remain at the pre-clinical laboratory stage. Clinical research and relevant data are required to determine whether various methods can improve endodontic irrigation. From basic research to clinical application is the direction for advancing to the next stage. The present article focuses on research progress on endodontic irrigation, especially concerning its antibacterial mechanism, characteristics and efficacy, to provide a reference for future clinical translation.