Factors associated with non-treatment of hypertension and gender differences at baseline in the ELSA-Brasil cohort

The treatment of arterial hypertension (AH) contributes to the reduction of morbidity and mortality. Gender differences are likely to play a role, as non-treatment is associated with clinical and sociodemographic aspects. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with non-treatment of AH and gender differences in hypertensive individuals from the ELSA-Brasil cohort. The study was conducted with 5,743 baseline hypertensive cohort participants. AH was considered if there was a previous diagnosis or if systolic blood pressure (SBP) was ≥140 and/or diastolic BP (DBP) was ≥90 mmHg. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data, lifestyle, comorbidities, and use of antihypertensive medications were evaluated through interviews and in-person measurements. Treatment with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) or other antihypertensive medications and non-treatment were evaluated with multivariate logistic regression. Non-treatment was observed in 32.8% of hypertensive individuals. Of the 67.7% treated individuals, 41.1% received RAASi. Non-treatment was associated with alcohol consumption in women (OR=1.41; 95%CI: 1.15-1.73; P=0.001), lowest schooling level in men (OR=1.70; 95%CI: 1.32-2.19; P<0.001), and younger age groups in men and women (strongest association in males aged 35-44 years: OR=4.58, 95%CI: 3.17-6.6, P<0.001). Among those using RAASi, a higher proportion of white, older individuals, and with more comorbidities was observed. The high percentage of non-treatment, even in this civil servant population, indicated the need to improve the treatment cascade for AH. Public health policies should consider giving special attention to gender roles in groups at higher risk of non-treatment to reduce inequities related to AH in Brazil.

Development,reliability and validity of nurses'knowledge,attitude and practice questionnaire on medication management for patients with dysphagia / 重庆医学

Objective To develop nurses'knowledge,attitude and practice questionnaire on medication management for patients with dysphagia,and test its reliability and validity.Methods Based on the evidence-based summary of the best evidence of medication management for patients with dysphagia,guided by the the-ory of knowledge,attitude and practice,the basic dimensions and item pool of the questionnaire were deter-mined through group discussion,Delphi expert consultation and pre-investigation.In order to revise the ques-tionnaire,437 nurses from 10 tertiary hospitals in Jiangsu Province were conveniently selected for investigation,and the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were tested according to the survey results.Results The nurses'knowl-edge,attitude and practice questionnaire on medication management for patients with dysphagia included 43 items in three dimensions.The three dimensions were analyzed by exploratory factors,and six common factors with characteristic roots>1 were extracted.Two factors were extracted from the knowledge dimension,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 74.958%,One factor was extracted from the attitude dimen-sion,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 77.655%.Three factors were extracted from the prac-tice dimension,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 72.274%.The factor load of each item was 0.618-0.902,Cronbach's α coefficient of the total questionnaire was 0.949,and the test-retest reliability was 0.909.The overall content validity coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.922,and the content validity coeffi-cient for each item was 0.800-1.000.Conclusion The nurses'knowledge,attitude and practice questionnaire on medication management for patients with dysphagia developed in this study has good reliability and validi-ty,and could be used as an effective tool to evaluate the status quo of nurses'medication management for pa-tients with dysphagia.

Best evidence audit and analysis to the medication management for patients with dysphagia / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To review the clinical status based on the best evidence of drug administration in patients with dysphagia, systematically analyze the obstacle factors and promoting factors in the process of evidence transformation, and formulate reform strategies.Methods:Based on the evidence-based nursing research method and the guidance of the Ottawa Model of Research Use (OMRU), the review indicators were developed based on the best evidence. The current status of clinical practice behaviors of 223 patients and 75 nurses in the Neurology, Neurosurgery and Geriatric departments of the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University were reviewed from July to December 2021.Based on the results of the review, qualitative interviews were conducted with 32 potential adopters, and content analysis was used to assess the barriers and contributing factors to the clinical translation of evidence in three aspects: evidence-based change, potential adopters and practice environment, so as to develop effective strategies.Results:Based on the 22 best evidence selected, the evidence-based team developed 25 review indicators to carry out clinical review, showing that the compliance rate of 16 indicators were less than 60%. By analyzing and summarizing the interview results of potential adopters, the main obstacles leading to the low compliance rate of nurses were analyzed as follows: evidence-based reform changed the traditional work mode, and the application of evidence was not convenient; at the level of potential adopters, nurses had poor knowledge and practice, heavy work burden, and low awareness of patients and caregivers; at the level of practice environment, there was lack of nursing norms and procedures for clinical transformation of evidence, and the channels of multi-disciplinary collaboration and communication were not smooth. The main promoting factors were the perfect supervision mechanism of evidence-based nursing projects, the evidence-based group had rich experience in evidence transformation, the management was willing to change, and the practitioners were good at innovation.Conclusions:There is still a large gap between the clinical practice and the best evidence of drug administration in patients with dysphagia. The promoting factors should be fully utilized to overcome the obstacles and implement improvements to promote the effective transformation of evidence into clinical practice.

(MTM)Against the Background of"Internet+"Based on CiteSpace / 医药导报

Objective To analyze the current status of medication therapy management(MTM)against the background of"Internet+"in China,to reveal its research hotspots and development trend through visual methods,and to provide a firm reference for promoting innovative pharmaceutical development and the transformation of pharmacists.Methods Using CiteSpace 6.2 R2,368 Chinese studies from the CNKI,CBM,and VIP databases were collected and analyzed.Relevant graphs were drawn,and the results were analyzed through post-trend,cooccurrence,cluster,and burst analysis.Results The number of articles issued in China's"Internet+"MTM field is on the rise.However,the cooperation network between authors and research institutions is relatively scattered.The research team led by tertiary hospitals has played an essential role in this field,but the medical consortium has not fully utilized its advantages.In addition,informatization and pharmacists are the research objects of continuous concern,while quality of life and diabetes are recent research hotspots.Conclusion"Internet+"MTM is a new medical service model involving multiple disciplines and fields.In this paper,CiteSpace 6.2 R2 performed a visual analysis of the literature on"Internet+"medication therapy management in China,revealing the research status,concerns,and development trends in this field,which has specific reference value for relevant policy formulation and research.

Lo clásico y lo nuevo en el tratamiento del sobrepeso y la obesidad / The classic and the new in the treatment of overweight and obesity

Así como planteamos en la primera entrega de esta serie de artículos de actualización sobre la obesidad, resulta urgente revisar el abordaje tradicional que la comunidad médica le ofrece a las personas con cuerpos gordos. En este segundo artículo desarrollaremos en profundidad diferentes alternativas terapéuticas para los pacientes que desean bajar de peso:plan alimentario, actividad física, tratamiento farmacológico y cirugía metabólica. (AU)

As we proposed in the first issue of this series of articles, it is urgent to review the traditional approach that the medical community offers to people with fat bodies. This second article will develop different therapeutic alternatives for patients who want to lose weight: eating plans, physical activity, pharmacological treatment, and metabolic surgery. (AU)

Resultados além do gerenciamento da infecção em um serviço de Gerenciamento da Terapia Medicamentos para pessoas vivendo com HIV

Avaliar os resultados clínicos de serviços de gerenciamento da terapia medicamentosa (GTM) oferecidos a pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV) em uma unidade de dispensação de medicamentos brasileira. O estudo foi dividido em uma etapa transversal (etapa I), que avaliou o fator associado à identificação de dois ou mais problemas relacionados ao uso de medicamentos (PRM) na avaliação inicial; e uma etapa quasi- experimental (etapa II), realizada com um único grupo de pacientes para avaliar desfechos clínicosForam acompanhadas 52 PVHIV. A média de idade foi de 60±11,3 anos (min. = 29; máx. =78). A presença de dislipidemia (OR=5,38; IC 95%=1,61-17,97; p=0,006) e o uso de sete ou mais medicamentos (OR=4,28; IC 95%=1,32-13,88; p=0,015) foram fatores associados a identificação de dois ou mais PRM. Foi demonstrada uma diferença significativa entre os valores iniciais e finais de pressão arterial sistólica, carga viral do HIV, contagem de células T CD4+ e triglicerídeos (p<0,05). O serviço de GTM favoreceu os desfechos clínicos positivos.

To assess the clinical outcomes of comprehensive medication management (CMM) services offered to people living with HIV (PLHIV) at a Brazilian Antiretroviral Medication Dispensing Unit. The study was divided into a cross-sectional stage (stage I), to evaluate associated factor with the identification of two or more drug therapy problems (DTP) in the initial assessment; and a quasi-experimental stage (stage II), conducted with a single group of PLHIV to evaluate clinical outcomes. A total of 52 PLHIV, with 60±11.3 years of age were followed up. In stage I, the presence of dyslipidemia (OR=5.38; 95%CI=1.61-17.97) and the use of seven or more medications (OR=4.28; 95% CI=1.32-13.88) were factors associated with the identification of DTP. In stage II, a significant difference was demonstrated between the initial and final values of systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, HIV viral load and CD4+T-cells count (p<0,05). The CMM service favored positive clinical outcomes.

Uso de terapia medicamentosa como coadjuvante na estabilização da dor em paciente com disfunção temporomandibular / Use of drug therapy as an adjunct in the stabilization of the pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders

A dor é a queixa principal dos pacientes com disfunção temporomandibular ­ DTM- e seu controle deve ter prioridade absoluta no tratamento das DTM. A intervenção farmacológica tem sido utilizada por muitos anos. A escolha de um medicamento para o alívio da dor está diretamente relacionada ao estágio e a intensidade relatada pelo paciente, determinando que classes de drogas são eficazes, o período de utilização e efeitos colaterais. As principais classes medicamentosas utilizadas incluem: analgésicos, relaxantes musculares, anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINES), antidepressivos, ansiolíticos, anticonvulsivantes, corticosteroides. O objetivo desta revisão é de abordar os principais agentes farmacológicos utilizados como coadjuvantes no tratamento de pacientes com sintomatologia dolorosa decorrente da DTM, além de analisar o raciocínio farmacológico envolvido na prescrição de cada classe de fármaco em cada tipo dor. Artigos entre 1955 e 2021, foram selecionados através das principais bases de dados como BV Salud, Scielo e Pubmed. Foram incluídos na lista de elegibilidade, artigos relacionados ao tema terapia medicamentosa no controle de dor em pacientes com DTM, dando ênfase às classes medicamentosas anteriormente mencionadas. Artigos que não possuíam texto completo ou o resumo não se referia diretamente ao tema foram excluídos. Em síntese, essa análise serve como forma de agregar conhecimento do ponto de vista teórico e auxiliar o prescritor na escolha do melhor fármaco para cada paciente, levando em consideração o tipo, duração e intensidade de cada caso, para que posteriormente, haja uma tratativa definitiva do caso.

Pain is the main complaint in patients with temporomandibular disorders - TMD - and its control should have absolute priority in the treatment of TMD. Pharmacological intervention has been used for many years. The choice of medication that will be used for pain relief is directly related to the stage and intensity reported by the patient, and these will determine which classes of drugs are effective, the period of use and the adverse effects. The usual drug classes used includes: analgesics, muscle relaxants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antidepressants, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, corticosteroidsThe objective of this eview is to approach the most common pharmacological agents used as adjuncts in the treatment of patients with painful symptoms resulting from TMD, and further to analyze the pharmacological logic. Articles between 1955 and 2021 were selected through the BV Salud, Scielo and Pubmed databases. Articles related to the topic "drug therapy in pain control in patients with TMD" will be included in the eligibility list, emphasizing the previously mentioned drug classes. Articles that didn't have full text or the abstract didn't directly refered to the topic were excluded. In this way, this literature review serves as a way of adding knowledge from a theoretic point of view and help the prescriber on choosing the best drug for each patient, taking into account the type, duration and intensity of each case, so that later, there is a definitive treatment of the case.

The practice of clinical pharmacists participating in the management of prophylactic antibiotics during the perioperative period of thoracic surgery / 中国基层医药

Objective:To explore the role of clinical pharmacists participating in the management of prophylactic antibiotics during the perioperative period of thoracic surgery, and to evaluate the effects after participating in the practice.Methods:The use of antimicrobials during the perioperative period of thoracic surgery in Wenjiang Hospital of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital in August 2019 (pre-practice) was retrospectively analyzed. The existing problems were summarized, and the possible causes of the existing problems were analyzed. The improvement measures were jointly developed by clinical pharmacists and physicians. Clinical pharmacists continued to manage the use of antimicrobials by means of medication order reviews, ward rounds for pharmacy service, and medication training. The use of prophylactic antibiotics during the perioperative period of thoracic surgery was compared between August 2019 (pre-practice group) and December 2019 (post-practice group) and the practical effect was evaluated.Results:Clinical pharmacists reviewed perioperative patients' medication orders once a day, ward rounds for pharmacy service twice a week, and medication training once a month. Twenty-two patients were enrolled before practice, and 26 patients were enrolled after practice. There were no significant differences in age, sex, body weight, operative time, type of surgical incision, and preventive use of antibiotics between the two groups (all P > 0.05). In the post-practice group, the appropriate time for preoperative administration was 100.0%, which was significantly higher than 88.2% in the pre-practice group. The reasonable rate of preoperative preventive drug selection was 100.0%, which was significantly higher than 44.4% in the pre-practice group ( χ2 = 17.50, P < 0.001). In the post-practice group, the duration of preventive medication was (1.82 ± 0.59) days, which was significantly shorter than (7.54 ± 3.25) days in the pre-practice group ( t = 11.97, P < 0.001). In the post-practice group, the cost of antibacterial drugs was 316.00(237.00,454.25) yuan, which was significantly lower than 1 136.00(391.81 , 2 184.65) yuan in the pre-practice group ( Z = -2.78, P < 0.05). The defined daily dose of antibiotics among inpatients was 2.67(2.00,3.42), which was significantly lower than 8.88(3.92 , 19.18) in the pre-practice group ( Z = -3.26, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the incidence of postoperative pulmonary infection and total length of hospital stay between the two groups (both P > 0.05). Conclusion:Clinical pharmacists participating in the management practice of perioperative prophylactic antibiotics in thoracic surgery can effectively promote the rational application of perioperative antibiotics, markedly improve the reasonable rate of prophylactic drug delivery, shorten the course of prophylactic drugs, reduce the cost of antibiotics, decrease the defined daily dose of antibiotics, without increasing the risk of postoperative pulmonary infection and the total length of hospital stay.

US Value-Based Healthcare Policy and Its Role of Pharmacists: Contribution of Pharmacist in Accountable Care Organization (ACO) / 社会薬学

In the United States, the concepts of “Pay For Performance” and “Value-Based Health Care” were introduced, and it has been taken up as the way forward for the American health care systems. As one of the measures, an Accountable Care Organization (ACO) was included in the federal Affordable Care Act, and are being promoted for the purpose of balancing cost savings and good quality assurance in the healthcare field. In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the system of ACO, which is one of the value-based health care systems and was introduced with the aim of balancing cost savings and good quality assurance of medical care, and also focus on the role of pharmacists in ACO and summarize their roles they are executing and expected. Furthermore, we discuss on what we should learn from the United States in considering the ideal medical care systems in Japan.

Consensus on the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis ‒ Brazilian Society of Dermatology: an update on phototherapy and systemic therapy using e-Delphi technique

Abstract This publication is an update of the "Consensus on the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis - Brazilian Society of Dermatology" published in 2019, considering the novel, targeted-oriented systemic therapies for atopic dermatitis. The initial recommendations of the current consensus for systemic treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis were based on a recent review of scientific published data and a consensus was reached after voting. The Brazilian Society of Dermatology invited 31 experts from all regions of Brazil and 2 international experts on atopic dermatitis who fully contributed to the process. The methods included an e-Delphi study to avoid bias, a literature search and a final consensus meeting. The authors added novel approved drugs in Brazil and the indication for phototherapy and systemic therapy for AD. The therapeutical response to systemic treatment is hereby reported in a suitable form for clinical practice and is also part of this updated manuscript.

Uso inadecuado del fármaco acenocumarol en la fibrilación auricular no valvular

Introducción: El uso del acenocumarol como anticoagulante, constituye un aporte al tratamiento de la fibrilación auricular no valvular. En la actualidad existen otros tipos de anticoagulantes que no requieren control tan exhaustivo de la prueba digital International Normaizedl Ratio y tienen menos efectos secundarios. España es uno de los pocos países de Europa que continúa indicando acenocumarol, de forma similar a la warfarina. Tanto es así, que a los médicos de atención primaria no se les permite prescribir otros anticoagulantes más eficaces y menos molestos, para el paciente al realizar la prueba digital. Objetivo: Analizar el uso inadecuado del fármaco acenocumarol en la fibrilación auricular no valvular. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio exploratorio, en un sistema de salud de atención primaria y hospitales de categoría secundaria. La población la integraron 2 650 habitantes del sureste español con fibrilación auricular no valvular, tomadores de acenocumarol con seguimiento de 12 meses. Resultados: Se consideró las variaciones y labilidad del valor International Normalized Ratio, entre 2,0-3,0 en determinaciones cada 28 días, no obstante a la enfermedad cardiovascular y cifras obtenidas respecto a las anteriores. El tiempo de seguimiento fue 12 meses y desapareció la fragilidad, se tomaron muestras cada 28 días. Antes de finalizar el estudio, desapareció la labilidad del International Normalized Ratio durante más de tres meses en 53 (97,95 %) de los pacientes. Dado que la mayoría de los enfermos que consumían acenocumarol tenían edades por encima de 65 años y estaban sometidos a régimen de poli medicación, los medicamentos que consumían, fueron motivo de evaluación. Conclusiones: El tiempo transcurrido entre la determinación del International Normaizedl Ratio y la última ingesta de alimentos y medicamentos, no fue correcto, existe tendencia a realizar determinaciones anárquicas del International Normalized Ratio, sin investigaciones relacionadas con fármacos consumidos junto al acenocumarol.

Introduction: The use of acenocoumarol as an anticoagulant represents a contribution to the treatment of non-valvular atrial fibrillation. At present, there are other types of anticoagulants that do not require such exhaustive control of the International Normalized Ratio digital test and have fewer side effects. Spain is one of the few countries in Europe that continues to prescribe acenocoumarol, which is similar to warfarin. So much so that primary care physicians are not allowed to prescribe other more effective and less troublesome anticoagulants for the patient when performing the digital test. Objective: To analyze the inappropriate use of the drug acenocoumarol in non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Methods: An exploratory study was carried out in a primary health care system and secondary category hospitals. The population consisted of 2650 inhabitants of southeastern Spain with non-valvular atrial fibrillation, taking acenocoumarol with 12 months follow-up. Results: We considered the variations and lability of the International Normalized Ratio value, between 2.0-3.0 in determinations every 28 days, regardless of cardiovascular disease and figures obtained in relation to the previous. The follow-up time was 12 months and the lability disappeared, samples were taken every 28 days. Before the end of the study, the lability of the International Normalized Ratio disappeared for more than three months in 53 (97.95%) of the patients. Since most of the patients taking acenocoumarol were over 65 years of age and on polymedication, the medications taken by each of them were evaluated. Conclusions: The time elapsed between the International Normalized Ratio determination and the last intake of food and medication was not correct, and there is a tendency to perform anarchic determinations of the International Normalized Ratio without investigations related to drugs consumed together with acenocoumarol.

A pilot integrated qualification program to improve medication use in a long-term care facility: a hybrid effectiveness-implementation study

Objective: to describe the implementation and to assess the effectiveness of a pilot integrated qualification program to improve the medication use in a long-term care facility (LTCF). Methods: This was a type 1 hybrid effectiveness-implementation study. A pilot integrated qualification program to improve the medication use in a LTCF was carried out by implementing a new drug distribution system and a comprehensive medication management (CMM) service according to the following four steps: I) implementation of the drug distribution system followed by the evaluation of the health team's opinion; II) prescription review with the identification of potential drug therapy problems (PDTPs); III) provision of the CMM service according to the framework of Pharmaceutical Care practice within one year; and, IV) evaluation of the effectiveness of the program through the comparison of clinical and laboratory parameters (blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin and lipid fractions) using the t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: In step I, the distribution system was fully outsourced to a company that furnished all solid oral dosage forms in individual boxes containing a plastic coil with multiple envelopes for 30 days. In step II, 180 PDTPs were identified, and all patients presented with at least one of them. In step III, after the first assessment of the CMM Service, 43 actual drug therapy problems (DTPs) were identified. After one year of service provision, 96 DTPs were identified and 75.8% of them were resolved (n=72). In step IV, a statistically significant difference was observed between the initial and final minimum and maximum systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p<0,05). Conclusions: The pilot integrated qualification program had a positive impact on the clinical parameters. The global population is rapidly aging, making this type of study important to exemplify a multifaceted strategy to improve the quality of drug therapy for institutionalized patients.

O sujeito e seu cuidado: a questão da adesão à medicação / The subject and his care: the issue of medication adherence

Resumo O mapeamento dos comportamentos frente ao uso de medicamentos informa as condições pelas quais um tratamento farmacológico é implementado. A localização da adesão à medicação como um problema clínico, evoca, no entanto, lugares bem demarcados quanto aos procedimentos para sua explicação e resolução. Nesse sentido, este trabalho busca problematizar os elementos fundantes do estudo da adesão à medicação, considerando que tal prática é hegemonicamente assimilada apenas por parâmetros científicos e biológicos, sem a inclusão de uma abordagem direcionada às especificidades históricas e culturais dos pacientes. Transferem-se, assim, a primazia da delimitação e a explicação da realidade ao próprio analista. Porém, o trabalho de campo demonstrou uma diversidade de posturas e agenciamentos quanto ao uso dos medicamentos, capaz de indicar que a geografia do cuidado não se orienta apenas a partir de um percurso linear, mas se apoia em espaços ambulantes e itinerantes, instalando-se em um campo paradoxal que mescla reprodução e criação.

Abstract The mapping of behaviors towards the use of medicines informs the conditions under which a pharmacological treatment is implemented. However, the location of medication adherence as a clinical problem evokes well-demarcated place as to the procedures for its explanation and resolution. In this sense, this work aims to problematize the founding elements of the study of medication adherence, considering that such practice is hegemonically assimilated only by scientific and biological parameters, without the inclusion of an approach directed to the patients' historical and cultural specificities. In this way, the primacy of delimitation and explanation of reality is transferred to the analyst. However, the field work showed a diversity of attitudes and management of medicines, capable of indicating that the geography of care is not oriented only from a linear path, but is supported by wandering and itinerant spaces, installing in a paradoxical field that mixes reproduction and creation.

Potentially inappropriate medication use in a comprehensive therapy management service: clinical outcomes and interventions

Abstract This study aimed to describe potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use according to the Beers criteria among older adults followed in a comprehensive medication management (CMM) service, the pharmacists´ interventions, and the clinical outcomes of PIM use. All older adults in a CMM service delivered in the Brazilian public primary care system were included in the study (n = 389). Two methodological approaches were developed: (I) cross-sectional - prevalence of PIM use and associated factors were identified (univariate analysis - Pearson's chi-square; multivariate - logistic regression); (II) documental analysis of the negative clinical outcomes potentially associated with PIM use and pharmacists' interventions. The prevalence of PIM use was 48.3%, and it was independently and positively associated with the use of ≥ 5 drugs. For 21.3% of PIMs, a potential negative clinical outcome was identified. The most common negative clinical outcome was hypotension (35.1% of the negative outcomes), fractures or diagnosis of osteoporosis (21.1%), and hypoglycemia (14.0%). For most of them (78.9%), an intervention was performed to mitigate harm or discontinue use. A high prevalence of PIM was detected and was associated with polypharmacy. A significant proportion of PIM showed potential negative clinical outcomes that were identified by clinical pharmacists, and the majority of pharmacists' interventions aimed at its mitigation or deprescription. Overall, our findings reinforce the potential of CMM services for reducing PIM use and the occurrence of negative outcomes.

Volume residual de frascos-ampola e subdosagens de medicamentos preparados pela equipe de enfermagem / Residual volume of ampoule-vials and underdosing of medications prepared by a nursing staff / Volumen residual de frascos ampolla y subdosificación de medicamentos preparados por el equipo de enfermería

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar o volume residual em frascos-ampola, após o preparo de injetáveis, associando os erros relacionados a subdoses com as classes dos medicamentos. Método: Estudo descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa. Os dados foram coletados no período de dezembro de 2020 a setembro de 2021, em um serviço ambulatorial privado de um município brasileiro localizado a nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. Foram analisados 562 frascos-ampola de medicamentos preparados pela equipe de enfermagem. Utilizou-se formulário contendo o nome comercial do medicamento, classe/indicação terapêutica, data e horário de reconstituição, volume utilizado para reconstituição do medicamento e volume residual de cada frasco. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados por estatística descritiva e teste ANOVA. Resultados: 462 (82,2%) frascos-ampola continham volume residual que variou de 0,1 ml a 1,5 ml e 165 (29,4%) continham 0,2 ml de solução residual, com perda média de 4,5% da solução. Não houve diferença na perda de solução entre as diferentes classes de medicamentos. Conclusão: Os achados destacam a necessidade de intervenções para a redução de falhas, nas fases de preparo dos medicamentos, com ênfase nos erros associados às subdosagens terapêuticas.

ABSTRACT Objective: Identify the residual volume in ampoule-vials after the preparation of injectables, associating the errors related to underdosing with the classes of drugs. Method: This is a descriptive study with a quantitative approach. Data were collected between December 2020 and September 2021, in a private outpatient service located in a Brazilian municipality in the northeast of the state of São Paulo. A total of 562 ampoule-vials of medications prepared by a nursing staff were analyzed. A form was used containing the commercial name of the medication, therapeutic class/indication, reconstitution date and time, volume used to reconstitute the medication and residual volume of each vial. The data were tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistics and the ANOVA test. Results: the residual volume of 462 (82.2%) ampoule-vials varied between 0.1 ml and 1.5 ml, whereas 165 (29.4%) ampoule-vials had 0.2 ml of residual volume, with a mean loss of 4.5% of the solution. There was no difference in the loss of solution between the different classes of drugs. Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for interventions to reduce failures in the medication preparation phases, with emphasis on errors associated with therapeutic underdosing.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar volúmenes residuales en frascos ampolla luego de prepararse inyectables, asociando los errores relacionados a subdosificaciones con las clases de los medicamentos. Método: Estudio descriptivo, de abordaje cuantitativo. Datos recolectados entre diciembre de 2020 y setiembre de 2021 en servicio ambulatorio privado de un municipio brasileño del noreste del Estado de São Paulo. Fueron analizados 562 frascos ampolla de medicamentos preparados por el equipo de enfermería. Se utilizó formulario, consignando nombre comercial del medicamento, clase/indicación terapéutica, fecha y hora de reconstitución, volumen utilizado para reconstituir el medicamento y volumen residual de cada frasco. Los datos fueron tabulados y analizados por estadística descriptiva y test ANOVA. Resultados: 462 (82,2%) frascos ampolla contenían volumen residual de entre 0,1 ml y 1,5 ml, y 165 (29,4%) contenían 0,2 ml de solución residual, con una pérdida media del 4,5% de solución. No se observó diferencia de pérdida de solución entre las diferentes clases de medicamentos. Conclusión: Los hallazgos destacan la necesidad de intervenciones para reducir fallos en las fases de preparación de medicamentos, haciendo énfasis en los errores asociados con subdosificaciones terapéuticas.

Molluscum Contagiosum Associated with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Experience in HIV outpatient care and literature review / Molusco contagioso associado à síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida: experiência no atendimento em ambulatório de HIV e revisão da literatura

Introduction: Molluscum contagiosum is a dermatosis caused by a DNA virus of the family Poxvirus and genus Molluscipoxvirus, affecting mainly children, sexually active adults, atopic individuals and immunocompromised patients, especially those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Objective: To describe our experience in caring for patients living with HIV who presented with extensive and severe Molluscum contagiosum, and to conduct a literature review on the subject as well. Methods: An electronic search was carried out in the MEDLINE/PubMed and SciELO databases and in the books: ATLAIDS and AZULAY limited to the period of January 2017 to June 2021. Results: Four clinical cases are reported in people living with HIV with extensive lesions normally not found in immunocompetent patients. The treatment performed in the cases reported in this article was the punctual application of 90% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to each lesion, with complete remission of the clinical presentation in two patients over a period of three and six months. The other two patients did not receive treatment for molluscum contagiosum as they died because of pulmonary complications. Conclusion: Infection with Molluscum contagiosum in people living with HIV has disseminated forms with large-volume lesions, with substantial stigmatizing aesthetic impairment, and treatment with 100% TCA is quite effective.

Introdução: Molusco contagioso é uma dermatose causada por um vírus de DNA da família poxvírus e do gênero Molluscipoxvirus. Afeta principalmente crianças, adultos sexualmente ativos, indivíduos atópicos e pacientes imunodeprimidos, especialmente aqueles com infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Objetivo: Descrever a experiência no atendimento de pacientes vivendo com HIV que apresentaram quadro de molusco contagioso extenso e grave, além de realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre o tema. Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa eletrônica nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed e SciELO e nos livros ATLAIDS e AZULAY, limitada ao período de janeiro de 2017 a junho de 2021. Resultados: São relatados quatro casos clínicos em pessoas que vivem com HIV com lesões extensas normalmente não encontradas em pacientes imunocompetentes O tratamento realizado nos casos relatados nesse artigo foi a aplicação pontual de ácido tricloroacético (ATC) 100% em cada lesão, com a remissão completa do quadro clínico em dois pacientes em um período de tempo entre três e seis meses. Os outros dois pacientes não receberam tratamento para o vírus do molusco contagioso pois evoluíram para óbito em razão de complicações pulmonares. Conclusão: A infecção pelo molusco contagioso em pessoas vivendo com HIV apresenta formas disseminadas com lesões de grande volume, com comprometimento estético estigmatizante importante, e o tratamento com ATC 90% é bastante eficaz.

Insulinoterapia en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Una revisión narrativa / Insulin based therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A narrative review / Insulinoterapia em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Uma revisão narrativa

RESUMEN Introducción La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), es una de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles que ha aumentado su incidencia en las últimas décadas en todo el mundo, siendo su tratamiento pautas y esquemas de insulinoterapia. No obstante, la gran disponibilidad comercial y el control glucémico atribuido a la insulinoterapia ha generado múltiples confusiones en los usuarios y el personal de salud. Objetivo Describir las pautas y esquemas en el tratamiento de la DM2. Desarrollo La evolución tecnológica de la insulinoterapia conlleva el uso de múltiples análogos. Dentro de estos destacan los inhalatorios y premezclas por su eficacia en el control glucémico a través del tiempo, considerando las pautas de administración subcutánea en estas premezclas una serie de elementos como la zona de punción, seguridad y uso de pliegues. Dichas pautas han inducido la creación de diversos esquemas de insulinoterapia entre los que se destacan los métodos de acción intensiva y acción móvil, orientados a la simulación de la insulina fisiológica como mecanismo de acción para el control glucémico. La seguridad de estos mecanismos depende del sistema público de salud chileno para la dosificación, administración y control suministrado. Conclusión Las pautas y esquemas de insulinoterapia sugieren el uso de análogos de acción prolongada ante hiperglucemia; su uso requiere conocimiento integral de los pacientes y cuidadores con el fin de evitar efectos adversos. Los hallazgos de esta revisión deben ser considerados con cautela al momento de tomar decisiones clínicas producto de las limitaciones metodológicas propias del diseño utilizado.

ABSTRACT Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the non transmissible chronic illnesses which have increased in prevalence during the last decades worldwide. Among the related treatments is the insulin based therapy. Nevertheless, the multiple and diverse controlled and commercial options of this therapy have generated confusion among both the users and health staff. Objective To describe some insulin-based therapy approaches to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Development The related technological advances have produced new diverse analog forms of insulin-based therapies. Among these, inhaling and blended forms can be highlig- hteddue to their efficacy in glucose control. Among the blended mixture, administration forms are the intensive action and the mobile action ones, which can use a human insulin analog as the key therapy element. The public systems, including the Chilean, have an important security role in the supervision and monitoring of the proper and correct dose administrations. Conclusion The diverse forms of insulin-based therapies for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus include those with prolonged action insulin analogs but their use should be based on integral knowledge in order to avoid adverse effects. The findings of this review should be considered with caution due to the methodological limitations derived from the study design.

RESUMO Introdução O diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), é uma das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis que tem aumentado sua incidência nas últimas décadas no mundo todo, sendo suas diretrizes de tratamento e esquemas de insulinoterapia. No entanto, a grande disponibilidade comercial e o controle glicêmico atribuído à insulinoterapia têm gerado múltiplas confusões em usuários e profissionais de saúde. Objetivo Descrever as diretrizes e esquemas no tratamento do DM2. Desenvolvimento A evolução tecnológica da insulinoterapia envolve o uso de múltiplos análogos. Dentre estes, os inalantes e pré-misturas destacam-se por sua eficácia no controle glicêmico ao longo do tempo, considerando as orientações de administração subcutânea nessas pré-misturas uma série de elementos como área de punção, segurança e uso de dobras. Essas diretrizes levaram à criação de diversos esquemas de insulinoterapia, dentre os quais se destacam os métodos de ação intensiva e ação móvel, visando simular a insulina fisiológica como mecanismo de ação para o controle glicêmico. A segurança desses mecanismos depende do sistema de saúde pública chileno para a dosagem, administração e controle fornecidos. Conclusão Diretrizes e esquemas de insulinoterapia sugerem o uso de análogos de longa ação na hiperglicemia; seu uso requer conhecimento abrangente dos pacientes e cuidadores a fim de evitar efeitos adversos. Os achados desta revisão devem ser considerados com cautela ao tomar decisões clínicas devido às limitações metodológicas do desenho utilizado.

Condutas clínicas e barreiras no tratamento da polineuropatia amiloidótica familiar associada à transtirretina (PAF-TTR) no Brasil / Clinical practice and barriers in familial transthyretinrelated amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) care in Brazil

Objetivo: Identificar as condutas terapêuticas e a variabilidade na prática clínica, assim como necessidades não atendidas e barreiras para a adequada assistência a pacientes com polineuropatia amiloidótica familiar relacionada à transtirretina (PAF-TTR), no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, por meio de questionário semiestruturado on-line enviado por e-mail. Foram incluídos médicos com experiência no manejo clínico-assistencial de pacientes com PAF-TTR no Brasil. O questionário foi composto por 30 questões envolvendo características gerais da população brasileira com PAF-TTR, características das escolhas terapêuticas e da falha, definições de progressão de doença e estadiamento, e métodos para mensuração do impacto na qualidade de vida. Resultados: Seis profissionais responderam ao inquérito. Quanto ao diagnóstico e à classificação da doença, houve consenso quanto ao uso de quadro clínico associado a testagem genética para o diagnóstico, e foram considerados adequados os critérios de Coutinho e do Ministério da Saúde, apesar de serem pouco úteis na avaliação da progressão da doença. Entre os especialistas, 83,3% entendem que a terapia atualmente disponível no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) atende às necessidades dos pacientes no estágio I da doença, entretanto todos os especialistas apontam necessidades assistenciais não atendidas, uma vez que esse medicamento não possui benefício definido para os estágios II e III da doença. A progressão da doença é definida como qualquer novo sintoma ou piora daqueles preexistentes, não sendo necessária modificação no estágio da doença para caracterizar tal evento. Conclusões: A condução deste estudo permitiu a identificação de aspectos importantes para auxiliar no entendimento da prática clínico-assistencial no país e das necessidades em saúde desses pacientes

Objective: To identify therapeutic approaches and variability in clinical practice, as well as unmet needs and barriers to adequate care for patients with familial transthyretin-related amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) in Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study using an online semi-structured questionnaire sent by email. Physicians with experience in the clinical-care management of patients with FAP in Brazil were included. The questionnaire consisted of 30 questions involving general characteristics of the Brazilian population with FAP; characteristics of therapeutic choices and failure; definitions of disease progression and staging; and methods for measuring the impact on quality of life. Results: Six professionals responded to the survey. As for the diagnosis and classification of the disease, there was a consensus regarding the use of a clinical picture associated with genetic testing for the diagnosis and, as appropriate, the criteria proposed by Coutinho and the Ministry of Health, although not very useful in evaluating the progression of the disease. 83.3% of experts understand that the therapy currently available in the SUS meets the needs of patients in stage I of the disease, however, all experts point out unmet care needs, since this drug has no defined benefit for stages II and III of the disease. Disease progression is defined as any new symptom or worsening of pre-existing ones, and no change in the stage of the disease is necessary to characterize such an event. Conclusions: The conduction of this study allowed to identify important aspects to a better understanding of the clinical care practice in the country and unmet needs of these patients

Gestão Autônoma da Medicação, do Quebec ao Brasil: uma aposta participativa / Gaining Autonomy & Medication Management, from Quebec to Brazil: a participatory commitment

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta o contexto e os modos de construção da versão brasileira do Guia da Gestão Autônoma da Medicação (Guia GAM-BR), comparativamente ao Guia originário do Quebec. O Guia GAM-BR foi resultado de parceria estabelecida entre Brasil e Canadá que, por meio de uma pesquisa multicêntrica, transpôs ao contexto brasileiro o instrumento quebequense, a serviço dos usuários da saúde mental, visando ao aumento do seu poder de negociação em seus tratamentos medicamentosos. Tal transposição implicou mais do que 'adaptação': tratou-se da 'transformação' do Guia originário em um instrumento brasileiro. Entre essas transformações, destacam-se: substituição do 'eu' pelo 'você' como sujeito do enunciado das questões apresentadas pelo Guia; maior desenvolvimento do tema dos direitos; supressão das orientações para retirada progressiva da medicação. Além disso, o dispositivo grupal fez-se imanente à estratégia GAM brasileira. Longe de significar traição, tais transformações mantêm-se fiéis à forma participativa e cogestiva que orientou a elaboração da GAM na sua origem, como encarnação da experiência democrática e cidadã própria ao Quebec. Assim, o artigo busca colocar em análise a produção dos efeitos da estratégia GAM em solo brasileiro, na consideração à experiência democrática e ao processo de reforma psiquiátrica no Brasil.

ABSTRACT This article presents the context and construction of the Brazilian version of the Gaining Autonomy & Medication Management Guide (GAM-BR) compared to Quebec's original Guide. The GAM-BR Guide resulted from a partnership between Brazil and Canada, which transposed the Quebec instrument to the Brazilian context through multicenter research to empower mental health users in the negotiation of their drug treatment. This process was more than an adaptation as it transformed the original Guide into a Brazilian instrument. The main changes were replacing 'I' with 'you' as the subject of the statements in the Guide, further developing the theme of rights, suppressing the guidelines for the progressive withdrawal of medication. Additionally, the group device became immanent to the Brazilian GAM strategy. Far from being a betrayal, this set of changes remains loyal to the participatory and co-managerial process that oriented the elaboration of the GAM at its origin as an embodiment of Quebec's typical democratic and citizen experience. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the production of the GAM strategy's effects of in Brazil, considering its democratic experience and the psychiatric reform in the country.

Assistência de Enfermagem aos pacientes com extravasamento de medicamentos antineoplásicos: revisão integrativa / Nursing care for patients with extravasation of antineoplastic drugs: an integrative review

Objetivo: Identificar as ações realizadas pela equipe de enfermagem no extravasamento de drogas antineoplásicas. Método: revisão integrativa de artigos científicos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais, de 2015 a 2020.Resultados: foram identificadas 287 publicações, após a seleção e elegibilidade foram incluídos 5 artigos. Foram extraídas as recomendações gerais e específicas relacionadas ao extravasamento de drogas antineoplásicas. Conclusão: O extravasamento é uma complicação grave durante o tratamento quimioterápico, que pode afetar sua continuidade. Entre as competências da enfermagem estão as ações de prevenção, identificação e o manejo deste evento adverso.

Objective: To identify the actions taken by the nursing team in the ex­travasation of antioneoplastic drugs. Method: integrative review of scientific articles published in national and international journals, from 2015 to 2020. Results: 287 publications were identified, after selection and eligibility 5 articles were included. The general and specific recommendations related to the extravasation of antineoplastic drugs were extracted. Conclusion: Extravasation is a serious complication during chemotherapy, which can affect its continuity. Among the skills of nursing are the actions of prevention, identification and management of this adverse event.