Propriedades sensoriais e físico-químicas de patê de frango com teor reduzido de sal / Sensory and physical-chemical properties of chicken pate with reduced salt content

O objetivo deste estudo foi de verificar a aceitabilidade sensorial de patês de frango elaborados com diferentes teores de cloreto de sódio (NaCl), cloreto de potássio (KCl) e glutamatomonossódico (GM) e avaliar a composição físico-química do produto. Na Etapa 1, avaliaram-secinco formulações de patê, com adição de NaCl e KCl (de 0 a 1 %). Na Etapa 2, foram avaliadas as mesmas formulações com adição de GM (0,2 %). Na Etapa 1, não houve diferença significativa para os atributos aparência, aroma, textura e cor. Contudo, para as características sabor, aceitação global e intenção de compra a amostra contendo KCl (1 %) recebeu menores notas do que aquela sem adição de KCl. Na Etapa 2, os produtos apresentaram aumento na aceitabilidade após adição de GM. Foi possível reduzir 75 % de sódio nos patês de frango(NaCl - 0,25 % e KCl - 0,75 %), e obter amostra com aceitação sensorial semelhante ao produto padrão e maior possibilidade de adição de KCl, principalmente em conjunto com o GM.

This study aimed at assessing the sensory acceptability of chicken pate made with different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and monosodium glutamate (MG), and the physical-chemical features of the product were evaluated. In the Step 1, five pate formulations with addition of NaCl and KCl (0 to 1 %) were assessed. The Step 2 analyzed these same formulations but containing MG (0.2 %). In Step 1, no significant difference was found for the attributes appearance, aroma, texture and color. As for taste, overall acceptance and purchase intent characteristics, the sample containing KCl (1 %) received lower scores than that KCl-free formulation. In Step 2, the formulated products showed an increase in the acceptability after adding MG. It was feasible to reduce 75 % of sodium in the chicken pates (NaCl - 0.25 % and KCl - 0.75 %), and to get a sample with the sensory acceptance similar to the standard product, and being achievable to add KCl, specially in conjunction with MG.

Effect of Stimulus Waveform of Biphasic Current Pulse on Retinal Ganglion Cell Responses in Retinal Degeneration (rd1) mice

A retinal prosthesis is being developed for the restoration of vision in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Determining optimal electrical stimulation parameters for the prosthesis is one of the most important elements for the development of a viable retinal prosthesis. Here, we investigated the effects of different charge-balanced biphasic pulses with regard to their effectiveness in evoking retinal ganglion cell (RGC) responses. Retinal degeneration (rd1) mice were used (n=17). From the ex-vivo retinal preparation, retinal patches were placed ganglion cell layer down onto an 8x8 multielectrode array (MEA) and RGC responses were recorded while applying electrical stimuli. For asymmetric pulses, 1st phase of the pulse is the same with symmetric pulse but the amplitude of 2nd phase of the pulse is less than 10 microA and charge balanced condition is satisfied by lengthening the duration of the pulse. For intensities (or duration) modulation, duration (or amplitude) of the pulse was fixed to 500 micros (30 microA), changing the intensities (or duration) from 2 to 60 microA (60 to 1000 micros). RGCs were classified as response-positive when PSTH showed multiple (3~4) peaks within 400 ms post stimulus and the number of spikes was at least 30% more than that for the immediate pre-stimulus 400 ms period. RGC responses were well modulated both with anodic and cathodic phase-1st biphasic pulses. Cathodic phase-1st pulses produced significantly better modulation of RGC activity than anodic phase-1st pulses regardless of symmetry of the pulse.

El consumo de carne como tendencia cultural en la Amazonía colombiana / Meat consumption as a cultural trend in the Colombian Amazon basin / EO consumo de carne como uma tendência cultural na Amazônia colombiana

La identificación de tendencias en el consumo de carne resulta indispensable para los planes de establecimiento y asesoría de los sistemas de producción zootécnica, especialmente en zonas de alto impacto ambiental como la Amazonía colombiana. El estudio presentado en este artículo identifica las tendencias globales de consumo de carne, a partir de una muestra poblacional obtenida en la ciudad Amazónica de Florencia, capital del departamento del Caquetá. En el mismo, se concluyó un bajo interés por aspectos relacionados con adecuadas condiciones de manejo y sacrifico de animales, a pesar de considerar este factor como condicionante de la calidad del producto; entre otros resultados, se identifica claramente que el consumo de carne, principalmente de res, obedece a cuestiones culturales y sociales, y no a las características organolépticas del producto o su precio. Con relación al consumo de carne de monte, a partir del análisis de preferencia y precio, en el marco de la inexistencia de zoocriaderos en lo zona o cerca de ella, se deduce la ilegalidad de su proveniencia, y se concluye un desconocimiento pleno de los riegos ambientales, zoonóticos y legales, que acarrea este delito.

Identifying trends in meat consumption is indispensable for establishing plans and advice to animal production systems, especially in areas of high environmental impact such as the Colombian Amazon basin. This study identifies global trends in meat consumption from a sample obtained in the Amazonian city of Florencia, capital of Caquetá province. Lack of interest was observed among the population about proper management conditions and slaughter of animals, despite they considered these factors to be determinant of product quality. The study clearly identified that meat consumption, especially beef, depends more on cultural and social issues than price or organoleptic characteristics of the product. From a preference and price analysis, and considering the lack of wild animal farming in or near the area, we assume all game meat consumed in the area is of illegal origin. Consumers of wild meat are not aware of the environmental, zoonotic and legal risks associated with this offense.

Identificar tendências do consumo de carne é essencial para os quadros de pessoal e conselhos de sistemas de produção animal, especialmente em áreas de alto impacto ambiental, como a Amazônia colombiana. O estudo apresentado neste artigo identifica as tendências mundiais em consumo de carne a partir de uma amostra da população obtida na cidade amazônica de Florença, capital do departamento de Caquetá. Nos mesmos aspectos de juro baixas condições adequadas de manejo e abate de animais, apesar de considerar este fator como determinante da qualidade do produto é concluída; entre outros resultados, identifica claramente que o consumo de carne, especialmente carne, devido a questões culturais e sociais, e não com as características organolépticas do produto ou seu preço. No que diz respeito ao consumo de carne de animais selvagens, a partir da análise de preferência e preço, no contexto da ausência de zoocriaderos na ou perto da área a ele, o ilícita do seu proveniência é claro, e cheio de ignorância, conclui-se ambiental, zoonótico e riscos legais que implica este crime.

Development, physical-chemical stability and rheological behavior of silicones formulations containing Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE).

The aim of this paper was to develop formulations increased of DMAE and evaluate their physical-chemical stability and rheological behavior. Eleven formulations containing 3% DMAE pidolate or 3% DMAE acetamidobenzoate were developed and both preliminary stabilities tests and rheological measurements were carried out. They were considered stable during all period of study. The type of DMAE did not modify the viscosity of the emulsion and all presented pseudoplastic behavior with hysteresis area. An increase of hysteresis area could be observed with DMAE addition. The results point that the type of DMAE can influence the physical stability of the final product.

Clinical study on FLAG and MEA regimen for refractory or relapsed adult acute myeloid leukemia / 白血病·淋巴瘤

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects and side effects of FLAG and MEA regimen in the treatment of relapsed and refractory adult acute myeloid leukemia.Methods Use retrospective analysis to Observe the therapeutic effects and side effects of the 51 cases of relapsed and refractory adult acute myeloid leukemia (M3 except) from January 2009 to June 2012 in our hospital,which are divided into FLAG group (23 cases) and MEA group (28 cases) according to chemotherapy.Results In FLAG group,the rate of complete remission was 30.4 ％ (7/23),the rate of partial remission was 17.4 ％ (4/23),the effective rate was 47.8 ％ (11/23).In MEA group,the rate of complete remission was 35.7 ％ (10/28),the rate of partial remission was 21.4 ％ (6/28),the effective rate was 57.1％ (16/28),difference between two groups was not statistically significant. Both groups appeared Ⅳ degrees myelosupression,and there were no significant differences between them on incidences of secondary infection [95.7 ％ (22/23) vs 89.3 ％ (25/28)] and haemorrhagia [82.6 ％ (19/23) vs 85.7 ％ (24/28)].Difference on cardiac toxicity was statistically significant.Conclusions Compared with MEA regimen, FLAG regimen are similar effective and can be well tolerated,which has lower cardiac toxicity. Thus, FLAG regimen can be used as first-line treatment for relapsed and refractory adult acute myeloid leukemia.

Vaporization and Conversion of Ethanolamines used in Metalworking Operations

OBJECTIVES: This study examined how ethanolamines (EAs) with the same functional alcohol group (HOCH2CH2), such as mono-EA (MEA), di-EA (DEA), and tri-EA (TEA), in water-based metalworking fluids (wbMWFs) are vaporized, condensed, and transformed by heat generated during metalworking. METHODS: Two types of experimental apparatus were manufactured to achieve these objectives. RESULTS: Vaporization tests using a water bath showed that the vaporization rate increased markedly from 0.19 mg/m2.min at 23.5degrees C to 8.04 mg/m2.min at 60degrees C. Chamber tests with a heat bulb revealed that "spiked" MEA was fully recovered, while only 13.32% of DEA and no TEA were recovered. Interestingly, non-spiked types of EAs were detected, indicating that heat could convert EAs with more alcohol groups (TEA or DEA) into other EAs with fewer group(s) (DEA or MEA). The EA composition in fresh fluid was 4% DEA, 66% TEA, and 30% MEA, and in used fluids (n = 5) was 12.4% DEA, 68% TEA, and 23% MEA. Conversion from TEA into DEA may therefore contribute to the DEA increment. Airborne TEA was not detected in 13 samples taken from the central coolant system and near a conveyor belt where no machining work was performed. The DEA concentration was 0.45 mg/m3 in the only two samples from those locations. In contrast, airborne MEA was found in all samples (n = 53) regardless of the operation type. CONCLUSION: MEAs easily evaporated even when MWFs were applied, cleaned, refilled, and when they were in fluid storage tanks without any metalworking being performed. The conversion of TEA to DEA and MEA was found in the machining operations.

Avaliação da adequação alimentar de creches pública e privada no contexto do programa nacional de alimentação escolar / Assessment of diet adequacy at public and private daycare centers within the national program of school feeding

Everyone agrees on the importance of eating at pre-school age, mainlydue to both the physical and cognitive developments. This paper focusedon analyzing the diet adequacy concerning energy, macronutrients,vitamins A and C, iron and calcium, as well as the acceptance of themeals offered by public and private daycare centers. Direct weighing wasadopted in order to obtain the availability of the food offered at lunch, inthree non-consecutive days. The assessment of the nutritional suitabilitywas held according to the National Program of School Feeding, "PNAE",as for the energy and proteins, and also Dietary Reference Intakes as forthe micronutrients. The hedonic scale was utilized to check the acceptanceof the meal. The energy availability in the private daycare center did notreach the pattern established by "PNAE"; regarding proteins, the valuesexceeded the recommended level in both daycare centers, and the valuesfor calcium were inadequate. In both centers, the acceptance was between the hedonic terms "I liked it" and "indifferent". More attention needs to be paid concerning energy availability at the private daycare center. Although the calcium supply is not enough in both places, it is important to highlight that lunch is not considered a source meal for this mineral. Observations concerning calcium supply throughout the day are suggested once the kids usually spend most of the time at these institutions.

Es ampliamente reconocida la importancia de la alimentación en la edad preescolar en función, principalmente, del desarrollo físico y cognitivo. El objetivo fue analizar la composición alimentaria en relación a energía,macronutrientes, vitaminas A y C, fi erro y calcio; así como la aceptación de la merienda ofrecida en los jardines infantiles públicos y particulares. La cantidad ofrecida en el almuerzo fue evaluada por pesada directa delalimento durante tres días no consecutivos. El cálculo de la composición nutricional fue realizado de acuerdo al Programa Nacional deAlimentación Escolar/PNAE para energía, proteína, y Dietary Reference Intakes para micronutrientes. Se utilizó escala hedónica para verifi car la aceptación de la merienda. La disponibilidad de energía del jardínparticular no atendió el valor establecido por el PNAE; con respecto a la proteína, en los dos jardines, los valores excedieron al establecido,y para el calcio presentaron valores inadecuados. En ambos la aceptación estuvo entre los términos hedónicos "me gustó" e "indiferente".La disponibilidad energética requiere mayor atención en el jardín particular. A pesar de la disponibilidad insufi ciente de calcio en las dosinstituciones, vale resaltar que el almuerzo no es considerado como la fuente principal de este mineral. Se sugiere mayor observación encuanto a la disponibilidad del mismo a lo largo del día, ya que los niños permanecen allí la mayor parte del tiempo.

É consensual a importância da alimentação na idade pré-escolar em função, principalmente, do desenvolvimento físico e cognitivo. Objetivou-seanalisar a adequação alimentar quanto à energia, macronutrientes, vitaminas A e C, ferro e cálcio; bem como a aceitação da merenda oferecida em creche pública e privada. Adotou-se a pesagem direta para se obter a disponibilidade dos alimentos oferecidos no almoço, em três dias não consecutivos. A avaliação da adequação nutricional foirealizada segundo o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar/PNAE para energia e proteína, e Dietary Reference Intakes para micronutrientes. Utilizou-se escala hedônica para verificar a aceitação da refeição.A disponibilidade de energia da creche privada não atendeu ao valor estabelecido pelo PNAE; para proteína, nas duas creches, os valoresexcederam ao preconizado, e para o cálcio apresentaram-se inadequados. Em ambas a aceitação esteve entre os termos hedônicos "gostei" e "indiferente". A disponibilidade energética necessita de maior atenção na creche privada. Apesar de a oferta do cálcio serinsuficiente nas duas creches, vale ressaltar que o almoço não é considerado refeição fonte deste mineral. Sugere-se a necessidade de observações quanto à oferta do mesmo ao longo do dia, uma vez que as crianças comumente permanecem a maior parte do tempo nestas instituições.

Accurate Representation of Light-intensity Information by the Neural Activities of Independently Firing Retinal Ganglion Cells

For successful restoration of visual function by a visual neural prosthesis such as retinal implant, electrical stimulation should evoke neural responses so that the information on visual input is properly represented. A stimulation strategy, which means a method for generating stimulation waveforms based on visual input, should be developed for this purpose. We proposed to use the decoding of visual input from retinal ganglion cell (RGC) responses for the evaluation of stimulus encoding strategy. This is based on the assumption that reliable encoding of visual information in RGC responses is required to enable successful visual perception. The main purpose of this study was to determine the influence of inter-dependence among stimulated RGCs activities on decoding accuracy. Light intensity variations were decoded from multiunit RGC spike trains using an optimal linear filter. More accurate decoding was possible when different types of RGCs were used together as input. Decoding accuracy was enhanced with independently firing RGCs compared to synchronously firing RGCs. This implies that stimulation of independently-firing RGCs and RGCs of different types may be beneficial for visual function restoration by retinal prosthesis.

Electrically-evoked Neural Activities of rd1 Mice Retinal Ganglion Cells by Repetitive Pulse Stimulation

For successful visual perception by visual prosthesis using electrical stimulation, it is essential to develop an effective stimulation strategy based on understanding of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) responses to electrical stimulation. We studied RGC responses to repetitive electrical stimulation pulses to develop a stimulation strategy using stimulation pulse frequency modulation. Retinal patches of photoreceptor-degenerated retinas from rd1 mice were attached to a planar multi-electrode array (MEA) and RGC spike trains responding to electrical stimulation pulse trains with various pulse frequencies were observed. RGC responses were strongly dependent on inter-pulse interval when it was varied from 500 to 10 ms. Although the evoked spikes were suppressed with increasing pulse rate, the number of evoked spikes were >60% of the maximal responses when the inter-pulse intervals exceeded 100 ms. Based on this, we investigated the modulation of evoked RGC firing rates while increasing the pulse frequency from 1 to 10 pulses per second (or Hz) to deduce the optimal pulse frequency range for modulation of RGC response strength. RGC response strength monotonically and linearly increased within the stimulation frequency of 1~9 Hz. The results suggest that the evoked neural activities of RGCs in degenerated retina can be reliably controlled by pulse frequency modulation, and may be used as a stimulation strategy for visual neural prosthesis.

Electrical Stimulation Parameters in Normal andDegenerate Rabbit Retina / 의학물리

Retinal prosthesis is regarded as the most feasible method for the blind caused by retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or age related macular degeneration (AMD). Recently Korean consortium launched for developing retinal prosthesis. One of the prerequisites for the success of retinal prosthesis is the optimization of the electrical stimuli applied through the prosthesis. Since electrical characteristics of degenerate retina are expected to differ from those of normal retina, we performed voltage stimulation experiment both in normal and degenerate retina to provide a guideline for the optimization of electrical stimulation for the upcoming prosthesis. After isolation of retina, retinal patch was attached with the ganglion cell side facing the surface of microelectrode arrays (MEA). 8x8 grid layout MEA (electrode diameter: 30micrometer, electrode spacing: 200micrometer, and impedance: 50 k omega at 1 kHz) was used to record in-vitro retinal ganglion cell activity. Mono-polar electrical stimulation was applied through one of the 60 MEA channel, and the remaining channels were used for recording. The electrical stimulus was a constant voltage, charge-balanced biphasic, anodic-first square wave pulse without interphase delay, and 50 trains of pulse was applied with a period of 2 sec. Different electrical stimuli were applied. First, pulse amplitude was varied (voltage: 0.5~3.0 V). Second, pulse duration was varied (100~1,200microns). Evoked responses were analyzed by PSTH from averaged data with 50 trials. Charge density was calculated with Ohm's and Coulomb's law. In normal retina, by varying the pulse amplitude from 0.5 to 3 V with fixed duration of 500 microns, the threshold level for reliable ganglion cell response was found at 1.5 V. The calculated threshold of charge density was 2.123 mC/cm2. By varying the pulse duration from 100 to 1,200microns with fixed amplitude of 2 V, the threshold level was found at 300microns. The calculated threhold of charge density was 1.698 mC/cm2. Even after the block of ON-pathway with L-(1)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB), electrical stimulus evoked ganglion cell activities. In this APB-induced degenerate retina, by varying the pulse duration from 100 to 1200 microns with fixed voltage of 2 V, the threshold level was found at 300microns, which is the same with normal retina. More experiment with APB-induced degenerate retina is needed to make a clear comparison of threshold of charge density between normal and degenerate retina.