Supervision Strategy and Implementation Key Points of Scientific and Technological Ethical Governance in Health and Medical Field / 中国医学伦理学

The ethical governance of science and technology is a kind of practical ethics, which develops in the process of continuously solving the ethical problems and ethical conflicts arising from scientific and technological activities. Ethical governance has common requirements and professional standards. Health-related science and technology activities, including the application of life science and artificial intelligence in health and medical field, make the medical ethical governance face common and unique challenges. The supervision and ethical review should consider the speciality of life science and medical research, and bring the existing ethical review system into full play. However, the focus, emphasis and standards of ethical governance have changed with the application of some technologies (ex. the next-generation sequencing, gene editing, and artificial intelligence). Actions should be taken to strengthen the ethical governance and promote ethics in advance with science and technological implementation in health and medical field. Here in this article, the classified, hierarchical supervision and ethical review strategies are discussed; then some potential effective organization and mechanisms for regional ethics committees are introduced. Promoting the medical education and continuing education of ethical governance of science and technology is also recommended.

Research and Reflection on Strengthening the Construction of Life Science and Medical Research Ethics Training System in Colleges and Universities / 中国医学伦理学

The construction of the scientific and technological ethics management system is crucial to ensure the healthy development of scientific research, and is also the premise and foundation for the scientific and technological innovation and "double first-class" construction of colleges and universities. This paper through the investigation of college life science and medical research ethics committees’ relevant situation, concentrated on the comparative analysis of the construction of ethics training system to identify problems and shortcomings, combined with the work example of Peking University and the current development trend of life science and medical research, some suggestions, including take advantage of the combination of medical services, teaching and research at universities, were put forward to provide possible reference for further updating of the science and technology ethics management in colleges and universities.

Operation and Reflection on Exemption from Ethical Review / 中国医学伦理学

Ethical review is an important protective measure for research participants when conducting life sciences and medical research involving humans. "Exemption from ethical review" was proposed in The Measures for Ethical Review of Human Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Humans issued in February 2023. To implement the exemption from ethical review within the permitted scope of laws and regulations, and to protect the privacy and rights of research participants when utilizing their data information and biological samples, multiple factors need to be considered, including the person responsible for exemption from ethical review, the conditions for exemption from ethical review, and the specific process for exemption from ethical review. As with other review procedures, exemption from ethical review also required the development of corresponding systems, implementation of responsibilities, and reliance on the construction of subject protection systems. It is hoped that this discussion can provide considerations for the implementation of exemption from ethical review.

Exploration and practice of blended teaching in "Introduction to Life Sciences" for non-biology students / 生物工程学报

In the era of Internet +, teaching models in universities are undergoing changes due to the rapid development of information technology. Blended teaching, combining online with offline teaching, is being implemented and developed in universities. In order to reform teaching mode and improve teaching effect, the curriculum team carried out the exploration of blended teaching reform for the "Introduction to Life Sciences" for non-biology students. The course combined high-level MOOC (Massive Open Online Course), small class teaching, diversified platform and multi-dimensional teaching mode, built a multi-disciplinary collaborative teaching team, formed a multi-dimensional evaluation system focusing on process and ability, practiced the education concept of combining knowledge teaching and value leading, gained valuable practical experience, and achieved the expected teaching results. It can provide reference for the reform and construction of similar courses in other colleges and universities. The development of blended teaching expands the breadth and depth of teaching, stimulates students' interest and potential for learning, opens up students' thinking and perspective, cultivates students' scientific literacy and comprehensive ability, and plays a positive role in the cultivation of innovative and inter-disciplinary talents.

Development of practical liberal courses for students with non-biology majors under the "Double First-class" background / 生物工程学报

Life sciences are the disciplines most closely related with human beings. As experimental disciplines, life sciences develop rapidly and highly intersect in many scientific fields. Under the "double first-class" initiative, the comprehensive development-oriented talent training system has put forward an urgent need for life sciences literacy and comprehensive ability training of college students. Taking the reform of liberal education curriculum system as an opportunity, we developed a series of eight life sciences practical liberal courses for students with non-biology majors. The courses cover all sub-disciplines or directions of life sciences, and aim to foster interdisciplinary talents with life sciences knowledge and literacy, as well as practical and innovative abilities. These courses could serve as references for experimental teaching centers in colleges and universities to set up practical liberal and experimental courses.

Application of micro-teaching in life sciences courses based on the "National Universities Micro-teaching Competition of Life Sciences" analysis / 生物工程学报

With improvements in information technology and expansion in education reforms, more innovative teaching reform programs have also been launched. Information technology has increased interest in the use of the flipped classroom innovative teaching model. In order to explore new ideas for the improvement of teaching, this paper focuses on the flipped classroom teaching approach with the integration of information technology. Micro-teaching is an important innovative flipped classroom teaching approach with a number of advantages as it is short, concise, and interesting, which therefore helps improve students' self-learning ability. Designing and preparing micro-teaching would become a prerequisite skill for college teachers. Based on the analysis of the entries in the "National Universities Micro-teaching Competition of Life Science", this paper explores the application of micro-teaching in life sciences teaching from the perspective of curriculum introduction, mode of presentation, teaching design, and other aspects of teaching. This information could serve as a guide to frontline college teachers to help them understand and master the skills of designing micro-teaching, so as to generate interest and improve learning efficiency among college students.

Reform of experimental course of large-scale life science equipment in universities / 生物工程学报

The opening and sharing of large-scale life science equipment in universities is expanding. We must find ways to improve the role of large-scale equipment in cultivating students' practical and innovative abilities, to tap the potential of equipment, then to support scientific research and speed up scientific research output. We established a set of large-scale equipment training and practice teaching system including 15 topics and covering a wide range of technologies. In practice, we constantly innovated personalized courses. According to the differences of students' major and scientific research needs, we classified teaching content and set up parallel classes. Each class had the individualized teaching content and students could select from a menu of courses. In addition, we built up a cloud classroom teaching platform, online and offline teaching method supplemented each other. The teaching system have produced certain effect.

Crítica de la causalidad mecanicista en las ciencias de la vida / Criticism of mechanistic causality in life sciences

Resumen El empirismo reduccionista (ER) subyacente al habitus científico actual, al imponer la causalidad mecanicista (CM) como principio explicativo de las ciencias de la vida, ha oscurecido la comprensión del proceso vital al equipararlo al de una máquina. Se analizan las formas diversas que toman las ideas en el conocimiento como paradigmas (antropocéntrico y de disyunción, reducción y simplificación): lógicas implícitas de las formas de pensar y actuar humanos y como teorías comprensivo-explicativas. Se plantea que el ER, al desestimar las ideas, suplanta la significación biológica de lo observado por la significación estadística de la CM y las matemáticas lineales y probabilísticas. Se argumenta que la objetividad no deriva del control experimental, sino de un marco interpretativo pertinente al tipo de sucesos bajo estudio, y que la convicción de que la objetividad radica en el cómo se observa constituye el gran mito del ER que soslaya los paradigmas y su influencia. Se propone la causalidad contextual y se contrasta con la CM para realzar sus limitaciones y explicar la complejidad biológica. La coincidencia del colapso civilizatorio y la apoteosis de la ciencia reduccionista justifica tacharla de mayormente indiferente, omisa, impotente, acomodaticia o cómplice de la dominancia de los intereses de lucro sin límites, que todo lo degradan. Se concluye que son tiempos de definiciones: integrarse a fuerzas que apuntan, de modos diversos, a contrarrestar esa dominancia y preservar nuestro hábitat común o persistir en la complicidad individualista y suicida de «cada quién lo suyo y sálvese quien pueda¼.

Abstract The reductionist empiricism (RE) underlying the current scientific habitus by imposing mechanistic causality (MC) as an explanatory principle of life sciences has obscured the understanding of the life process by equating it with that of a machine. The shapes ideas can take within knowledge are analyzed: as paradigms (anthropocentric and of disjunction, reduction and simplification), implicit logics of human ways of thinking and acting, and as comprehensive-explanatory theories. It is proposed that, by dismissing the ideas, the RE supplants the biological significance of what is observed by the statistical significance of the MC and the linear and probabilistic mathematics. It is argued that objectivity does not derive from experimental control, but from an interpretative framework pertinent to the type of events being studied and that the conviction that objectivity lies in the method of observation constitutes a myth of the RE that circumvents paradigms and its influence. Contextual causality is proposed and contrasted with the MC to highlight its limitations to explain the ungraspable biological complexity. The coincidence of the ongoing collapse of civilization and the apotheosis of reductionist science justifies dismissing it as mostly indifferent, ominous, impotent, accommodating or complicit with the dominance of profit interests without limits that degrade everything. It is concluded that it is time for resolutions: integrate with forces that aim, in various ways, to counteract this dominance and preserve our common habitat or to continue with the suicidal individualist complicity of "each their due and every man for himself."

A special issue to mark the 90th Anniversary of College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

The College of Life Sciences (CLS) remains one of the most prestigious-and the oldest-colleges in Zhejiang University. This special issue, which includes 16 reviews contributed by our alumni and faculties, is dedicated to mark the 90th Anniversary of CLS. The reviews provide a glimpse of current progresses in the areas of life sciences such as biochemical processes and their association with diseases (Ding et al., 2019; Hu et al., 2019; Jin et al., 2019; Nie and Yi, 2019), cancer biology (Feng, 2019; Huang et al., 2019; Leonard and Zhang, 2019; Zhu F et al., 2019), plant and environmental microbiology (Li et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2019; Zhu XR et al., 2019), cell cycle (Gao and Liu, 2019; Zhang et al., 2019), RNA biology (Gudenas et al., 2019; Luo et al., 2019), and protein structural biology (Yang and Tang, 2019).

Major advances in military-related life sciences in 2014 / 军事医学

This paper summarizes major advances in military-related life sciences in 2014 .The United States ,European Union and Japan officially launched brain science programs .The era of big data in life sciences is coming .MRC,NIH and DARPA are investing more in big data research .Studies on brain-machine interface ,brain-brain interface ,mind reading and mind control are going ahead so that brain control and reading the brain may become a reality in the near future .New technology and tools,such as genome editing , neuroimaging techniques , protein research and single molecule technology , keep emerging , which is promoting the development of military medicine research .

Animal treatment and protection measures during experiments / 中国比较医学杂志

Experimentalanimalsareimportantbasisforlifescienceresearchanddevelopment.Alongwiththe continuous development of science and technology , new technology and new ideas emerging , treatment and protection of animals during experiments are important condition to ensure the scientific results accurate and reliable , so scientists have paid more attention to the issues of animal welfare and protection .This article summarizes the animal treatment and protection measures during experiments based on both own work and experience and knowledge of other scientists .

Major advances in military medicine-related life sciences in 2013 / 军事医学

2013 saw sustained and rapid development in the military medicine-related life sciences .New research fields, new technologies and devices continue to emerge , such as Brain Science Projects , 3D bio-printing, cognitive neuro-science, brain-computer interface and mind control , genome editing technology , neuroimaging techniques , protein research technology , Which will promote the all-round development of basic and applied research for military medicine .

Concepciones de los enfermeros sobre la gerencia Del cuidado em um servicio de emergência: estudio descriptivo-exploratório / Concepções de enfermeiros sobre gerência do cuidado em um serviço de emergência: estudo descritivo-exploratório / Conceptions of Nurses on Management of Care in an Emergency Department-Descriptive Exploratory Study

Objective: To analyze the conceptions of nurses in a hospital emergency service on care management. Method: exploratory-descriptive study with qualitative approach carried out with nurses in the Emergency Department of a university hospital in southern Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews between June and September 2009 and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: we highlighted three conceptions of care management: management as organization and optimization of work in emergency; management as a tool for better care practices; and management of the nursing team. Conclusion: nurses' conceptions express the complementarity between the management and care dimensions, which enhances the role of a nurse and enables the smooth progress of work on the unit, setting priorities for care and the development of strategies to overcome the difficulties present in everyday work in the emergency service.

Objetivo: analizar las concepciones de los enfermeros de un servicio de emergencia de un hospital sobre la gerencia del cuidado. Método: estudio exploratorio-descriptivo con un abordaje cualitativo realizado con enfermeros del Servicio de Emergencia de un Hospital Universitario de la región Sur de Brasil. Los datos fueron colectados por medio de entrevistas semi-estructuradas entre Junio y Septiembre de 2009 y analizados por la técnica del análisis temático. Resultados: Se evidenciaron tres concepciones de gerencia del cuidado: gerencia como organización y optimización del trabajo en la emergencia; gerencia como instrumento para mejores prácticas de cuidado; y gerencia del equipo de enfermería. Conclusión: Las concepciones de los enfermeros expresan la complementariedad entre las dimensiones gerencial y asistencial, lo que potencializa la actuación del enfermero y posibilita el buen funcionamiento del trabajo en la unidad, el establecimiento de prioridades para la atención y el desarrollo de estrategias para superar las dificultades presentes en el trabajo cotidiano del servicio de emergencia.

Objetivo: analisar as concepções de enfermeiros de um serviço hospitalar de emergência sobre gerência do cuidado. Método: estudo exploratório-descritivo com abordagem qualitativa realizado com enfermeiros do Serviço de Emergência de um Hospital Universitário da região Sul do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas entre junho e setembro de 2009 e analisados pela técnica de análise temática. Resultados: evidenciaram-se três concepções de gerência do cuidado: gerência como organização e otimização do trabalho em emergência; gerência como instrumento para melhores práticas de cuidado; e, gerência da equipe de enfermagem. Conclusão: as concepções dos enfermeiros expressam a complementaridade entre as dimensões gerencial e assistencial, o que potencializa a atuação do enfermeiro e possibilita o bom andamento do trabalho na unidade, o estabelecimento de prioridades para o atendimento e o desenvolvimento de estratégias para superar as dificuldades presentes no cotidiano de trabalho no serviço de emergência.

Building and sharing laboratory resource platform between medical college and life sciences college in comprehensive university / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The comprehensive university has the advantage of wide range of disciplines as well as rich teaching resources.Integrating and sharing teaching resources among similar disciplines is the direction of development in higher education.Tongji university was taken as an example.Medical college and life sciences college of Tongji university have tried to construct and share the laboratory teaching resource platform.The construction experiences and the effects were summarized.The methods and strategies used in integrating teaching resources of the two colleges were discussed from the perspective of laboratory construction,which provided references for building teaching resource platform in comprehensive university.

Scopus: la mayor base de datos de literatura científica arbitrada al alcance de los países subdesarrollados / Scopus: The largest database of peer-reviewed scientific literature available to underdeveloped countries

Scopus es la mayor base de datos de citas y resúmenes de literatura arbitrada y de fuentes de alta calidad en el Web. Aunque se distribuye mediante suscripción, se encuentra disponible con ciertas limitaciones para los países subdesarrollados por medio de Hinari. A pesar del carácter multidisciplinario de su colección, sus fondos comprenden más de 4 300 revistas en ciencias de la vida y más de 6 800 títulos en ciencias de la salud. Entre sus opciones para la búsqueda bibliográfica, se encuentran la búsqueda por autor y la afiliación de este, así como la búsqueda simple por palabras y frases clave en los campos Título del artículo, Resumen y Palabras clave y la búsqueda avanzada. El presente y el futuro tecnológico inmediato de Scopus se caracterizan por su integración con otros productos clave de Elsevier, como son ScienceDirect y Scirus, con el objetivo de evitar la duplicación del esfuerzo de los investigadores en las labores de búsqueda de la información y acelerar el avance de las investigaciones. El acceso a Scopus por la vía de Hinari coloca a disposición de los países subdesarrollados un poderoso recurso bibliográfico de gran utilidad en las áreas de las ciencias de la salud y de la vida, estas últimas de especial importancia para el desarrollo de las ciencias clínicas en el contexto actual.

Scopus is the largest database of citations and abstracts of refereed literature and high quality sources on the Web. Although it is distributed by subscription, is available with certain limitations for developing countries through Hinari. Despite the multidisciplinary nature of its collection, this includes more than 4300 journals in life sciences and more than 6800 titles in health sciences. Among his options for the literature search are searching by author and the author's affiliation, as well as the simple search by key words and phrases in the fields item: Article title, Abstract and Keywords and advanced search. The present and the immediate technological future of Scopus are characterized by its integration with other key products of Elsevier such as ScienceDirect and Scirus, with the aim of avoiding duplication of effort by researchers in the work of finding information and accelerate the advancement of research. Scopus access to the path of Hinari makes available to developing countries a powerful useful bibliographic resource in the areas of health and life sciences, the latter of particular importance for the development of clinical sciences the current context.

Status and progress of tissue engineering research / 医用生物力学

Tissue engineering is one of the most promising subjects,which has broad application prospects in the fields of regenerative medicine and human health care.According to the papers published in this current issue about scaffold material preparation and mechanical environment affection to cells during the construction process of tissue engineering,this paper describes the current status and progress of tissue engineering research at home and abroad,indicating that tissue engineering research is developing to a deeper and wider field.

Status and progress of tissue engineering research / 医用生物力学

Tissue engineering is one of the most promising subjects,which has broad application prospects in the fields of regenerative medicine and human health care.According to the papers published in this current issue about scaffold material preparation and mechanical environment affection to cells during the construction process of tissue engineering,this paper describes the current status and progress of tissue engineering research at home and abroad,indicating that tissue engineering research is developing to a deeper and wider field.

Status and progress of tissue engineering research / 医用生物力学

Tissue engineering is one of the most promising subjects,which has broad application prospects in the fields of regenerative medicine and human health care.According to the papers published in this current issue about scaffold material preparation and mechanical environment affection to cells during the construction process of tissue engineering,this paper describes the current status and progress of tissue engineering research at home and abroad,indicating that tissue engineering research is developing to a deeper and wider field.

Canguilhem e o caráter filosófico das ciências da vida / Canguilhem and philosophy in the life sciences

Este artigo aborda a importância do pensamento de Canguilhem para transformações nas ciências da vida e também da relação entre ciência e filosofia. Afirma que o conceito de normatividade vital, ao propor valor como uma característica essencial da vida, aponta um problema fundamental do conhecimento biológico. Este conceito é central no pensamento de Canguilhem e acompanha toda a sua obra, como confirma a Conferência sobre Cérebro e Pensamento, realizada em 1980. Sua atualidade é atestada na discussão de questões em aberto nas neurociências e na definição de vida. Não há uma definição de vida que seja curta, universal e igualmente aceita como definição padrão entre as ciências. A definição de vida como posição inconsciente de valor não se coaduna com a perspectiva quantitativa das ciências da natureza. O que poderia ser valor como definição do que é vida? Constituintes metabólicos poderiam apresentar uma dimensão que se considera inaugurada pela vida humana? Para equacionar essas interrogações, seriam necessárias mudanças na concepção do que é o homem e da sua relação com o conhecimento. Finalmente, é apresentada a afinidade entre o conceito de normatividade vital e o de vontade de poder, de Nietzsche. O conceito de normatividade vital encontra o de vontade de poder como uma potência que realiza a própria vida orgânica. Considerar que valor é anterior ao homem é afirmar a realidade biológica do pensamento, da qual o humano é um desdobramento que realiza o sentido da própria experiência vital.

This paper examines the relevance of Canguilhem's thought regarding changes in the life sciences, and the relationship between science and philosophy. It shows that the concept of vital normality, and its focus on value as essential trait of life, reveals, in biology, a basic problem of knowledge. A nuclear concept in Canguilhem's thought, present in all of his work - as made clear, in 1980, by his contribution at the Conference on the Brain and Thought - it's still actual in present-day discussion of unanswered questions in the neurosciences and in definitions of life. No brief, universal definition of life is generally accepted, in the sciences, as standard definition. To define life as unconscious position of value is not in accordance with the quantitative perspective of natural science. What is value as definition of life ? Can metabolic components present a dimension shown to be inaugurated by human life ? Such questions may only be equations after indispensable changes in the concepts of man and his relationship with knowledge. In the final part, affinity is established between Canguilhem's concept of vital normality and the will to power of Nietzsche. The concept of vital normality links to the will to power as organic life-creating force. To postulate value as previous to man is to uphold the biological reality of thought, from which develops humanity, fulfilling with meaning the experience of life.

Status and progress of tissue engineering research / 医用生物力学

Tissue engineering is one of the most promising subjects,which has broad application prospects in the fields of regenerative medicine and human health care. According to the papers published in this current issue about scaffold material preparation and mechanical environment affection to cells during the construction process of tissue engineering, this paper describes the current status and progress of tissue engineering research at home and abroad, indicating that tissue engineering research is developing to a deeper and wider field.