Résumé
Gene CaMDR1 is a member of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS),mediating multidrug resistance of Candida albicans,and can confer resistance to benomyl,fluconazole and so forth.In this review,the progress in structure and function of the protein code by gene CaMDR1 and the transcriptional regulation mechanisms of CaMDR1 are summarized.
Résumé
Gene CaMDR1 is a member of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS),mediating multidrug resistance of Candida albicans,and can confer resistance to benomyl,fluconazole and so forth.In this review,the progress in structure and function of the protein code by gene CaMDR1 and the transcriptional regulation mechanisms of CaMDR1 are summarized.
Résumé
OBJECTIVE: To clone and isolate the major facilitator superfamily(MFS)genes of Polyporus umbellatusand carry out bioinformatic analysis. METHODS: Nine major facilitator superfamily(MFS)genes were cloned fromPolyporus umbellatus sclerotia by RT-PCR and the expression analysis of the nine genes in different parts ofPolyporus umbellatus sclerotia was carried out using quantitative Real-time PCR.RESULTS: The full open reading frame cDNA sequence of these nine genes was between 1 321 and 1 860 bp, the putative encoding proteins were between 441 and 620 amino acids, the molecular weight was between 48.45×103 and 64.79×103 and the theoretical pI was between 6.59 and 9.56. The amino acids of these nine genes possessed 11 to 14 membrane-spanning domains. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that Comp34750, Comp34832, Comp29252, Comp42895, Comp32579 and Comp27555 had the highest similarity with MFS general substrate transporter, Comp28872 andComp26306 had the highest similarity with MFS monosaccharide transporter, and Comp33117 had the highest similarity with MFS sugar transporter. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that these nine genes were expressed in both the symbiotic part and non-symbiotic part. Meanwhile, the expressions of seven genes were significantly up-regulated in the symbiotic part except Comp34382 and Comp32579. CONCLUSION: The investigated nine genes might play an important role during the defense response and nutrient absorption of P.umbellatus.
Résumé
In the struggle for life, the capacity of microorganisms to synthesize and secrete toxic compounds (inhibiting competitors) plays an important role in successful survival of these species. This ability must come together with the capability of being unaffected by these same compounds. Several mechanisms are thought to avoid the toxic effects. One of them is toxin extrusion from the intracellular environment to the outside vicinity, using special transmembrane proteins, referred to as transporters. These proteins are also important for other reasons, since most of them are involved in nutrient uptake and cellular excretion. In cancer cells and in pathogens, and particularly in fungi, some of these proteins have been pointed out as responsible for an important phenotype known as multidrug resistance (MDR). In the present study, we tried to identify in the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis transcriptome, transporter-ortholog genes from the two major classes: ATP binding cassette and major facilitator superfamily transporter. We found 22 groups with good similarity with other fungal ATP binding cassette transporters, and four Paracoccidioides brasilienses assembled expressed sequence tags that probably code for major facilitator superfamily proteins. We also focused on fungicide resistance orthologs already characterized in other pathogenic fungi. We were able to find homologs to C. albicans CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1, Saccharomyces cerevisiae PDR5 and Aspergillus AtrF genes, all of them related to azole resistance. As current treatment for paracoccidioidomycosis mainly uses azole derivatives, the presence of these genes can be postulated to play a similar role in P. brasiliensis, warning us for the possibility of resistant isolate emergence.