Flowers vs. Devils: plants used against witchcraft in the urbanized Sonora Market, Mexico City / Flores vs Demonios: plantas usadas contra la brujería en el urbanizado Mercado de Sonora, Ciudad de México

Mexican markets embody cultural diversity and offer a wide range of products, serving as hubs for local exchange.In our study at Mexico City's Sonora Market, the country's prominent medicinal market, we explored the use of plant remedies against witchcraft in an urban environment. Through interviews with plant vendors and extensive data collection, we identified 21 plant species from 16 botanical families renowned for their effectiveness in combating sorcery, attracting good luck, and promoting success. Additionally, we documented 14 ailments associated with envy and negative emotions. These remedies involved practices and applications such as cleansings, decoctions, baths, and incense burning, aimed at alleviating afflictions and fostering positive outcomes. Notably, the Sonora Market continues to uphold the tradition of using plant remedies against witchcraft, even in the bustling setting of one of the world's largest cities. This highlights the enduring significance of these practices within Mexican society

Los mercados mexicanos encarnan diversidad cultural y ofrecen numerosos productos, sirviendo como centros de intercambio local. En nuestro estudio en el Mercado de Sonora en la Ciudad de México, el sitio de plantas medicinales más relevante del país, exploramos el uso de plantas contra la brujería en un entorno urbano. A través de entrevistas con locatarios, identificamos 21 especies de plantas pertenecientes a 16 familias botánicas usadas en la lucha contra la brujería, atrayendo buena suerte y promoviendo el éxito. Además, documentamos 14 enfermedades asociadas con la envidia y emociones negativas. Los remedios involucraban prácticas y aplicaciones como limpias, decocciones, baños, incienso, con el objetivo de aliviar dolencias y fomentar resultados positivos. En el Mercado deSonora persiste la tradición de utilizar plantas contra la brujería, incluso en el marco de una de las mayores ciudades del mundo, resaltando la importancia de estas prácticas dentro de la sociedad mexicana.

La dinámica del comercio ilegal de armas de fuego en Lima, Perú / The dynamics of the illegal firearms trade in Lima, Peru / A dinâmica do comércio ilegal de armas de fogo em Lima, Peru

El comercio ilegal de armas de fuego representa un problema significativo para mantener el orden y la seguridad del país, pues conlleva la adquisición de armas y municiones sin cumplir la normatividad y las regulaciones proporcionadas por el Estado, desviando la utilización de dichos equipos hacia la delincuencia. La investigación tiene como propósito analizar la dinámica del comercio ilegal de armas de fuego en Lima, Perú, mediante una metodología cualitativa y de diseño fenomenológico hermenéutico. La muestra incluye veinte funcionarios de la Policía Nacional del Perú (PNP) y la Superintendencia Nacional de Control de Servicios de Seguridad, Armas, Municiones y Explosivos de Uso Civil (Sucamec). La información se recolectó por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas. El estudio concluye que el comercio ilegal de armas de fuego se estructura en tres fases clave: la primera fase determinada por la filtración o desvío de armas del mercado legal al ilegal, debido a la falta de control y fiscalización por las autoridades pertinentes. La segunda fase implica la creación de un mercado ilegal en espacios itinerantes, donde participan diversos actores, como intermediarios y compradores. La tercera y última fase comprende la consumación del delito, incluye la entrega del arma y el pago bajo estrictas medidas de seguridad para asegurar la impunidad de los involucrados.

The illegal trade in firearms represents a significant problem for the maintenance of order and security in the country, as it leads to the acquisition of arms and ammunition without complying with the norms and regulations provided by the State, diverting the use of such equipment towards crime. The purpose of this research is to analyse the dynamics of the illegal firearms trade in Lima, Peru, using a qualitative methodology and a hermeneutic phenomenological design. The sample includes twenty officers from the Peruvian National Police (PNP) and the National Superintendence for the Control of Security Services, firearms, Ammunition and Explosives for Civilian Use (Sucamec). The information was collected through semi-structured interviews. The study concludes that the illegal firearms trade is structured in three key phases: the first phase determined by the leakage or diversion of arms from the legal to the illegal market, due to the lack of control and oversight by the relevant authorities. The second phase involves the creation of an illegal market in itinerant spaces, where various actors, such as intermediaries and buyers, participate. The third and final phase involves the consummation of the crime, including the delivery of the weapon and payment under strict security measures to ensure the impunity of those involved.

O comércio ilegal de armas de fogo representa um problema significativo para a manutenção da ordem e da segurança no país, pois leva à aquisição de armas e munições sem o cumprimento das normas e regulamentos fornecidos pelo Estado, desviando o uso desses equipamentos para o crime. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a dinâmica do comércio ilegal de armas de fogo em Lima, Peru, usando uma metodologia qualitativa e um desenho fenomenológico hermenêutico. A amostra inclui vinte policiais da Polícia Nacional do Peru (PNP) e da Superintendência Nacional de Controle de Serviços de Segurança, Armas, Munições e Explosivos para Uso Civil (Sucamec). As informações foram coletadas por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. O estudo conclui que o comércio ilegal de armas de fogo está estruturado em três fases principais: a primeira fase é determinada pelo vazamento ou desvio de armas do mercado legal para o ilegal, devido à falta de controle e fiscalização por parte das autoridades competentes. A segunda fase envolve a criação de um mercado ilegal em espaços itinerantes, onde vários atores, como intermediários e compradores, participam. A terceira e última fase envolve a consumação do crime, incluindo a entrega da arma e o pagamento sob rigorosas medidas de segurança para garantir a impunidade dos envolvidos.

Perfil profissional dos egressos do curso de Odontologia de uma universidade do interior da Bahia / Perfil profesional de los egresados de la carrera de Odontología en una universidad del interior de Bahía / Professional profile of the dentistry school graduates from a university in the interior of the state of Bahia

O objetivo desse estudo foi conhecer o perfil profissional dos egressos do Curso de Odontologia da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia e o grau de satisfação em relação ao âmbito de trabalho. Foi realizado um estudo quali-quantitativo e transversal por meio de questionário onlineautoaplicável enviado por meio das redes sociais para os cirurgiões-dentistas que colaram grau entre 2009 e 2020. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados em planilha Excel e submetidos à análise descritiva e ao teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson com nível de significância de 5%. Quando a frequência esperada foi menor que cinco (n<5), utilizou-se o teste exato de Fisher. Para a questão discursiva foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Dos 383 egressos, 124 (32%) participaram da pesquisa. Observou-se que 74,2% são do sexo feminino e 44,6% realizaram especialização. A maioria (84,6%) se inseriu no mercado de trabalho em até um mês após a formatura e atuavam como profissional liberal (30,2%). Houve diferença significativa quando associadas as variáveis satisfação com a profissão e valorização financeira. A insegurança em atuar na profissão foi relacionada a não ter mais a supervisão do docente. Ademais, foram apontadas pouca exploração nos conteúdos de gestão e empreendedorismo durante a graduação. Conclui-se que os egressos conseguiram uma rápida inserção no mercado de trabalho após a colação de grau e que um elevado percentual dos cirurgiões-dentistas se sente satisfeito com a profissão (AU).

El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender el perfil profesional de los egresados de la Carrera de Odontología de la Universidad Estadual del Suroeste de Bahía y el grado de satisfacción en relación al ámbito de trabajo. Se realizóun estudio cuali-cuantitativo y transversal mediante un cuestionario en línea autoadministrado enviado a través de redes sociales a cirujanos dentistas egresados entre 2009 y 2020. Los datos obtenidos fueron tabulados en una hoja de cálculo Excel y sometidos a análisis descriptivo y prueba de Pearson. chi-cuadrado con un nivel de significancia del 5%. Cuando la frecuencia esperada fue menor de cinco (n<5), se utilizó la prueba exacta de Fisher. Para la pregunta discursiva se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido propuesta por Bardin. De los 383 graduados, 124 (32%) participaron de la investigación. Se observó que el 74,2% son mujeres y el 44,6% completó la especialización. La mayoría (84,6%) ingresó al mercado laboral dentro del mes posterior a su graduación y trabajó como profesionales independientes (30,2%). Hubo diferencia significativa cuando se asociaron las variables satisfacción con la profesión y apreciación financiera. La inseguridad en el trabajo en la profesión estaba relacionada con la falta de supervisión docente. Además, se destacó poca exploración de contenidos de gestión y emprendimiento durante la graduación. Se concluye que los egresados lograron insertarse rápidamente al mercado laboral luego de graduarse y que un alto porcentaje de los cirujanos dentistas se sienten satisfechos con su profesión (AU).

The objective of this study was to review the profile of the Dentistry School graduates from a State University in Southwest Bahia and the degree of satisfaction in relation to their work. A qualitative-quantitative and cross-sectional study was carried out using an online self-administered questionnaire forwarded through the social networks WhatsApp and Instagram to dental surgeons who graduated between 2009 and 2020. The data obtained were tabulated in an Excel spreadsheet and subjected to descriptive analysis and Pearson's Chi-square test with a significance level of 5%. For the open-ended question, the content analysis technique proposed by Bardin was used. Out of the 383 graduates, 124 (32%) participated in the survey. The majority (84.6%) entered the job market within one month after graduation and had been working as independent professionals (30.2%). There was a significant difference with regard to job satisfaction and financial appreciation. The insecurity in the professional endeavor was associated with the fact that a teacher's guidance was no more available. Furthermore, little exploration of management and entrepreneurship matters had been addressed during the graduation course. It is concluded that graduates were able to quickly enter the job market after graduating and that extracurricular activities are crucial in guiding their future profession and in contributing to professional qualification (AU).

Discussion on hot topics and promotion paths for post-market surveillance and supervise of medical consumables based on non-active medical devices / 中国医学装备

Objective:To explore the research hotspots and effective promotion paths of post market surveillance and supervise of medical consumables with non-active medical devices.Methods:Data mining methods were used to collect related journal literatures and documents from the websites of China regulatory institutions and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),order sub item data of medical device adverse event reports,extract the MeSH element words of literatures and documents,perform bibliometric analysis and visual display.Results:The number of medical devices adverse event reports in China has been increasing year by year,reaching 694 866 in 2022,in the four statistical years from 2019 to 2022,the number of reports on non-active medical devices and IVD reagents also showed a parallel increasing trend,accounting for about 65.00% of the total number of adverse event reports on medical devices in the year.The bibliometric analysis of journal literature shows that research in this field has received varying degrees of participation from regulatory institutions,universities,medical institutions,and enterprises.Regulatory institutions have contributed 46 articles,accounting for 56.79% of the total number of articles,followed by 28 articles from universities.The co-occurrence analysis shows that hot topic is focused in 5 clusters:quality management,risk management,international experiences discussion and adverse event surveillance and re-evaluation and real-world research.China regulatory institutions attach great importance to post market surveillance and supervise,and have issued more than 20 relevant documents since 2006,focusing on specific topics and gradually deepening around safety and effectiveness.Conclusion:The post market surveillance and supervise of medical devices,especially medical consumables based on non-active medical devices,need to be promoted synchronously in three dimensions:regulatory institutions,medical institutions,and enterprises.Universities,research institutes,and industry organizations should work in coordinating to strengthen the collection,identification,and active surveillance of risk signals based on adverse event surveillance,safety evaluation based on risk management,and conducting real-world research,research and develop risk control and corrective and preventive measures.

Study on the Competition Status and Spatial Correlation of Medical Market in Beijing / 中国医院管理

Objective To analyze the competition status and spatial autocorrelation of Beijing medical market from 2015 to 2019.Methods The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index(HHI)was used to calculate the degree of market competi-tion in 16 districts of Beijing,and the Moran index was used to calculate the spatial autocorrelation of market compe-tition.Results Except for the number of discharged patients,the average HHI of the number of health technicians,the number of beds and the total number of medical visits in 16 medical markets in Beijing from 2015 to 2019 showed a downward trend between 0.2 and 0.4,and the spatial global Moran index of the HHI index was all less than 0,showing a spatial negative correlation with the degree of competition in the medical market.Conclusion The medical market competition in Beijing is strengthened,the competition gap between urban and rural areas is large,and the competition in adjacent markets is mutually exclusive.It is suggested to strengthen the differentiated develop-ment of hospitals,strengthen the balanced layout between regions,and promote the low-competitive market with cross-regional medical association,forming a positive spillover effect.

Reconstruction of "Public" Ethic in Health Care under the Strategy of Healthy China / 中国医学伦理学

The Healthy China Strategy launched by China is not only a practical policy, but also an ethical revolution in the field of health. Under the Healthy China Strategy, the health field and its sub-field health care are defined as areas with "public" ethics as the fundamental ethical principles. Reconstructing the health care with "public" ethics should get rid of the health care oriented market lead and technical lead, and return to its "public" nature. In terms of concrete realization, the state and the government need to be the power backing of the "public" ethics of the health and medical care, the reconstructing must be leaded by Chinese Communist Party, and the fundamental realization of the "public" ethics of the health and medical care should take the institutions as the fundamental approach.

Hombres que trabajan a través de aplicaciones móviles en Brasil: reflexiones desde la salud ocupacional / Men working through mobile applications in Brazil: Reflections from occupational health

RESUMEN El trabajo a través de aplicaciones móviles surgió como una alternativa para muchos hombres brasileños durante la crisis económica y el aumento del desempleo. Sin embargo, estos trabajadores operan de manera informal, sin relación laboral, lo que genera precariedad laboral y falta de derechos laborales. Desde un abordaje teórico-reflexivo, este artículo analiza la intersección entre la salud ocupacional, la plataformización del trabajo y los desafíos específicos que enfrentan los hombres repartidores de aplicaciones, especialmente durante la pandemia de covid-19. Las categorías reflexivas se dividieron en dos secciones temáticas: "La inserción laboral a través de aplicaciones móviles en Brasil y el modelo de trabajo mediante algoritmos" y "hombres, salud y motocicletas: la salud ocupacional y el comportamiento masculino en el trabajo a través de aplicaciones de entrega". Se examina la expansión de este tipo de trabajo en el contexto socioeconómico brasileño, la falta de seguridad y protección laboral para estos trabajadores, así como los riesgos enfrentados, especialmente durante la pandemia, en el marco de una cultura masculina.

ABSTRACT Work through mobile applications emerged as an alternative for many Brazilian men during the economic crisis and rising unemployment. However, these workers operate informally, without a formal employment relationship, leading to labor precariousness and a lack of workers' rights. Using a theoretical-reflexive, this study analyzes the intersection between occupational health, the platformization of work, and the specific challenges faced by male delivery app workers, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Reflective categories are divided into two thematic sections: "Labor insertion through mobile applications in Brazil and the algorithmic work model" and "men, health, and motorcycles: occupational health and male behavior in app-based delivery work." The study examines the expansion of this type of work in the Brazilian socio-economic context, the lack of security and labor protection for these workers, as well as the risks faced, particularly during the pandemic, within a male-centric culture.

Perfil de Egresos de Psicología de una Universidad del Interior Cearense / Perfil de egressos de psicologia de uma universidade do interior cearense / Profile of psychology graduates from a university in the countryside of the state of ceará

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o perfil dos egressos do curso de Psicologia da Universidade Federal do Ceará, campus Sobral. Realizou-se um levantamento por meio de questionário autoaplicável (n = 157). A maioria dos participantes era do gênero feminino e tinha entre 20 e 30 anos. Os dados foram analisados com o programa IBM SPSS (versão 22). Foram produzidas estatísticas descritivas. Dentre os achados, viu-se que a maioria dos egressos nascera e residia na macrorregião de Sobral/Ibiapaba. Grande parte dos egressos trabalhava como psicólogo e a clínica foi a área de atuação mais citada. A principal dificuldade para a inserção no mercado de trabalho foi a reduzida experiência profissional. Depreende-se que a interiorização das universidades está relacionada à inclusão social ao possibilitar o acesso à educação e a fixação de profissionais no interior dos estados.

RESUMEN El propósito de la presente investigación fue examinar el perfil de los egresados de la carrera de Psicología en la Universidad Federal de Ceará, ubicada en el campus de Sobral. Para ello, se efectuó una recolección de datos mediante un cuestionario autoadministrado, el cual fue completado por un total de 157 participantes. La mayoría de estos eran mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre los 20 y 30 años. El análisis de los datos recabados se llevó a cabo utilizando el software IBM SPSS, versión 22, generando estadísticas descriptivas. Entre los hallazgos, la mayoría de los egresados son originarios y residentes de la macrorregión de Sobral/Ibiapaba. Se observó que un número considerable de los graduados se desempeña profesionalmente como psicólogos, siendo la práctica clínica el ámbito más frecuentemente señalado de actuación. Uno de los principales obstáculos identificados para la inserción en el mercado laboral fue la limitada experiencia profesional de los egresados. A partir de estos resultados, se infiere que la descentralización de las universidades cumple un papel fundamental en la inclusión social, al facilitar el acceso a la educación superior y promover la retención de profesionales en las áreas más alejadas de los centros urbanos.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the demographic and professional characteristics of Psychology graduates from the Federal University of Ceará's Sobral campus. Conducted via a self-administered questionnaire with 157 respondents, the survey found that a predominant number of participants were female, aged 20 to 30 years. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software (version 22), generating descriptive statistics. Results indicated that most graduates originated from and resided within the Sobral/Ibiapaba macro-region, with a significant number employed as psychologists, particularly in clinical practice. The primary barrier to job market entry identified was limited professional experience. This study suggests that the decentralization of higher education contributes to social inclusion, promoting both access to education and the retention of professionals in less urbanized areas.

Pessoa idosa, mercado de trabalho, idadismo e a saúde do trabalhador: revisão de escopo / Elderly people, labor market, ageism, and worker health: scope review

Resumo Objetivo Caracterizar o conhecimento que relacione a velhice, trabalho, idadismo e ações na saúde do trabalhador a partir de uma revisão de escopo. Método Baseado em uma pergunta norteadora e critérios de busca foi realizada uma seleção de artigos entre abril a junho de 2023 nas bases Scientific Eletrônico Library Online (SCIELO), Web of Science, Scopus, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e PUBMED. No total de 1.745 produções encontradas, 26 artigos corresponderam aos critérios de elegibilidade, sendo estes publicados nos últimos 10 anos. Resultados Da análise, resultaram duas categorias a serem discutidas: impactos do idadismo na saúde do trabalhador e ações para a saúde da pessoa idosa nos ambientes de trabalho. As principais medidas encontradas para a redução do idadismo nos ambientes de trabalho incluem a presença de uma equipe de saúde nos ambientes de trabalho que levam ao adoecimento e incentivo à educação em gerontologia para os trabalhadores. Conclusão Observou-se a incipiência de estudos sobre a velhice do trabalhador, o reconhecimento acerca das doenças mais frequentes entre pessoas idosas que trabalham e as profissões em que elas se encontram mais vulneráveis ao idadismo. Novas investigações poderão dar subsídios para que sejam promovidas políticas com atenção a pessoa idosa que trabalha e o desenvolvimento de uma cultura organizacional geracional.

Abstract Objective To characterize the knowledge that relates aging, work, ageism, and actions in worker health through a scope review. Method Based on a guiding question and search criteria, a selection of papers was conducted between April and June 2023 in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), Web of Science, Scopus, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), and PUBMED databases. Out of a total of 1,745 productions found, 26 papers met the eligibility criteria, all of which were published in the last 10 years. Results From the analysis, two categories emerged for discussion: the impacts of ageism on worker health and actions for the health of elderly people in work environments. The main measures found to reduce ageism in work environments include the presence of a health team in workplaces that lead to illness and the promotion of education in gerontology for workers. Conclusion The incipiency of studies on the aging of the worker was observed, as well as the recognition of the most common diseases among elderly people who work and the professions in which they are most vulnerable to ageism. Further investigations may provide insights for the promotion of policies attentive to elderly people in the workforce and the development of a generational organizational culture.

Egressos de um programa de residência multiprofissional em cardiopneumologia e inserção no mercado de trabalho / Egresses from a multiprofessional residency program in cardiopneumology and insertion in the labor market / Egresos de un programa de residencia multiprofesional en cardiopneumología e inserción en el mercado de trabajo

A Residência Multiprofissional é uma importante estratégia de Educação Permanente (EPS) no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), sendo a primeira oportunidade para muitos recém-graduados de exercer sua profissão e adquirir experiência. O objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer o perfil de profissionais egressos de um programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Cardiopneumologia no Ceará e sua inserção no mercado de trabalho. No estudo, transversal e quantitativo, coletaram-se dados socioeconômicos, sociodemográficos e sobre histórico no mercado de trabalho, entre junho e outubro de 2022, via formulário eletrônico enviado aos egressos. A grande maioria estava empregada, atuando no SUS como terceirizados, vinculados como celetistas ou cooperados, em áreas de atuação diversas, destacando o potencial de contribuição na saúde, na educação e na gestão pública. Estudos com profissionais egressos de outros programas hospitalares são necessários para melhor elucidar as potencialidades, contribuições e lacunas do processo formativo à inserção dos profissionais no mercado de trabalho.

Multiprofessional Residency is an important strategy for Continuing Education (PDE) in the Unified Health System (SUS), being the first opportunity for many recent graduates to exercise their profession and acquire experience. The aim of this study was to know the profile of professionals graduating from a Multiprofessional Residency in Cardiopneumology program in Ceará and their insertion in the labor market. In this cross-sectional and quantitative study, socioeconomic, sociodemographic and labor market history data were collected between June and October 2022, via an electronic form sent to the graduates. The vast majority were employed, working in the SUS as outsourced, contracted, or cooperative workers, in diverse areas, highlighting the potential to contribute to health, education, and public management. Studies with professionals graduating from other hospital programs are necessary to better elucidate the potentialities, contributions, and gaps of the formative process to the insertion of the professionals in the labor market.

La Residencia Multiprofesional es una importante estrategia de Educación Continuada (PDE) en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS), siendo la primera oportunidad para muchos recién graduados de ejercer su profesión y adquirir experiencia. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el perfil de los profesionales egresados de un programa de Residencia Multiprofesional en Cardoneumología en Ceará y su inserción en el mercado de trabajo. En este estudio transversal y cuantitativo, se recogieron datos socioeconómicos, sociodemográficos y de historia laboral entre junio y octubre de 2022, a través de un formulario electrónico enviado a los graduados. La gran mayoría estaba empleada, trabajando en el SUS como tercerizados, contratados o cooperativistas, en diversas áreas, destacando el potencial de contribución a la salud, educación y gestión pública. Estudios con profesionales egresados de otros programas hospitalarios son necesarios para dilucidar mejor las potencialidades, contribuciones y lagunas del proceso formativo para la inserción de los profesionales en el mercado de trabajo.

Producción y distribución de largometrajes de ficción en maranhão: contradicciones de un mercado invisible en brasil

El estado de Maranhão ocupa un escenario peculiar en el mercado cinematográfico brasileño. Las producciones de ficción en forma de largometrajes tuvieron sus primeras incursiones a mediados de la década de 2000. En un marco desarrollado por la investigadora en su disertación de maestría en curso de História (Silva, 2018), y actualizado hasta 2022, catalogamos veintidós películas, solo seis de los cuales fueron registrados en la Agencia Nacional de Cine. La principal metodología utilizada fue la recolección e interpretación de datos, además de entrevistas no estructuradas o no estructuradas (Lakatos y Marconi, 2003). Como principales resultados podemos señalar: en Maranhão, el mercado es predominantemente informal, con momentos ocasionales de formalidad. La conclusión inicial de nuestra investigación es que el factor económico asociado a la falta de políticas públicas, sumado a la falta de cursos de educación superior en la zona, son los principales impulsores de este incipiente escenario.

The State of Maranhão occupies a peculiar scenario in the Brazilian film market. Fiction productions in the form of feature films had their first forays in the mid-2000s. In a framework developed by the researcher in her masters dissertation in History (Silva, 2018), and updated up to 2022, we cataloged twenty-two films, only six of which were registered in the National Film Agency. The main methodology to be used will be the collection and interpretation of data, in addition to unstructured or unstructured interviews (Lakatos and Marconi, 2003). As main results, we can point out that, in Maranhão, the market is predominantly informal with occasional moments of formality. The initial conclusion of our research is that the economic factor associated with the lack of public policies, added to the lack of higher education courses in the area, are the main drivers of this incipient scenario.

The Regulatory Status of Functional Foods in the Economic Integration Organizations of Latin America and the Caribbean / El Estatus Regulatorio de los Alimentos Funcionales en las Organizaciones de Integración Económica de Latinoamérica y el Caribe

Introduction. The legal declarations on functional foods of the four main economic integration organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) ­ Pacific Alliance (PA), Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) and Central American Integration System (SICA) - are based on the Codex Alimentarius system and do not regulate functional foods. The use of Codex in food marketing is an insufficient condition for its application in functional foods. Regulation based on scientific and technology results are required to be used in the economic integration organizations of LAC. Objective. The objective is to analyze the theoretical framework of the legal foundations that could govern the commercialization processes of functional foods, whose research advances have currently only been manifested in nutritional health. This article also seeks to address this gap through a systematic analysis of international regulations. Materials and methods. For this, a review of the literature emanating from two databases from 2018-2023 is carried by applying the legal-economic research method of documentary content analysis, applied to three general food marketing regulations: food safety declarations, regulations for inspections, food manufacturing and food labeling. Results. The results reveal the absence of specific legislation for functional foods in LAC economic integration organizations. Conclusions. The legal principle of marketing based on peremptory norm (also called jus cogens) can be facilitated through side letters, included in the contents of international contracts. along with the registration requirements of industrial property rights of the member countries associations(AU)

Introducción. Las declaraciones legales sobre alimentos funcionales de las cuatro principales organizaciones de integración económica de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) ­ Alianza del Pacífico (AP), Comunidad del Caribe (CARICOM), Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR) y Sistema de Integración Centroamericana (SICA) - se basan en el sistema del Codex Alimentarius y no regulan los alimentos funcionales. El uso del Codex en la comercialización de alimentos es condición insuficiente para su aplicación en alimentos funcionales. Se requiere que las regulaciones basadas en resultados científicos y tecnológicos sean utilizadas en los organismos de integración económica de ALC. Objetivo. Analizar el marco teórico de los fundamentos legales que podrían regir los procesos de comercialización de alimentos funcionales, cuyos avances en investigación actualmente solo se han manifestado en salud nutricional. Este artículo también busca abordar esta brecha a través de un análisis sistemático de las regulaciones internacionales. Materiales y métodos. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura emanada de dos bases de datos del período 2018-2023 aplicando el método de investigación jurídico- económica de análisis de contenido documental, aplicado a tres normas generales de comercialización de alimentos: declaraciones de seguridad alimentaria, normas para inspecciones, fabricación de alimentos y etiquetado de alimentos. Resultados. Los resultados revelan la ausencia de legislación específica para alimentos funcionales en las asociaciones comerciales de ALC. Conclusiones. El principio jurídico de comercialización basado en norma imperativa (también llamado jus cogens) puede facilitarse a través de cartas complementarias, incluidas en el contenido de los contratos internacionales. junto con los requisitos de registro de los derechos de propiedad industrial de las asociaciones de los países miembros(AU)

Mercados para la comercialización de los servicios educativos en salud que oferta Cuba / Markets for the commercialization of education al health services offered by Cuba

Resumen Objetivo: Caracterizar los mercados para los servicios educativos en salud que oferta Cuba. Material y Método: Estudio de desarrollo tecnológico, empleando técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas. Con base a la revisión bibliográfica, se establecieron las dimensiones en que se agruparon las variables, su operacionalización, escala, indicador o índice. Se construyeron y validaron cuestionarios para la obtención de la información, que se resumió en frecuencia, porciento, media, desviación estándar y rango. Para medir la coincidencia entre los observadores se empleó el Índice de Kappa de Cohen, se calculó el intervalo de confianza para Kappa, se estimó el error estándar y se interpretó usando la escala propuesta por Landis y Koch. Resultados: Se obtuvo una lista de países como mercados actuales y potenciales, en la que existe coincidencia por los informantes claves consultados, avalada por pruebas estadísticas. Los países identificados como mercados actuales y potenciales tienen características muy similares; solo se diferencian en las variables: asociaciones, gremio o grupo del sector salud que han declarado resistencia u oposición a las relaciones comerciales en salud con Cuba y dificultades en el poder adquisitivo para acceder de manera personal o para su familia a servicios educativos. Conclusiones: La información obtenida, limitada a los países que en la actualidad demandan o han solicitado servicios educativos, orienta a incentivar el mercado actual, concentrando los recursos en mantenerlos. La metodología elaborada, permite realizar nuevos estudios a mayor profundidad para identificar mercados potenciales y su segmentación. Sienta pautas para su empleo en el sector público a nivel internacional.

Abstract Objective: Characterize the markets for educational health services offered by Cuba. Material and Method: Study of technological development, using qualitative and quantitative techniques. Based on the bibliographic review, the dimensions in which the variables were grouped, their operationalization, scale, indicator or index were established. Questionnaires were constructed and validated to obtain the information, which was summarized in frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and range. To measure the coincidence between the observers, the Cohen's Kappa Index was used, the confidence interval for Kappa was calculated, the standard error was estimated and it was interpreted using the scale proposed by Landis and Koch. Results: A list of countries was obtained as current and potential markets, in which there is a coincidence by the key informants consulted, supported by statistical tests. The countries identified as current and potential markets have very similar characteristics; They only differ in the variables: associations, unions or groups in the health sector that have declared resistance or opposition to commercial health relations with Cuba and difficulties in purchasing power to access educational services personally or for their family. Conclusions: The information obtained, limited to the countries that currently demand or have requested educational services, guides to encourage the current market, concentrating resources on maintaining them. The elaborated methodology allows new studies to be carried out in greater depth to identify potential markets and their segmentation. Set guidelines for your employment in the public sector internationally.

Repercussões e fatores preponderantes da atuação de enfermeiras especialistas: visão de gestores / Repercussions and preponderant factors of the performance of specialist nurses: view of managers / Repercusiones y factores preponderantes de la actuación de enfermeros especialistas: visión de los directivos

Objetivo: analisar a visão dos gestores sobre as repercussões e fatores preponderantes da atuação de enfermeiras especialistas em hospitais universitários federais. Método: estudo descritivo-exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, realizado com gestores de hospitais universitários do Nordeste brasileiro, no período de outubro a novembro de 2021, após aprovação em Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa. As análises ocorreram através do software Atlas.ti® e do referencial teórico de Bardin. Resultados: neste estudo, em entrevistas realizadas com cinco gestores, duas categorias foram identificadas e analisadas, sendo a primeira sobre as repercussões e a segunda sobre os fatores preponderantes no mercado de trabalho da atuação de enfermeiras especialistas. Conclusão: os gestores relacionam positivamente a contratação de enfermeiras especialistas, uma vez que, agregam qualidade à assistência, embora existam fatores dificultadores, como a inflexibilidade de remanejamento, adoecimento e perfil feminino da classe de enfermagem(AU)

Objective: to analyze the view of managers on the repercussions and preponderant factors of the performance of specialist nurses in university hospitals. Method: descriptive-exploratory study, with a qualitative approach, carried out with managers of university hospitals in northeastern Brazil, from october to november 2021, after approval by the Ethics and Research Committee. Analyzes performed using the Atlas.ti® software and Bardin's theoretical framework. Results: in this study, in interviews carried out with five managers, two categories were identified and analyzed, the first on the repercussions, and the second on the preponderant factors in the labor market of the performance of specialist nurses. Conclusion: managers positively perceive the hiring of specialist nurses, as they add quality to the care, although there are complicating factors such as the inflexibility of relocation, illness and the female profile of the nursing class(AU)

Objetivo: analizar la visión de los directivos sobre las repercusiones y factores preponderantes de la actuación de los enfermeros especialistas en hospitales federales universitarios. Método: estudio de investigación descriptivo-exploratorio, con enfoque cualitativo, realizado junto a directivos de hospitales universitarios del Nordeste de Brasil, de octubre a noviembre de 2021, previa aprobación del Comité de Ética en Investigación. Los análisis se realizaron por medio del software Atlas.ti® y del marco teórico de Bardin. Resultados: en este estudio, en entrevistas realizadas a cinco directivos, se identificaron y analizaron dos categorías: la primera sobre las repercusiones y la segunda sobre los factores preponderantes en el mercado laboral de la actuación de los enfermeros especialistas. Conclusión: los directivos perciben positivamente la contratación de enfermeras especialistas, ya que agregan calidad a la atención, aunque existen factores que complican, como la inflexibilidad de reubicación, las enfermedades y el perfil femenino de la clase de enfermería(AU)

O Complexo Econômico-Industrial da Saúde (CEIS) como espaço estratégico para a modernização do SUS e para a geração dos empregos do futuro / The Health Economic-Industrial Complex (HEIC): a strategic area for both the modernization of the Unified Health System (SUS) and the creation of future jobs

Resumo Esse artigo apresenta os primeiros resultados da pesquisa sobre o novo mundo do trabalho da saúde no contexto da revolução 4.0 que buscou, além de identificar o perfil e o volume de emprego gerado pelas atividades de saúde no Brasil, analisar as principais transformações no mundo do trabalho e do emprego provocadas pelas novas tecnologias e seus potenciais efeitos no âmbito do Complexo Econômico-Industrial da Saúde (CEIS). A metodologia busca contribuir para uma nova visão dos profissionais de saúde, pois além de caracterizar o perfil ocupacional, incluindo seu conteúdo tecnológico, incorpora profissionais alocados, direta e indiretamente, no CEIS. Os resultados apresentados, fruto da aplicação da metodologia nas bases de dados da RAIS e da PNAD Contínua, para os anos entre 2012 e 2019, revelam a elevada capacidade de geração de bons empregos no CEIS, mesmo em contexto de crise econômica. O mercado de trabalho em saúde, tanto por sua escala, complexidade e diversidade, quanto por seu dinamismo e potencial em termos de incidência das tecnologias 4.0, indica que o desenvolvimento do CEIS pode se constituir em motor do desenvolvimento do país, associando inovação e produção à modernização do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e à geração de bons empregos.

Abstract This article presents the initial results of the ongoing research on the new world of healthcare work in the context of the 4th Technological Revolution. In addition to identifying the profile and volume of employment generated by health activities in Brazil, this investigation also analyzes the main transformations in the world of work and employment caused by new technologies and their potential impacts upon the field of the Health Economic-Industrial Complex (HEIC). The methodology seeks to contribute to a new vision of health professionals, which includes not only the employment profile with its technological content, but also the professionals directly and indirectly assigned to HEIC. Applying this methodology to the databases of RAIS and Continuous PNAD from 2012 to 2019, reveals HEIC's high capacity to generate good jobs, even in a context of economic crisis. The health labor market, both for its scale, complexity, and diversity, and for its dynamism and potential in terms of the incidence of 4.0 technologies, indicates that the development of HEIC can become the engine of the country's development, associating innovation and production with the modernization of the Unified Health System (SUS) and the generation of good jobs.

Contratación de estudiantes de enfermería en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en México. Una respuesta rápida a la emergencia de salud / Recruitment of nursing students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. A rapid response to the health emergency

Resumen El gobierno mexicano, como parte de la respuesta al COVID-19, puso en juego una estrategia para aumentar la dotación de personal de enfermería que incluyó la graduación prematura de estudiantes universitarios para incorporarlos en el frente de la atención. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las experiencias de estudiantes de enfermería contratados por instituciones de salud para la atención de pacientes COVID. El estudio es cualitativo exploratorio. Incluyó 12 participantes que durante la pasantía recibieron y aceptaron propuestas de empleo en instituciones de salud para la atención de pacientes. Los datos se recolectaron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, previo consentimiento informado. Las experiencias de los participantes se integraron en tres temas: los estudiantes aprovecharon la modificación de los reglamentos del servicio social para poder contratarse con una institución e integrarse a la atención del COVID-19; las condiciones de contratación y remuneración estuvieron plagadas de anomalías con importantes informalidades en el proceso; y la preparación para la atención fue muy incipiente por lo que el aprendizaje se llevó a cabo en el proceso mismo de la atención. La pandemia representó para los participantes una oportunidad de ingresar en condiciones extraordinarias y precarias al mercado laboral de enfermería.

Abstract The Mexican government implemented a strategy to increase nursing staff in response to COVID-19, including the early graduation of university students, to incorporate them into the care frontline. This exploratory qualitative study aimed to analyze nursing students' experiences recruited by health institutions to care for COVID patients. It included 12 participants who received and accepted job proposals in health institutions for patient care during their internship. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with prior informed consent. The experiences of the participants were integrated into three themes: the students took advantage of the modified social service regulations to be recruited by an institution and integrate into COVID-19 care; the recruitment and remuneration conditions were plagued with anomalies and important informalities in the process; and the preparation for care was very incipient, so learning occurred in the very care process. The pandemic allowed the participants to enter the nursing labor market in extraordinary and substandard conditions.

Valoración del impacto de la legislación argentina sobre alérgenos alimentarios: cinco años de una travesía con aciertos y desafíos / Assessment of the impact of the argentine legislation on food allergens: five years of a journey with successes and challenges / Avaliação do impacto da legislação argentina sobre alérgenos alimentares: cinco anos de uma caminho de desafios e sucessos

Resumen Las alergias alimentarias representan un problema de salud pública. La declaración de alérgenos en el rótulo implicó un avance fundamental para la gestión del riesgo, ya que evitar el alimento desencadenante mediante el rotulado adecuado constituye actualmente una medida insustituible de cuidado para la población susceptible. Se realizó una valoración del impacto de la legislación nacional en referencia a la declaración de alérgenos alimentarios entre 2017 y 2022. Se utilizaron los motores de búsqueda interna de la Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología Médica (ANMAT) para los retiros de productos alimenticios del mercado y se contrastó como herramienta de medición indirecta para la valoración del impacto de la implementación del Artículo 235 séptimo del Código Alimentario Nacional (CAA). Se analizaron 43 productos (galletitas, fideos, chocolates, alimentos a base de vegetales). El 53,5% (23 sobre un total de 43) presentaba declaración de alérgenos. El 70% de los mismos (16 sobre un total de 23) fueron categorizados "con inconsistencias" y el 14% (6 productos de 43) utilizaba etiquetado precautorio. El paradigma reactivo del control de alimentos sobresalió por sobre el de las auditorías, los programas de monitoreo y, en suma, sobre los programas de prevención, ya que el sistema se activó fundamentalmente por la vía reactiva de las denuncias. Esto representó un 72% de los productos categorizados.

Abstract Food allergies represent a public health problem. The declaration of allergens on the label implied a fundamental advance for risk management, since avoiding the triggering food through proper labelling is currently an irreplaceable measure of care for the susceptible population. An assessment of the impact of the national legislation was carried out in reference to the declaration of food allergens between 2017 and 2022. The ANMAT internal search engines were used for the withdrawals of food products from the market and contrastlised as an indirect measurement tool for the impact assessment of the implementation of Section 235 seventh of the Argentine Food Code (CAA, for its acronym in Spanish). Forty-three products (biscuits, noodles, chocolates, vegetable-based foods) were analysed. The allergen declaration was present in 53.5% (23 out of a total of 43). Some inconsistencies were present in 70% of them (16 out of a total of 23) and 14% (6 products out of 43) used precautionary labelling. The reactive paradigm of food control stood out above that of audits, monitoring programmes and, in short, prevention programmes, since the system was activated fundamentally through the reactive route of complaints. This represented 72% of the categorised products.

Resumo As alergias alimentares representam um problema de saúde pública. A declaração de alérgenos no rótulo envolveu um avanço fundamental para a gestão do risco, visto que evitar os alimentos que desencadeiam as alergias, por meio de uma rotulagem adequada, é atualmente uma medida insubstituível de cuidado para a população suscetível. Foi realizada uma avaliação do impacto da legislação nacional referida à declaração de alérgenos alimentares entre 2017 e 2022. Os motores de busca interna da ANMAT (Administração Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos e Tecnologia Médica) foram utilizados para as retiradas de produtos alimentares do mercado e contrastados como uma ferramenta indireta de medição para a avaliação do impacto da aplicação do artigo 235 sétimo, do CAA (Código Alimentar Nacional). Foram analisados 43 produtos (biscoitos, macarrão, chocolates, alimentos à base de vegetais). 53,5% (23 de um total de 43) apresentavam declaração de alérgenos, 70% deles (16 de um total de 23) foram categorizados "com inconsistências" e 14% (6 produtos de 43) utilizavam rotulagem de precaução. Destacou-se o paradigma "reativo" do controle de alimentos por sobre o controle das auditorias, dos programas de monitoramento e, em resumo, dos programas de prevenção, visto que o sistema foi ativado fundamentalmente pela via reativa das reclamações. Isso representou 72% dos produtos categorizados.

Study On Consumer Behaviour With Respect To Brand In Online Shopping Of Durable Product Among Tribal's Of Ranchi District

Consumer behavior can be defined as the activities and the actions of people and organization that purchase and use economic goods and services, including the influence on these activities and actions. Marketers expect that by understanding what causes the consumers to buy particular goods and services, they will be able to determine which products are needed in the marketplace, which are obsolete, and how best to present the goods to the consumers. In the changing digital era, people buying online have drastically increased when compared to offline shopping. Existence of many online platforms has increased the choices for the consumers. It is a common rule in economics, that when there are more choices for the consumer, there is more competition. The online platforms has also developed there specializations like Myntra for fashion, amazon for electronics, big basket for food and so on. This specialization in online platforms has actually given various new factors for the consumers to compare the products. After the arrival of these many platforms, consumers have changed their view over the branding of products. There are consumers who are loyal to the brands in few products and there are also consumers who find only the best deals irrespective of branding. This paper studies the consumer's choices and behavior towards the brands in online shopping in a survey method.

TRIBAL CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS ONLINE SHOPPING: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF RURAL RANCHI DISTRICT

This paper discusses the Tribal people of Ranchi District behavior towards online shopping, it also discusses why they prefer online shopping and why not. In recent years, rural markets have acquired significance, as the overall growth of the economy has resulted into substantial increase in the purchasing power of the rural communities. Rural Markets are defined as those segments of overall market of any economy, which are distinct from the other types of markets like stock market, commodity markets or Labor economics. Online shopping or e-shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser. Alternative names are: e-web-store, e-shop, e-store, Internet shop, web-shop, web-store, online store, online storefront and virtual store. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of consumer perceptions in regards to online shopping. A sample of 100 (55 males and 45 females) respondents were taken into consideration from tribal people of rural Ranchi District.

Determinantes de la transición de la escuela al trabajo en Chile

(analítico) En Chile, actualmente la población categorizada como jóvenes que ni estudian ni trabajan (conocidos como nini) asciende a cerca de medio millón de personas, lo que presenta un desafío en la orientación de estrategias que les permitan insertarse en el mercado del trabajo o continuar sus estudios. Esta investigación tiene por finalidad determinar los factores que influyen en la transición de la escolaridad al trabajo en la población de jóvenes chilenos, por medio de modelos probabilísticos a partir de datos representativos a nivel nacional. Los resultados muestran que son determinantes la pobreza, la existencia de menores en el hogar, el género y la paternidad o maternidad adolescente. Se establecen algunas estrategias y se hace hincapié en continuar el estudio considerando la multitud de factores que están involucrados.

(analytical) In Chile, the population currently categorized as young people who neither study nor work (known as NEETs) is nearly half a million people, which presents a challenge in terms of developing policies that allow them to enter the labor market or continue their studies. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that influence the transition from school to work for the population of young Chileans using probabilistic models based on nationally representative data. The results show that poverty, the existence of children in households, gender and adolescent parenthood are determining factors. Some strategies are highlighted and an emphasis is placed on the need to continue research in this area, taking into account the multitude of factors involved.

(analítico) No Chile, a população actualmente classificada como jovens que não estudam nem trabalham (doravante, NEM-NEM) ascende a quase meio milhão de pessoas, o que representa um desafio em termos de orientação de políticas que lhes permitam entrar no mercado de trabalho ou continuar os seus estudos. O objectivo deste estudo é determinar os fatores que influenciam a transição da escola para o trabalho na população de jovens chilenos, utilizando modelos probabilísticos baseados em dados representativos a nível nacional. Os resultados mostram que a pobreza, a existência de menores no lar, o gênero e a paternidade adolescente são fatores determinantes. Algumas estratégias são delineadas e a ênfase é colocada em estudos mais aprofundados, considerando a multiplicidade de fatores envolvidos.