Mídia e saúde: a cobertura da epidemia de sarampo de 2019 no Brasil / Media and health: the coverage of 2019 measles epidemic in Brazil / Medios y salud: la cobertura de la epidemia de sarampión de 2019 en Brasil

Introdução: A mídia é um importante elemento na construção de significados sobre os acontecimentos de saúde, influenciando nas crenças e na formação da opinião popular, tendo especial papel nos processos epidêmicos. No atual cenário epidemiológico do Brasil, que está vivenciando o recrudescimento do sarampo, reintroduzido no país em 2018, os profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) devem estar instrumentalizados sobre os sentidos que estão sendo construídos pelos veículos de comunicação. Objetivo: Avaliar o conteúdo midiático que está sendo produzido acerca do atual cenário epidemiológico do sarampo no Brasil, observando que sentidos estão sendo construídos e analisando-os criticamente, traçando um paralelo com o papel que a APS ocupa neste cenário, principalmente no que diz respeito à educação em saúde. Métodos: Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória, na qual realizou-se duas buscas através da ferramenta de busca online Google Notícias. Buscou-se pelo termo 'sarampo' e pelos termos 'sarampo' e 'autismo'. Foram catalogados os 50 primeiros resultados, sendo o critério de inclusão que fossem notícias. Utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo, inicialmente, para categorização e inferência, porém foi necessário utilizar instrumentos da análise de discurso para aprofundar algumas subjetividades encontradas. Resultados: A busca retornou resultados das cinco regiões do país, todos com postura pró-vacina. A APS foi citada em praticamente todos os resultados encontrados, que frisavam a disponibilidade da vacina gratuitamente neste nível de atenção. As três áreas temáticas encontradas a partir da análise do material foram: "gravidade, sequelas e morte: a produção do sentido do medo"; "vacinação, medidas e ações; e "justificativas para a queda da cobertura vacinal, responsabilização do indivíduo e atribuição do cenário ao movimento antivacina". Conclusão: Conclui-se que o atual cenário epidemiológico do sarampo tem sido encarado como unicausal, o que precisa ser revisto para que as campanhas governamentais e as ações das Equipes de Saúde da Família tornem-se mais efetivas. A estratégia do convencimento pelo medo ou pela obediência mostra-se ineficaz. Pouco ou nada se discute sobre as recentes políticas de desmonte do Sistema Único de Saúde, que têm impacto direto na cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Também pouco foi discutido sobre questões de acesso. A compreensão deste cenário sob uma ótica multifacetada e contextualizada ao momento sociocultural e histórico é o ponto central para o sucesso do desfecho.

Introduction: The media is an important element in the construction of meanings about health events, influencing beliefs and popular opinion formation, having a special role in epidemic processes. In the current epidemiological scenario in Brazil, which is experiencing measles recrudescence, reintroduced in 2018, Primary Health Care (PHC) professionals must be instrumentalised in the meanings that are being constructed by communication vehicles. Objective: To evaluate the media content that is being produced about the current epidemiological scenario of measles in Brazil, observing which senses are being constructed and critically analyzing them, drawing a parallel with the role that PHC plays in this scenario, especially with regard to Health education. Methods: This is a qualitative, exploratory research, in which two searches were performed through the Google News online search tool. We searched for the term 'measles' and the terms 'measles' and 'autism'. The first 50 results were cataloged, and the inclusion criteria were news. Content analysis was initially used for categorization and inference, but it was necessary to use discourse analysis instruments to deepen some subjectivities found. Results: The search returned results from the five regions of the country, all with a pro-vaccine stance. Primary Health Care was cited in virtually all results found, which emphasized the availability of the vaccine free of charge at this level of attention. The three thematic areas found from the analysis of the material were: "gravity, sequelae and death: the production of the sense of fear"; "Vaccination, measures and actions"; and "justifications for the drop in immunization coverage, individual accountability and setting of the scenario for the anti-vaccine movement". Conclusion: It is concluded that the current epidemiological scenario of measles has been viewed as unicausal, which needs to be reviewed for government campaigns and Family Health Team actions to become more effective. The strategy of convincing by fear or obedience is ineffective. Little or nothing is discussed about the recent dismantling policies of the Unified Health System, which have a direct impact on the coverage of the Family Health Strategy. Also little has been discussed about access issues. Understanding this scenario from a multifaceted perspective and contextualized to the socio-cultural and historical moment is the central point for the success of the outcome.

Introducción: Los medios de comunicación son un elemento importante en la construcción de significados sobre los eventos de salud, influyen en las creencias y en la formación de la opinión popular, y tienen un papel especial en los procesos epidémicos. En el escenario epidemiológico actual en Brasil, que está experimentando el recrudecimiento del sarampión, reintroducido en el país en 2018, los profesionales de Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) deben instrumentalizarse en los significados que están construyendo los vehículos de comunicación. Objetivo: Evaluar el contenido de los medios que se está produciendo sobre el escenario epidemiológico actual del sarampión en Brasil, observando qué sentidos se están construyendo y analizándolos críticamente, trazando un paralelismo con el papel que desempeña la APS en este escenario, especialmente con respecto a Educación en salud. Método: Esta es una investigación cualitativa, exploratoria, en la que se realizaron dos búsquedas a través de la herramienta de búsqueda en línea Google News. Buscamos el término 'sarampión' y los términos 'sarampión' y 'autismo'. Los primeros 50 resultados fueron catalogados, y los criterios de inclusión fueron novedades. El análisis de contenido se utilizó inicialmente para la categorización y la inferencia, pero fue necesario utilizar instrumentos de análisis del discurso para profundizar algunas subjetividades encontradas. Resultados: La búsqueda arrojó resultados de las cinco regiones del país, todos con una postura pro-vacuna. La APS se citó en prácticamente todos los resultados encontrados, lo que enfatizó la disponibilidad de la vacuna sin cargo en este nivel de atención. Las tres áreas temáticas encontradas en el análisis del material fueron: "gravedad, secuelas y muerte: la producción de la sensación de miedo"; "Vacunación, medidas y acciones; y "justificaciones para la caída de la cobertura de inmunización, la responsabilidad individual y el establecimiento del escenario para el movimiento antivacunas". Conclusión: Se concluye que el escenario epidemiológico actual del sarampión se ha visto como unicausal, que debe revisarse para que las campañas gubernamentales y las acciones del Equipo de Salud de la Familia sean más efectivas. La estrategia de convencer por miedo u obediencia es ineficaz. Poco o nada se discute sobre las recientes políticas de desmantelamiento del Sistema Único de Salud, que tienen un impacto directo en la cobertura de la Estrategia de Salud Familiar. También se ha discutido poco sobre problemas de acceso. Comprender este escenario desde una perspectiva multifacética y contextualizado en el momento sociocultural e histórico es el punto central para el éxito del resultado.

Cobertura y factores asociados a la vacunación contra el sarampión en niños de 12 a 59 meses en Perú: estimación basada en la encuesta demográfica y de salud familiar 2017 / Coverage and factors associated with measles vaccination in children aged 12-59 months in Peru: estimate based on the 2017 demographic and family health survey

RESUMEN Objetivos . Estimar la cobertura y determinar los factores asociados a la vacunación contra el sarampión en Perú. Materiales y métodos . Realizamos un estudio de fuente secundaria utilizando la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) del 2017, la unidad informante fue una mujer en edad fértil de 15 a 49 años; la unidad de análisis fue un niño de 12 a 59 meses (para la primera dosis) o niño de 18 a 59 meses (para la dosis de refuerzo) y que contaba con datos de vacunación. Los datos de cobertura fueron obtenidos de la tarjeta de vacunación. Resultados . Según la tarjeta de vacunación, la cobertura para la primera dosis fue del 70,2% (IC95%: 68,8-71,6), para la dosis de refuerzo del 52,0% (IC95%: 50,5-53,6). Los niños de 24-35 meses tuvieron más probabilidades de ser vacunados para la primera dosis (OR: 1,59; IC95%: 1,28-1,97) y dosis de refuerzo (OR:2,04; IC95%: 1,62-2,56) comparado con los niños de 12-23 meses y 18-23 meses respectivamente. Los niños cuyo control de crecimiento y desarrollo fue en el sector privado tuvieron menores probabilidades de ser vacunados para la primera dosis (OR: 0,30; IC95%: 0,21-0,43) y dosis de refuerzo (OR: 0,26; IC95%: 0,17-0,40) comparado con los que se controlaron en el sector público. Conclusiones . Según la ENDES 2017, Perú y ninguna de sus regiones alcanzó una cobertura del 95,0% para la primera dosis y su refuerzo. El control de crecimiento y desarrollo en establecimientos del sector público está asociado con la vacunación de sarampión en su primera dosis y refuerzo.

ABSTRACT Objectives . To estimate coverage and determine factors associated with measles vaccination in Peru. Materials and Methods . We conducted a secondary source study using the 2017 Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES). The reporting unit was a woman of childbearing age, 15 to 49 years; the unit of analysis was a child, 12 to 59 months (for the first dose), or a child, 18 to 59 months (for the booster dose) who had vaccination information. Coverage data were obtained from the vaccination card. Results . According to the vaccination card, coverage for the first dose was 70.2% (95% CI: 68.8-71.6); for the booster dose, 52% (95% CI: 50.5-53.6). Children aged 24-35 months were more likely to be vaccinated for the first dose (OR 1.59, 95% CI: 1.28-1.97) and booster dose (OR 2.04, 95% CI: 1.62-2.56), compared with children aged 12-23 months and 18-23 months respectively. Children with growth and development check-ups performed in the private sector were less likely to be vaccinated for the first dose (OR 0.30, 95% CI: 0.21-0.43) and booster dose (OR 0.26, 95% CI: 0.17-0.40), compared to those being monitored in the public sector. Conclusions . According to ENDES 2017, Peru and none of its regions achieved 95.0% coverage for the first and booster doses. Growth and development monitoring in public sector facilities is associated with measles vaccination in terms of first and booster doses.

Test result analysis on IgM antibody determination in 367 cases of suspected measles in Changshu City / 上海预防医学

[Objective]To analyze the IgM antibody detection results for suspected cases of measles from2013 to 2016 in Changshu City, in order to provide basis for formulation of strategies of prevention and control of measles. [Methods] The serum samples of 367 suspected measles cases were detected for measles IgM by enzyme linked immunosorbent (ELISA) methods. [Results] The serum samples of 246 suspected measles cases were measles IgM positive, the positive rate being 67.03％. The number of cases of measles obviously increased in 2015 and 2016, and the paroxysm of measles tended to occur in the population of low and older ages, showing dipolar pattern. The differences of IgM antibody between different age groups had statistical significance (χ2= 27.03, P < 0.01). Measles broke out mainly from March to August, when there were obvious differences on the positivity of IgM antibody detected at different times after rash occurrence (χ2= 13.62, P < 0.01). [Conclusion] Measles immunization should be enhanced and measles vaccination replenished properly. It is also necessary to raise the rate of measles vaccination among children of suitable age within the jurisdiction. Strengthen monitoring on measles in floating population, enhance vaccine replanting and revaccination of measles in floating population, adult and fertile women and enhance immune level in high incidence population.

Encuesta serológica nacional del sarampión en niños: evidencias para su eliminación / Measles serologic survey in Mexican children: evidence for its elimination in Mexico

OBJETIVO: Analizar la distribución y frecuencia de anticuerpos protectores contra sarampión en una muestra representativa estatal en niños de 1-9 años, así como contribuir a la evaluación de los programas de vacunación contra este agente. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se estudió la presencia de anticuerpos contra el virus del sarampión en una muestra de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2000. Los sueros se recolectaron de noviembre de 1999 a junio de 2000. La muestra consta de 6 270 niños y se utilizó la técnica de reducción de placas por neutralización. RESULTADOS: La seropositividad (>120 UI/L) de los niños de 1-4 años fue menor que la de los niños de 5-9 años, 98.3 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 97.7-98.8) contra 99.4 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 99.2-99.6, p<0.001). Los niveles de seropositividad se incrementaron con el número de dosis de vacuna de sarampión o sarampión-rubeola-parotiditis y no dependen de género, residencia o nivel socioeconómico. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados muestran que existe una cobertura adecuada en la vacunación; sin embargo, al expandir los datos se observó que existen 417 000 niños que presentaron títulos negativos de anticuerpos, por lo que son susceptibles de adquirir, transmitir el virus y contribuir a la generación de brotes de la enfermedad.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the frequency and distribution of protective antibodies against measles in a sample of children from 1-9 years old representative of each of the 32 states in Mexico; to contribute to the evaluation of the measles vaccination programs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Measles antibodies (plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) assay) were studied in 6 270 sera selected from the 24 232 sera from children 1-9 years of age, collected by the 2000 National Health Survey (ENSA 2000) that was conducted from November 1999 to June 2000. RESULTS: Proportion of seropositive samples (>120 IU/L) among 1-4 year-old children (98.3 percent [95 percentCI: 97.7-98.8]) was less than that of 5-9 year-old children (99.4 percent [95 percentCI: 99.2-99.6]; p<0.001). Seropositivity was associated with the number of measles and/or measles-rubella-mumps vaccine doses and was not associated with gender, place of residence or socio-economic status. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that there is adequate vaccination coverage. However, the expansion of data revealed that there are 417 000 children with negative antibody titers who are susceptible to acquiring the disease, transmitting the virus and causing outbreaks.

An Unusual Case of Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome / 대한피부과학회지

We report herein a case of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome showing unusual features. A 12-month-old male patient presented with papular skin lesions on his face and papulovesicular skin lesions on the trunk, upper and lower extremities, which were distributed symmetrically. Three days before the skin eruptions, he had been immunized with a measles vaccination. Serologically, antigens of the type B hepatitis virus and antibodies to coxsackie virus B-4, Epstein-Barr virus, and varicella-zoster virus were all negative and antibodies to the measles virus (IgG, IgM) and the type B hepatitis virus were positive. After conservative treatment the skin lesions subsided with exfoliation within 4 weeks. An association with the measles vaccination and the initial papulovesicular skin lesions are considered as peculiar features of this case.

Tuberculin skin test and measles vaccination

Although the incidence of tuberculosis in Korea in general has declined in recent years, it remains an importat health problem, especially in children. Inspite of the recent controversy over the necessity of tuberculin skin test prior to measles vaccination, this brief report shows 13.8% of positive skin test at 9 and 15 months of age at the time of measles vaccination. We feel, in Korea, practicing tuberculin skin test prior to measles vaccination is good way of detecting asymptomatic infection in young age who needs preventive therapy.