Major cardiovascular risk factors and serious mental disorders, a double-edged sword: literature review

Background. The burden of mental disorders continues to grow with significant impacts on health. Their prevalence is higher in patients presenting cardiovascular risk factors.This review takes stock of the frequency, the mechanisms, and the implications of major cardiovascular risk factors in patients with serious mental disorders. Methods. A literature search was done in PubMed from 1980 to 2021 using various combinations of Mesh termslike tobacco, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia. Results. People with serious mental disordershave a greater prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors compared to the general population. Conversely, people with cardiovascular diseases more frequently suffer from serious mental disorders. More specifically, we note that 45 to 88% of patients suffering from schizophrenia are tobacco users, Depression is reported to be 3 times higher in hypertensives than in non-hypertensives while around 19% of type 2 diabetic patients suffer from major depressive disorderwhich is 3 times greater than in the general population, and the prevalence of dyslipidemia among persons with severe and persistent mental illness is higher than the prevalence in the general population and ranges from 25% to 70%. The concomitant presence of these different pathologies can be explained either by their intertwined pathophysiological mechanisms, or by the side effects of the various medications taken in the context of these chronic diseases. Conclusion. The predisposing factors for the coexistence of mental illnesses and cardiovascular diseases are often entangled. It would be interesting to carry out more studies to elucidate precisely the different pathophysiological mechanisms of these diseases.

Contexte. La prévalence des maladies mentales est plus élevée chez les patients présentant des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire. Cette revue fait le point sur la fréquence, les mécanismes et les implications des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire majeurs chez les patients atteints de pathologies psychiatriques graves. Méthodologie. Une recherche documentaire a été effectuée dans PubMed de 1980 à 2021 en utilisant diverses combinaisons de termes MeSH comme tabac, diabète, hypertension, dyslipidémie, trouble dépressif majeur, trouble bipolaire, schizophrénie. Résultats. Les personnes atteintes de maladie mentales graves ont une plus grande prévalence de facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire majeurs comparé à la population générale. A l'inverse, les personnes atteintes de maladies cardiovasculaires souffrent plus fréquemment de troubles mentaux graves. Plus précisément, on note que 45 à 88% des patients souffrant de schizophrénie consomment du tabac. La dépression serait 3 fois plus élevée chez les hypertendus que chez les non hypertendus. Par ailleurs, environ 19% des patients diabétiques de type 2 souffrent d'un trouble dépressif majeur ce qui est 3 fois plus élevée que dans la population générale. La prévalence des dyslipidémies chez les personnes atteintes d'une maladie mentale grave est supérieure à la prévalence dans la population générale et varie de 25 % à 70 %. La présence concomitante de ces différentes pathologies s'explique soit par leurs mécanismes physiopathologiques imbriqués, soit par les effets secondaires des différents médicaments pris dans le cadre de ces maladies chroniques. Conclusion. Les facteurs prédisposant à la coexistence des maladies mentales et des maladies cardiovasculaires sont souvent intriqués. Il serait intéressant de mener plus d'études pour élucider précisément les différents mécanismes physiopathologiques de ces maladies.

Petroleum Pollution and Decrease Neuroplasticity in Brain Development of the Ogoni Children in Rivers State, Nigeria

Background:Health and mental related illnesses has emerged as a new challenge in the rural and undeveloped areas in Ogonilandwhere petroleum exploration activities have devastated the entire ecosystem. Many of the school children are no longer zealous about their academic activities, as their performances in school are always very poor. It has been reported that the children’s poor performance in school is closely linked withseveral health and mental challenges suffered by these children in the highly polluted areas. Methods:The study comprises of 383 primary school teachers selected from 8 rural communities in the four (4) Ogoni Local Government Areas (Gokana, Tai, Eleme and Khana) in Rivers Statewhere massive environmental pollution has been reported. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data from the teachers on the children’s exposure to oil pollution; self-rated mental illnesses and behavioural symptoms among the school children, perception to petroleum pollution and mental illnesses. Results:The results revealed that the signs of mental illnesses like anxiety disorder, attention-deficit disorder, autism spectrum disorder, mood disorder, schizophrenia and eating disorder were noticeable among the school children. The children also exhibited behavioural challenges such as extreme fear, difficulty in concentrating, self-imposed injuries, aggressive behaviour,avoiding other classmates and poor academic performances. The field survey further revealed that mental illnesses and behavioural challenges were common in areas of massive petroleum pollution of the environment. Other causes of these illnesses were revealed to be poverty and psychoactive substance use. Conclusion:It was concluded that constant exposures of the children to environmental pollution is associated with decreasing neuroplasticity of the brain.

ҮЙЛЧЛҮҮЛЭГЧДИЙН СЭТГЭЦИЙН ЭРҮҮЛ МЭНДИЙН ТУСЛАМЖИНД ХҮРЭХ ЗАМЫН СУДАЛГАА / Шинэ санаа Шинэ нээлт

@#BACKGROUND. In 1929, Mongolian mental health department established and since then it has been showing qualified professional health care towards population. In code of mental health (7.1.2) it is defined as “mental health care can be carried out by person with professional license that indicated in health law” However, recently people tend to seek help from nonprofessional organizations. Because of psychiatric misconception among population, people usually don’t seek help from professional service that it makes diagnostic delay and people suffer longer from their illness. GOAL. To define diagnoses and pathway of people who seek help first-time from mental health care. MATERIAL AND METHOD. This study was relied upon to NCMH out and inpatient unit. Cross-sectional study method with purposive sampling and questionnaire method wasused in this study. RESULT. In total of 145 patients, 76 males and 69 females, who are aged between 18 to 56 years participated in our study. According to ICD 10, majority of participants (40.7%, n=59) had schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, 21.4%had stress induced disorder, 12.4 % had organic disorder, 11% had affective disorder, and 14.5 % had substance use disorder.According to their help seeking pathway, every patient sought help from professional organization or several nonprofessional organizations and individual person. As we demonstrated the initial help seeking pathway of participants 40% sought help from religious service, 26.2% sought help from psychiatrist, 17.2% sought help from general and 16.6% sought help from other professional doctors. Therefore we demonstrated the amount of participants who sought help from nonprofessional organization and individual person that 60.6% sought help from shaman, 62% sought help from lama. Primary or secondary educated people are tend to seek help from religious service which was statistically significant (p≤0.006).in total of 107 participants sought help from nonprofessional organization and each patient spent about 5,629,122.30±928799 tugrug, but average of total medical fee for per patients in NCMH was 83916±7793 tugrug which costs 7 times lower than nonprofessional organization but improves patients` mental state more, significantly (p≤0.001) Primary or secondary educated patients likely to have diagnostic delay 1 time more than high educated patients, people with nonprofessional initial help seeking likely to have diagnostic delay 2 times more than psychiatric initial help seeking patients and people who imply that religion causes mental illness have diagnostic delay with 2 times more, significantly. (p≤0.001). CONCLUSION. According to study result stress induced disorder and schizophrenia were the majority of total participants. People tend to seek professional help far lately from symptom onset. Psychiatric misconception and inadequate health education among the population are the main reason of diagnostic delay.

Análisis psicométrico y adaptación de la escala de actitudes comunitarias hacia la enfermedad mental (CAMI) en una muestra chilena / Psychometric analysis and adaptation of Community Attitudes Toward the Mentally Ill (CAMI) Inventory in a Chilean sample

El estigma está considerado como el principal obstáculo para la recuperación de las personas que sufren trastornos mentales (TM). La presente investigación tuvo el objetivo de analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de actitudes comunitarias hacia la enfermedad mental (CAMI), que evalúa el estigma del público hacia las personas con TM. Se tomaron dos muestras por conveniencia, la primera compuesta por 399 personas y la segunda por 350. Los resultados indican que el instrumento final posee dos factores: "aceptación" y "rechazo a la instalación de centros de salud mental en la comunidad", cada uno compuesto por cinco ítems. Los índices del ajuste del modelo obtenido en el análisis factorial confirmatorio, así como la consistencia interna del instrumento son adecuados.

Stigma is considered as the main obstacle for the recovery of people with mental illnesses (MI). The current research was aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Scale of Community Attitudes towards Mental Ill (CAMI) that assesses the stigma of the public towards people with MI. Two convenience samples were taken. The first sample was composed by 399 people and the second one, by 350. Outcomes indicate that the final instrument has two factors: "Acceptance" and "Rejection to the implementation of mental health centers in the community". Each factor is composed of five items. Adjustment indices of the model obtained from the combinatory factorial analysis, as well as the internal consistence of the instrument are adequate.

Balancing traditional beliefs and medical science: mental health care in Bhutan.

In the Kingdom where Gross National Happiness is the most precious commodity, there is a growing awareness of the individual and communal toll that unmet mental health needs bring to bear on Bhutanese society. Even though mental illnesses are becoming public health issue, there is a tendency to neglect the care of mentally ill person in the general setting. The reason for the neglect is due to lack of understanding and poor management of mental illness by the health professionals and community at large. This article emphasizes the need to balance the traditional beliefs and medical science in order to provide a comprehensive mental health care in Bhutan.

Stigma of Mental Illnesses as Perceived by North Korean Defectors Living in South Korea

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to provide the information of the stigmas of mental illness such as psychosis, alcoholism, attempt suicide, and depression among North Korean defectors. METHODS: We examined stigma for the mental illnesses of 639 North Korean defectors aged 19 to 65 years who live in the Settlement Support Center for North Korean Refugees. The stigmas of mental illnesses were assessed using the Perceived Devaluation-Discrimination Scale We directly compared the stigma level between North Korean defectors and the general population of South Korea. RESULTS: North Korean defectors had higher perceived stigmas of psychosis and alcoholism and lower perceived stigmas of depression than South Koreans. Perceived stigma associated with attempted suicide was similar for North Korean defectors and South Koreans. Only marital status in sociodemographic variables had associations with higher perceived stigma of psychosis, alcoholism, and depression in the North Korean defectors. North Korean defectors, who spent more than one year in transit country, had associations with lower perceived stigma of psychosis and alcoholism. North Korean defectors, who had the experience of compulsory repatriation to North Korea or North Korean family in South Korea, had an association with higher perceived stigma of depression. CONCLUSION: North Korean defectors had higher perceived stigmas of psychosis and alcoholism and lower perceived stigmas of depression than South Koreans. Further studies are needed to document serial changes in stigmas for mental illnesses associated with the receipt of education at the Settlement Support Center for North Korean defectors.

The Positive Effects of Parents’ Mental Illness on Their Children: a Qualitative Study.

Objective: The main objective of this research is to explore the positive consequences of parents’ mental illness on their children. Material & methods: This study was a part of a more comprehensive study performed based on grounded theory. In this work semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 participants selected by purposeful and theoretical sampling approach. Data were analyzed using constant comparative analysis suggested by Straus and Corbin (1988) method. Results: Despite negative effects of the illness, the children have been perceived positive effects from their parents’ illness. These findings categorized in two category of "independence" and "considering the others needs". Conclusion: Application of these findings in care plan of patients and families, particularly their children, can offer more efficient coping with mental illness.

Servicios clínicos disponibles para niñas, niños y jóvenes con trastornos mentales en México / The clinical services available to children and young people with mental illnesses in México / Serviços clínicos disponíveis para crianças e jovens com perturbações mentais no México

En el ámbito de la salud, el bienestar físico y mental debería ser una prioridad. No obstante, en México existen limitantes importantes en la atención a la salud mental, como el estigma social que prevalece hacia las enfermedades mentales, la discriminación y violación a los derechos humanos de las personas afectadas por estos trastornos, el limitado número de servicios clínicos a los que se puede acceder, la falta de servicios de salud especializados, y la tendencia de los gobiernos a omitir esta realidad. En el presente artículo de tipo descriptivo pretendo hacer una breve revisión de los servicios clínicos disponibles para niñas, niños y jóvenes mexicanos que padecen trastornos mentales.

In the field of health, physical and mental well-being should be a priority. Nevertheless, in Mexico, the attention given to mental health has important limitations, such as the social stigma that prevails toward mental illnesses; the discrimination and violation of human rights of people affected by these disorders; the limited number of clinical services which can be accessed; the lack of specialized health services and the tendency of Governments to ignore this reality. This article aims to undertake a brief review of the clinical services available to Mexican children and young people that are affected by a mental disorder.

Na área da saúde, bem-estar físico e mental deveria ser uma prioridade. Porém no México na atenção de saúde mental existem restrições importantes, como o estigma social que prevalece nas doenças mentais, discriminação e violação dos direitos humanos das pessoas afetadas por estas perturbações, o número limitado de serviços clínicos que podem ser acessados , a falta de serviços especializados de saúde, e a tendência dos governos em ignorar esta realidade. Este artigo procura fazer uma breve revisão dos serviços clínicos disponíveis para crianças e jovens mexicanos que tenham alguma perturbação mental.

Economics of mental health: Part II- Investing in and planning for mental health services - the evidence

Background : The economic costs and proportion of disease burden attributable to mental, emotional and behavioural disorders (MEBs) is enormous. This emphasizes on the need for treating the MEBs. Choosing the most cost effective intervention is the key aspect in planning mental health services. Objective: The aim of the present article is to review the studies on cost-effective interventions for MEBs. Methodology: A review of various studies on the above subject was done using Google Scholar and PubMed. Results: Most of these studies are from developed countries. Many of them are conducted by World Health Organization (WHO). There is paucity of data on cost-effectiveness of interventions in the developing world. There are cost-effective interventions available for most of the MEBs. Conclusions: There are cost-effective interventions for MEBs. The available cost-effective strategies need to be incorporated with necessary modifications to tailor to the local needs. Proper planning is crucial for successful approach to mental health. Prevention is the most cost-effective strategy

Preferences in Mental Health Services for Persons with Mental Illnesses: Q-Methodological Approach / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify preferences of persons with mental illnesses for mental health services. METHODS: Q-methodology, an approach designed to discover patterns in various subjective experiences, was used. Twenty-six participants classified 36 selected Q-statements on a nine-point scale to create a normal distribution. The collected data were analyzed using the PC Quanl program. RESULTS: Four types of preference in mental health services for persons with mental illnesses were identified by the participants: Type I Interaction preference type, Type II Patient right seeking type, Type III Clinical environment preference type, Type IV Treatment outcome seeking type. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide an understanding that different types of preference for mental health services exist and each type has certain characteristics, which suggest a need to develop practical mental health practice nursing standards designed for each type of preference for mental health services.

Understanding of Neuroimaging and Its Perspectives in Mental Illnesses

Neuroimaging in psychiatry encompasses the powerful tools available for the in vivo study of brain structure and function. MRI including the volumetry, voxel-base morphometry(VBM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are useful for assessing brain structure, whereas function MRI, positron emission tomography(PET) and magnetoencephalography(MEG) are well established for probing brain function. These tools are well tolerated by the vast majority of psychiatric patients because they provide a powerful but noninvasive means to directly evaluate the brain. Although neuroimaging technology is currently used only to rule in or rule out general medical conditions as opposed to diagnosing primary mental disorders, it may be used to confirm or make psychiatric diagnoses in the future. In addition, neuroimaging may be valuable for predicting the natural course of psychiatric illness as well as treatment response.

Study of psychological morbidity & coping mechanisms in family members of persons with mental illnesses

Background: The psychological morbidity of family members of mentally ill is generally overlooked. This studyfocuses on the psychological morbidity in family members.Aim : To study psychological morbidity and coping mechanisms used by the family members of mentally ill admittedin psychiatric hospital.Methods: A sample of 45 family members of mentally ill admitted in The Institute of Mental Health, Hyderabad wastaken. Severity of illness in patients and psychological morbidity and coping mechanisms used by the family memberswere assessed.Results : There is no significant psychological morbidity among the family membersConclusions Acceptance is the most common coping mechanism used by family members of persons with mental illness.