Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with rosacea: prevalence and clinical features / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in patients with rosacea, and to analyze the relationship between breath test results and the occurrence of rosacea.Methods:Patients with rosacea were enrolled from the outpatient department of Xiangya Hospital from March 2022 to June 2023. The methane-hydrogen breath test was used to detect intestinal levels of methane and hydrogen in all patients to investigate the prevalence of SIBO. The basic information, clinical symptoms and severity, quality of life scores, gastrointestinal symptoms, and past medical history of the patients were collected. Statistical analysis was carried out by using the chi-square test, nonparametric test and multivariate logistic regression models to investigate the relationship between SIBO and the occurrence of rosacea.Results:A total of 116 patients with rosacea completed the methane-hydrogen breath test. They were aged 18 to 56 years (median [ Q1, Q3]: 25 [22, 33] years), and included 7 males (6.0%) and 109 females (94.0%) ; there were 43 cases (37.1%) of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea, and 73 (62.9%) of papulopustular rosacea. As the breath test showed, 94 patients were diagnosed with SIBO (81.0%, 95% CI: 72.7% - 87.7%) based on the breath tests, 84 showed positive hydrogen breath test results (72.4%, 95% CI: 63.3% - 80.3%), and 47 had positive methane breath test results (40.5%, 95% CI: 31.5% - 50%). Among the 67 patients with moderate to severe erythema, 33 (49.3%) showed positive methane breath test results, and 14 of 49 (28.6%) patients with mild erythema showed positive methane breath test results, with a rate difference of 20.7% ( P = 0.025, 95% CI: 13.9% - 27.5%) ; there were no significant differences in the positive rates of SIBO and hydrogen breath test results between the patients with moderate to severe erythema and those with mild erythema (both P > 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the age, gender, clinical subtypes, severity of papulopustules, flushing and burning sensation, or rosacea quality of life index scores between the SIBO-positive and -negative groups, between hydrogen-positive and -negative groups, and between methane-positive and -negative groups (all P > 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that methane positivity on breath test was associated with the severity of erythema in rosacea ( OR = 2.495, 95% CI: 1.102 - 5.649, P < 0.05) . Conclusions:The prevalence of SIBO was relatively high in the patients with rosacea. However, only the positive rate of methane breath test differed between the rosacea patients and non-rosacea controls, and there was some correlation between methane positivity on breath test and increased severity of rosacea erythema.

Evaluation of Biogas Production Potential from Waste Coconut Water

Coconut oil production is the eminent agro based industries in Tamil Nadu. The matured coconut water was considered as a waste. Coconut oil industries discharge considerable amount of waste coconut water having very high values of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) to the extent of 29,000 mgl-1, the wash water about 3,000 mg. and Total Solids (TS) of 5.45 ± 0.35%. Coconut water contains most nutrients required for microbial growth. The pH of coconut water is 6.1. The Total Suspended Solids in coconut water is found out as 0.0028 g/ml. The Total Dissolved Solids is 0.8014 g/ml, Total Solids is 0.8042 g/ml and Volatile Soluble Solids is 99.5 %. A laboratory scale batch type anaerobic digester (Air tight 2 litre plastic bottles) was set up for the experimental purpose for a retention time of 35 days. Coconut water, water and cow dung were mixed in different proportions (5 treatments). Each treatment was replicated 3 times. Biogas volume and biogas composition were measured at 5:30 pm every day. Remarkable volume of biogas production was noticed between 12th and 16th days. Maximum biogas volume of 976. 67 ml was noticed for the combination of 1:1 (Cow dung: Coconut water) with methane content of 53 %. For the combination of 2:1:1 (Cow dung: Coconut water: Water) the maximum volume of biogas production is 833.3ml with methane content of 31 %. For the combination of 1:1 (water: Cow Dung) the maximum volume of biogas produced is 133.3 ml with methane content of 48 %. The biogas produced from different ratios was tested for its flammability. It was seen that blue flame is produced and the flame is last for few seconds for all ratios but the maximum amount of flame was produced from the sample which contains maximum amount of Coconut water than other samples.

A Review on Mitigation of Greenhouse Gases by Agronomic Practices towards Sustainable Agriculture

Agriculture is one among the sources of greenhouse gas emission in the World. Agriculture, being a prominent source of economic sectors in developing countries its impact on environmental climate changes both directly and indirectly through emission of greenhouse gases. To achieve reduced GHGs emissions in agriculture sector, there is a need to adopt climate smart activities and improved food and nutritional security to ensure a climate-smart sustainable agriculture. This short article explores the key ways to mitigate green house gases emissions in agriculture and critically highlights the potential for bacterial nitrogen fixation in soybean which is a recent approach. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation shows a great potential for GHGs mitigation while supporting the agriculture simultaneously. Other agronomic practices include tillage, residue management, rice field management, climate smart agriculture, organic farming and bio energy etc. This will help the farmers and other stakeholders to bring an environmentally friendly agriculture towards more ecological farming approach for future sustainability.

INM-A Potential Way of Farming in Reduction of CH4 and CO2 Emission in Rice-sunflower Sequential Cropping System

Aim: To find out the CH4 and CO2 emission pattern and the considerable amount of SOC sequestered by using different organic sources in sandy clay loam soil. Study Design: Randomized Block Design. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in a farmer's field at Ayanathur, which is geographically located at 11°23’N latitude, 79°29'E longitude, and an altitude of +26 m MSL. Duration of the study confined to 2 years cycle from September 2016 to January 2018 I and II crops respectively. Methodology: Different sources of organic manures viz., Farm Yard Manure @ 12.5 t ha-1, vermicompost, pressmud, poultry manure, and composted coirpith are each @ 5 t ha-1 were applied as basally and incorporated along with Azospirillum and phosphobacteria @ 2 kg ha-1 as a soil application at the time of last ploughing. Fertilizers were applied as per the treatment schedule of 150:50:50 kg N, P, and K ha-1 was followed throughout the period of study through urea, Di Ammonium phosphate and muriate of potash for rice crops. An open path LICOR analyzer 7700 and 7500 for CH4 and CO2 to find the CH4 and CO2 fluxes during the period of study through calibration of eddy covariance fluxes emissions were calculated. Results: Combined application of a Recommended dose of fertilizers along with Farmyard manure @ 12.5 t ha-1 reduced the CH4 emission by 13.6 and 15 % over other organic sources in rice whereas, the CO2 emission by 54.4 and 53.8% and 61.5 and 53.9 % over other organic sources in rice and sunflower respectively. Concomitantly, the SOC increased by 6.8 and 7.5% in rice and 4,7 and 4.4% in sunflower over other organic sources.

Technological Breakthrough for Large Scale Bioconversion of Coir Pith towards Sustainable Soil Health Management and Development of Source Point Methane Abatement Model

Coir pith, a byproduct of coir industry, continues to be dumped as a waste in India, because despite its utility being claimed in different applications, an efficient and adoptable technology for its safe utilization is yet unavailable. Due to high lignin content and high C:N ratio, coir pith when left untreated can take decades to decompose, which not only leads to environmental pollution but most importantly methane emission, thereby contributing to climate change. However, once composted, coir pith can transform into an effective soil rejuvenator, considering its utility towards amelioration of especially marginal/ agriculturally degraded soil and improvement of soil productivity. But so far, there is no available composting technology in this respect which is practically feasible, economically viable and socially acceptable. Under IBM-IORF Sustainability project (2022-23) at Mandya, Karnataka, an effort was initiated utilizing Novcom Composting Technology, towards bioconversion of coir pith into safe, mature and qualitative compost for sustainable soil management, especially looking at the stony red soils of the area which are erosion prone, and have a poor productive potential. Periodical study of Novcom coir pith compost samples on 0, 10, 20 and 30 days confirmed effective degradation as demonstrated by the rapid decline of C:N ratio from 1:100 to < 1:25, appreciation of total nitrogen by 98 percent and 60 % degradation of lignin within a 30 days’ time period. The facts are corroborated by the respective very high (in the order of 1016 c.f.u. per gm or one Trillion Billion microflora per ton compost) population of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. Phytotoxicity Bioassay test values confirmed not only the absence of phytotoxic elements in compost, but also indicated that this compost can actually accelerate seed germination and root growth process. Estimation of methane mitigation potential under this technology utilizing the carbon assessment tool - Agriculture Carbon Footprint Assessor (ACFA, version: 1.0) indicated that untreated coir pith can potentially emit methane in the range of 5897 – 6025 kg CO2 equivalent (taking GWP24 years of methane: 75). GHG emission during biodegradation of coir pith utilizing Novcom Composting Technology, was found to be about 31 times lower (6.47 kg CO2 equivalent/ ton treated waste) than the reference values recorded in respect of any other standard biodegradation process. Especially in terms of methane the negligible emission under this composting technology is the highlight, as corroborated by the documented value of 0.61 kg CO2 equivalent/ ton treated waste. The evaluation confirmed that bioconversion of coir pith utilizing Novcom Composting Technology can enable methane mitigation of about 6000 ton CO2 equivalent per 1000 ton waste, directly from the source point. The study indicated that Novcom Composting Technology can transform not only a potential pollutant to a quality organic soil amendment, the process also etches out and effective pathway for methane abatement directly from the source point that has crucial impact not only in respect of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13, but also SDG 15, SDG-3 and most importantly SDG-2. Hence, bioconversion of coir- pith utilizing this technology can also facilitate an effective model towards the Net Zero commitment with significant social and environmental impacts.

Effect of the addition of cellulolytic bacteria to ruminal bacteria on in vitro fermentation characteristics / Efecto de la adición de bacterias celulolíticas a bacterias ruminales sobre las características fermentativas in vitro / Efeito da adição de bactérias celulolíticas às bactérias ruminais nas características de fermentação in vitro

Abstract Background: Digestibility of fiber in the rumen is not due to enzymatic activity of individual bacteria, but rather to their interaction, which complements their enzymatic functioning. Thus, efficiency of fiber digestion depends on the diversity and density of cellulolytic bacteria. Objective: To estimate in vitro production of biogas, methane, and fermentative characteristics of cobra grass (Brachiaria hibrido) inoculated with ruminal bacteria (RB) in coculture with isolated cellulolytic bacteria (ICB) from bovine (ICBbov) or water buffalo (ICBbuf). Methods: ICBbov and ICBbuf were isolated from ruminal cellulolytic bacteria consortia using specific culture media for cellulolytic bacteria. Both were morphologically characterized and a Gram stain was performed. In the in vitro gas production test, the substrate was cobra grass and the inocula were ruminal bacteria (RB), ICBbov, ICBbuf, Coculturebov (RB + ICBbov) and Coculturebuf (RB + ICBbuf). Biogas and methane (CH4) production, as well as dry matter degradation (DMD) and neutral detergent fiber degradation (NDFD) were measured. A completely randomized design was used. Results: The ICB obtained were Gram positive cocci. Accumulated biogas production at 72 h from ICBbov and ICBbuf was on average 42.11% of that produced by RB. The Coculturebov produced 14.24% more biogas than RB. The CH4 production was lower in ICBbov and ICBbuf than in RB, Coculturebov and Coculturebuf. The DMD and NDFD were not different among RB, Coculturebov and Coculturebuf. The ICBbov degraded 37.10 and 96.34% more DMD and NDFD than ICBbuf (p<0.05). Conclusion: The use of ICB from bovine or water buffalo in coculture with RB does not improve in vitro production of biogas, DMD or NDFD with respect to RB alone.

Resumen Antecedentes: La digestibilidad ruminal de la fibra no se debe a la actividad enzimática individual de las bacterias sino a su interacción para complementar su funcionamiento enzimático. Así, la eficiencia de digestión de la fibra depende de la diversidad y la densidad de las bacterias celulolíticas. Objetivo: Estimar la producción de biogás, metano, y las características fermentativas in vitro del pasto cobra (Brachiaria hibrido) inoculado con bacterias ruminales (BR) en cocultivo con bacterias celulolíticas aisladas (BCA) de bovino (BCAbov) o búfalo de agua (BCAbuf). Métodos: BCAbov y BCAbuf se aislaron de consorcios bacterianos celulolíticos ruminales usando medios de cultivo específicos para bacterias celulolíticas. Ambas se caracterizaron morfológicamente y realizó tinción de Gram. En la prueba de producción de gas in vitro, el sustrato fue pasto cobra y los inóculos fueron bacterias ruminales (BR), BCAbov, BCAbuf, Cocultivobov (BR + BCAbov) y Cocultivobuf (BR + BCAbuf). Se midió la producción de biogás y metano (CH4), así como la degradación de la materia seca (DMS) y de la fibra detergente neutro (DFDN). El análisis estadístico se basó en un diseño completamente al azar. Resultados: Las BCA resultantes se identificaron como cocos Gram positivos. La producción de biogás acumulada a las 72 h por BCAbov y BCAbuf fue en promedio 42,11% del producido por BR. El cocultivobov produjo 14,24% más biogás que BR. La producción de CH4 fue menor en BCAbov y BCAbuf que en BR, cocultivobov y cocultivobuf. Las DMS y DFDN no mostraron diferencias entre BR, cocultivobov y cocultivobuf. La BCAbov degradó 37,10 y 96,34% más DMS y DFDN que BCAbuf (p<0,05). Conclusión: El uso de BCA de bovino o búfalo de agua en cocultivo con BR no mejora la producción de biogás, DMS o DFDN in vitro respecto a BR.

Resumo Antecedentes: A digestibilidade da fibra no rúmen não se deve à atividade enzimática individual das bactérias, mas sim à sua interação para complementar o seu funcionamento enzimático. Assim, a eficiência da digestão das fibras depende da diversidade e densidade das bactérias celulolíticas. Objetivo: Estimar a produção in vitro de biogás, metano e características fermentativas da gramínea de cobra (Brachiaria hibrido) inoculada com bactéria ruminal (BR) em cocultura com bactérias celulolíticas isoladas (BCI) de bovino (BCIbov) ou búfalo de água (BCIbuf). Métodos: BCIbov e BCIbuf foram isolados a partir de consórcios de bactérias celulolíticas ruminais utilizando meios de cultura específicos para bactérias celulolíticas. Ambos foram caracterizados morfologicamente, e foi realizada uma coloração de Gram. No teste de produção de gás in vitro, o substrato era erva de cobra e os inóculos eram bactérias ruminais (BR), BCIbov, BCIbuf, Cocultivobov (BR + BCIbov) e cocultivobuf (BR + BCIbuf). Foram medidas a produção de biogás e metano (CH4), bem como a degradação da matéria seca (DMS) e a degradação da fibra em detergente neutro (DFDN). Foi utilizado um desenho completamente aleatório. Resultados: BCIs eram cocos Gram positivos. A produção acumulada de biogás a 72 h de BCIbov e BCIbuf foi em média 42,11% da produzida por BR. O cocultivobov produziu 14,24% mais biogás do que o BR. A produção de CH4 foi menor em BCIbov e BCIbuf do que BR, cocultivobov e cocultivobuf. DMS e DFDN não eram diferentes entre BR, cocultivobov e cocultivobuf. O BCIbov degradou 37,10 e 96,34% mais DMS e DFDN do que o BCIbuf (p<0,05). Conclusão: A utilização de BCI de bovino ou búfalo de água em cocultura com BR não melhora a produção in vitro de biogás, DMS ou DFDN no que diz respeito a BR.

Single hydrogen-methane breath test for the diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial growth / 中华内科杂志

Objective:To investigate the diagnostic value of a single hydrogen-methane breath test (SHMBT) for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).Method:The current investigation was a cross-sectional study. Questionnaires and SHMBTs were administered to 162 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms (case group) and 69 healthy volunteers (control group). Differences in SHMBT results between the two groups were assessed,and cut-off values of CH 4 (methane) and H 2 (hydrogen) were analyzed via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Lastly,archived SHMBT data from 2 655 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms (validation set) were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of the SHMBT with respect to SIBO. The Chi-square test,the Mann-Whitney U test,Spearman′s Rank correlation analysis,and the Z test were used for statistical analysis. Results:Based on the international recommended diagnostic criteria for SIBO,which are fasting CH 4 ≥10 ppm (parts per million) or H 2 ≥20 ppm,the SHMBT-positive rate in the case group was significantly higher than that of control group (35.2% vs. 21.7%, χ2=4.08, P=0.043). Levels of CH 4 and H 2 were higher in the case group than in the control group [CH 4: 3(2,7) vs. 3(1,3) ppm, H 2: 11(4,22) vs. 10(5,15) ppm],and the difference in CH 4 levels was statistically significant ( Z=6.22, P=0.001). ROC curves were generated based on whether the subjects had gastrointestinal symptoms. The areas under the ROC curves were 0.633 for CH 4 alone,0.531 for H 2 alone, and 0.620 for CH 4 combined with H 2. The cut-off values were fasting CH 4≥4 ppm,fasting H 2≥13 ppm,and fasting CH 4 ≥5 ppm (or CH 4≥4 ppm and H 2≥24 ppm),respectively. Measuring CH 4 alone and CH 4 combined with H 2 was effective for determining the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms ( P<0.05). When CH 4 alone or CH 4 combined with H 2 were used as diagnostic indicators of SIBO, the respective SHMBT-positive rates in the validation set were 34.2% and 30.4%. These rates did not significantly differ from the SIBO-positive rate of 32.0% obtained via the international recommended diagnostic criteria ( P>0.05). The specificity of CH 4 alone was 79.9%,and the accuracy of CH 4 alone was 68.8%. The specificity of CH 4 combined with H 2 was 85.0%,and the accuracy of CH 4 combined with H 2 was 71.7%. Conclusion:Rapid one-time determination of CH 4 and H 2 in exhaled breath may a viable diagnostic method for SIBO, and using CH 4 combined with H 2 ( i.e.,fasting CH 4≥5 ppm, or CH 4 ≥4 ppm and H 2 ≥24 ppm) as cutoff values may be feasible.

Caracterización de un Consorcio Microbiano Metanogénico de una Mina de Carbón en la Cuenca de Bogotá / Characterization of a Methanogenic Microbial Consortium from a Coal Mine in Bogotá Basin

RESUMEN En el trabajo se estudió un consorcio microbiano metanogénico de una mina de carbón de la cuenca de Bogotá en Colombia. Se establecieron cultivos de enriquecimiento de carbón ex situ para el crecimiento y la producción de gas de novo. El gas biogénico producido por los cultivos se analizó mediante cromatografía de gases con detectores de ionización de llama y conductividad térmica. Los cultivos se utilizaron para aislar estirpes microbianas y para generar bibliotecas del gene 16S rARN empleando de cebadores de bacteria y de arquea. El análisis de cromatografía de gases mostró producción de metano a 37 oC, pero no a 60 oC, donde el CO2 fue el componente principal del gas biogénico. El análisis de la secuencia del gen 16S rARN de estirpes microbianos y de las bibliotecas de clones, estableció que el consorcio microbiano metanogénico estuvo formado por especies de bacterias de los géneros Bacillus y Gracilibacter más la arquea del género Methanothermobacter. El consorcio microbiano metanogénico identificado es potencialmente responsable de la generación de gas biogénico en la mina de carbón La Ciscuda. Los resultados sugirieron que los metanógenos de este consorcio producían metano por vía hidrogenotrófica o de reducción de CO2.

ABSTRACT The work studied the methanogenic microbial consortium in a coal mine from the Bogotá basin in Colombia. Ex situ coal-enrichment cultures were established for in vitro growth and de novo gas production. Biogenic gas produced by cultures was analyzed by gas chromatography using thermal conductivity and flame ionization detectors. Cultures were used to isolate microbial specimens and to generate 16S rRNA gene libraries employing bacterial and archaeal primer sets. The gas chromatographic analysis showed methane production at 37 oC, but not at 60 oC, where CO2 was the major component of the biogenic gas. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of microbial isolates and clone libraries established that the methanogenic microbial consortium was formed by bacteria species from Bacillus and Gracilibacter genera plus archaea from the Methanothermobacter genus. This meth-anogenic microbial consortium was potentially responsible for biogenic gas generation in La Ciscuda coal mine. The results suggested that these methanogens produced methane by hydrogenotrophic or CO2 reduction pathways.

Effect of tropical forage species in silvopastoral arrangements on methane production and in vitro fermentation parameters in a RUSITEC system / Efecto de especies forrajeras tropicales en arreglos silvopastoriles sobre la producción de metano y parámetros de fermentación in vitro en un sistema RUSITEC / Efeito de espécies forrageiras tropicais em arranjos silvipastoris sob a produção de metano e parâmetros de fermentação in vitro em um sistema RUSITEC

Abstract Background: Supplementation of grazing cattle with native and naturalized forages using silvopastoral systems has been suggested as an affordable strategy to reduce methane production and improve nutrition, diminishing the environmental impact of cattle production. Objective: To evaluate the effect of three tropical forage species in a silvopastoral arrangement on methane production and fermentation parameters using an in vitro ruminal simulation system (RUSITEC). Methods: Four diets were evaluated. The control treatment was a basal diet of colosuana grass (COL; Bothriochloa pertusa), while the other diets consisted of 70% COL complemented with 30% shrub forage from either Leucaena leucocephala (CL), Guazuma ulmifolia (CG), or Crescentia cujete (CT). A randomized complete block design with repeated measurements over time was used. Results: The inclusion of shrub forage did not affect pH, organic matter degradation (OMD) or volatile fatty acids (VFA). The inclusion of shrub forage affected the degradation of structural components. The concentration of N-NH3 increased in the CL diet compared to COL (p<0.05). In general, methane production in terms of mL/day, mL/g DMi, mL/g DMd, and mL/gOMd was reduced for CL compared to COL (p<0.05). Conclusions: Based on these results, inclusion of Leucaena leucocephala, Guazuma ulmifolia or Crescentia cujete on B. pertusa-based diets improves ruminal fermentation parameters and reduces in vitro methane production.

Resumen Antecedentes: Suplementar ganado en pastoreo con forrajes nativos y naturalizados en sistemas silvopastoriles se ha sugerido como estrategia para reducir la producción de metano y mejorar la nutrición, disminuyendo el impacto ambiental de la ganaderia. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de tres especies forrajeras tropicales en arreglos silvopastoriles sobre la producción de metano y parámetros de fermentación utilizando un sistema de simulación ruminal in vitro (RUSITEC). Métodos: El tratamiento control consistió en una dieta basal de pasto Colosuana (COL; Bothriochloa pertusa), mientras que las demás dietas consistieron de 70% COL complementado con 30% de forraje arbustivo de Leucaena leucocephala (CL), Guazuma ulmifolia (CG) ó Crescentia cujete (CT). Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con mediciones repetidas en el tiempo. Resultados: La inclusión de forrajes arbustivos no afectó (p>0.05) el pH, la degradación de la materia orgánica (DMO), ni los ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV). La inclusión de recursos arbóreos afectó la degradación de los constituyentes estructurales. La concentración de N-NH3 aumentó en la dieta CL en comparación con el control (p<0.05). En general, la producción de metano en términos de mL/día, mL/g DMi, mL/g DMd y mL/g OMd se redujo en CL respecto a COL (p<0.05). Conclusiones: Con base en estos resultados, la inclusión de Leucaena leucocephala, Guazuma ulmifolia o Crescentia cujete en dietas a base de B. pertusa mejora algunos parámetros de fermentación ruminal y reduce la producción in vitro de metano.

Resumo Antecedentes: A suplementação do gado em pastejo com forragens nativas e naturalizadas usando sistemas silvipastoris, tem sido sugerida como uma estratégia acessível para reduzir a produção de metano e melhorar a nutrição, diminuindo os impactos ambientais da produção de gado. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de espécies forrageiras tropicais de arranjo silvipastoril na produção de metano e parâmetros de fermentação usando um sistema de simulação ruminal in vitro (RUSITEC). Métodos: O controle do tratamento (COL) consistiu em uma dieta basal de Colosuana (Botrhiochloa pertusa) sozinha, enquanto as outras dietas, CL, CG e CT, foram complementadas com 30% de Leucaena leucocephala, 30% Guazuma ulmifolia ou 30% Crescentia cujete, respectivamente. Um desenho de blocos completos randomizados com medições repetidas ao longo do tempo foi aplicado. Resultados: A inclusão de forragem arbustiva não afetou o pH (p>0,05), a degradação da matéria orgânica (OMD) e os ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV). A degradação dos componentes estruturais foi afetada pela inclusão de forragem arbustiva. A concentração de N-NH3 aumentou no CL em comparação ao COL (p<0,05). Em geral, a produção de metano em termos de CH4 (mL/dia), CH4 (mL/g DMi), CH4 (mL/g DMd) e CH4 (mL/gOMd) reduziu (p<0,05) no CL em relação ao COL. Conclusões: Com base nos resultados e considerando as condições experimentais avaliadas, a inclusão de Leucaena leucocephala, Guazuma ulmifolia ou Crescentia cujete em dietas à base de B. pertusa melhora alguns parâmetros de fermentação ruminal e reduz a produção de metano in vitro.

Tillage and nutrient management influence net global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in soybean-wheat cropping system

Conservation tillage has proven advantageous in improving soil health and productivity. However, the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission and intensity from different conservation tillage and nutrient management systems under Indian conditions are less understood. Therefore, here, we compared the effect of tillage and nutrient management on GHGs emissions, net global warming potential (NGWP), and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) from a field experiment under five years in a soybean-wheat cropping system in the Vertisols. The tillage treatments comprised of reduced tillage (RT) and no tillage (NT). The three nutrient management treatments included application of 100% NPK (T1), 100% NPK + 1.0 Mg FYM-C ha-1 (T2), 100% NPK +2.0 Mg FYM-C ha-1 (T3). The results showed significantly higher SOC sequestration under NT (1388 kg ha-1 yr-1) followed byRT (1134 kg ha-1 yr-1) with application of FYM (2.0 Mg C ha-1) (T3) every year. Across tillage, integrated nutrient management(T2 and T3) lowered NGWP and GHGI compared to NPK (T1). The GHGI of NT system was less by 33% compared to RT. The results suggest that GHGs mitigation and sustained food production in the soybean-wheat system can be achieved in NT and RT with integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizer as the major component of nutrient management.

Pasture management and greenhouse gases emissions

Pastures are important environments worldwide because they offer many ecosystem services and sustain meat and milk production. However, pastures ecosystems are responsible for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The major GHGs include CO2, CH4, and N2O. The present review summarizes GHG emission from pasture ecosystems and discusses strategies to mitigate this problem. In pastures, emissions originate from animal excretion, fertilization, and organic matter decomposition. Emissions of specific gases can be measured based on certain factors that were recently updated by the United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2019. Urine is the main source of N2O emission. Forage structure is an important factor driving GHG transport. Forage fiber content and animal intake are the key drivers of enteric CH4 emission, and the introduction of forage legumes in pasture systems is one of the most promising strategy to mitigate GHG emission.

Effects of polypharmacy on small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in elderly subjects / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of multiple medications on the risk of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth(SIBO)in the elderly.Methods:Clinical data of 85 inpatients in the Department of Geriatrics, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University undergone HMBT from August 2017 to April 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.According to the HMBT results, they were divided into a SIBO(+ )group and a SIBO(-)group.Polypharmacy was defined as ≥ 5 types of medications.We analyzed the difference in the rate of polypharmacy between the two groups.Results:A total of 85 hospitalized elderly patients were included in the study.Of these patients, 38(44.71%)tested positive for SIBO.Polypharmacy occurred in 41 patients(48.24%). There were significant differences in types of drugs and polypharmacy between the SIBO(+ )group and the SIBO(-)group( t=3.01 and χ2=14.33, P<0.05 for both). Moreover, polypharmacy was a risk factor for SIBO( P=0.017, OR=10.85, 95% CI: 1.52-77.29). Among 14 commonly used drugs, gastrointestinal motility drugs were closely related to SIBO.There was a positive correlation between polypharmacy and the change in hydrogen levels at 90 min( P=0.040, r=0.22, 95% CI: 0.01-0.42). Conclusions:Polypharmacy is correlated with SIBO in the elderly, is a risk factor for SIBO and is helpful in clinical practice to assess the risk of SIBO and decide further examinations, contributing to early diagnosis and early treatment.

Engineering application of aerobic methane oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs): a review / 生物工程学报

Aerobic methane oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs) can use methane as carbon source and energy source, eliminating 10%-20% of global methane. Methanotrophs can also effectively synthesize valuable methane-derived products. This article introduced the methane oxidizing mechanism of methanotrophs, and summarized the practical application and research hotspots of methanotrophs in the field of methane emission reduction in the landfill, ventilation air methane mitigation in coal mines, valuable chemicals biosynthesis, as well as oil and gas reservoir exploration. Main factors influencing the pollutant removal and the biosynthesis efficiency in various applications were also discussed. Based on the study of large-scale cultivation of methanotrophs, some measures to benefit the application and promotion of aerobic methane oxidizing biotechnology were proposed. This includes investigating the effect of intermediate metabolites on methanotrophs activity and population structure, and exploiting economical and efficient alternative culture media and culture techniques.

The relationship between methane production metabolic flux and microorganisms in a microbial electrolytic cell coupled anaerobic digestion / 生物工程学报

In this study, voltage was used as a disturbance factor to investigate the relationship between microbial community and methane (CH4) production flux in a microbial electrolytic cell coupled anaerobic digestion (MEC-AD). Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) was used to explore the relationship between the CH4 metabolic flux produced and the microbes. The results showed that both methane production flux and hydrogen production flux changed significantly upon voltage disturbance, while the voltage disturbance had little effect on acetic acid production flux. The maximum CH4 production flux under 0.6 V disturbance was 0.522±0.051, which increased by 77% and 32%, respectively, compared with that of the control group under 1.0 V (0.295±0.013) and under 1.4 V (0.395±0.029). In addition, an average of 15.7%±2.9% of H2 (flux) was used to reduce CO2 to produce CH4 and acetic acid, and an average of 27.7%±6.9% of acetic acid (flux) was converted to CH4. Moreover, the abundance of Lachnospiraceae significantly affected the flux of acetic acid. The flux of CH4 production is positively correlated with the abundances of Petrimonas, Syntrophomonas, Blvii28, and Acinetobacter, and negatively correlated with the abundances of Tuzzerella and Sphaerochaeta. The species that affected the flux of H2 and CH4 were similar, mostly belonging to Bacteroides, Clostridium, Pseudomonas and Firmicutes. Furthermore, the interspecies interaction is also an important factor affecting the MEC-AD methanogenesis flux.

Influência de diferentes tipos de nanopartículas de prata na biodegradação da fração orgânica de resíduos sólidos urbanos / Influence of different types of silver nanoparticles on the biodegradation of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste

RESUMO Os resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) contêm aproximadamente 50% de fração orgânica (FO), que, por meio de processos de biodegradação em aterros sanitários, resultam em lixiviados e biogás. A degradação anaeróbia ocorre impulsionada por processos microbianos realizados por um consórcio complexo de micro-organismos, responsáveis pelas diferentes fases. Por outro lado, observa-se que as nanopartículas (NP), especialmente as de prata (NPsAg), vêm sendo cada vez mais utilizadas em novos produtos. Assim, os RSU podem apresentar materiais nanoparticulados, que, depositados em aterros sanitários, se comportam de maneira ainda pouco conhecida, podendo influenciar os processos de biodegradação. Os objetivos do presente trabalho são analisar e verificar o potencial metanogênico de resíduos sólidos orgânicos com e sem a interferência de diferentes concentrações e tipos de NPsAg. Para isso, foram realizados ensaios do potencial biometanogênico com as concentrações de 5, 15, 45, 50, 150 e 450 mg NPsAg.kg−1 RSU e comparados com a amostra padrão (branco). Diferentes tipos de nanopartículas foram utilizados: sólido (em pó), solução em base aquosa e em base alcoólica com álcool polivinílico (PVA). Os resultados mostram que, em concentrações altas (150 e 450 mg NPsAg.kg−1), as NPsAg tendem a diminuir a atividade dos micro-organismos metanogênicos. Finalmente, a modelagem dos resultados mostrou que o modelo logístico se ajusta bem aos dados experimentais. A regressão linear entre os parâmetros desse modelo e a concentração de NPsAg demonstram o decréscimo dos parâmetros com o aumento na concentração desses compostos.

ABSTRACT Municipal solid waste (MSW) contains approximately 50% of organic fraction (OF), which through landfill biodegradation processes results in leachate and biogas. Anaerobic degradation occurs driven by microbial processes, with a complex consortium of microorganisms, responsible for different phases. On the other hand, it is observed that nanoparticles (NPs), specially silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), have been appearing in a large range of new products. The MSW, for example, can present nanoparticulate materials, which, deposited in landfills, behave in a way still little known in science, and that can influence the biodegradation processes. The objective of this work is to analyze and verify the biochemical methanogenic potential of organic solid waste with and without the interference of different concentrations and types of AgNPs. For that purpose, tests of biochemical methane potential (BMP) with the concentrations of 5, 15 and 45, 50, 150 and 450 AgNPs mg.kg−1 were carried out and verified through a standard sample (white). Different types of nanoparticles were used: solid (powder), and two solutions, aqueous and alcoholic (polyvinyl alcohol — PVA). The results showed the interference of AgNPs in the highest concentrations used, considerably decreasing the biological process measured through the activity of microorganisms in the production of methane gas, which occurred in the range between 150 and 450 mg.kg−1 of AgNPs. Finally, the statistical studies and the mathematical modeling of the results showed that the logistic model adjusted well to the experimental data. The linear regression of the model parameters with the concentration of AgNPs demonstrates the decrease in the values of the parameters with the increase in the concentration of these compounds.

Synthesis, bioactivity evaluation of dibenzoyl methane halophenols and their interactions with CAV-1 / 药学学报

Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) is related to inflammation, oxidative damage, and immunity. In order to obtain a series of dibenzoylmethane halophenols with strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects targeting CAV-1, twenty-nine target compounds were therefore synthesized by Baker-Ventaraman rearrangement and demethylation reaction, starting from the substituted benzoyl chloride and o-hydroxyacetophenone, and their interactions with CAV-1 were investigated by BLI technique. Their in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties were also evaluated. The results showed that compounds A6, A17, A18, and A29 not only specifically bind to CAV-1, but also present strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These results suggest that this class of compounds can affect the signaling pathways related to inflammation and oxidative stress by directly acting on CAV-1. In particular, these compounds exhibit the most significantly inhibitory effects on IL-1β and COX-2 release. IL-1β plays a key regulatory role in the development of arthritis. Therefore, it is worth expecting for the application of such compounds in the prevention and treatment of arthritis.

Bioconversion of methane by metabolically engineered methanotrophs / 生物工程学报

Due to abundant availability of shale gas and biogas, methane has been considered as one of the most potential carbon sources for industrial biotechnology. Methanotrophs carrying the native methane monooxygenase are capable of using methane as a sole energy and carbon source, which provides a novel strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emission and substituting edible substrates used in bioconversion processes. With the rapid development of genetic engineering tools and biosynthesis techniques, various strategies for improving the efficiency of methane bioconversion have been achieved to produce a variety of commodity bio-based products. Herein, we summarize several important aspects related with methane utilization and metabolic engineering of methanotrophs, including the modification of methane oxidation pathways, the construction of efficient cell factories, and biosynthesis of chemicals and fuels. Finally, the prospects and challenges of the future development of methane bioconversion are also discussed.

Effect of methane on acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in mice and role of autophagy / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of methane on acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury (ALI) in mice and the role of autophagy.Methods:Forty clean-grade SPF healthy adult male C57BL/6 mice, aged 8-10 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=10 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), group ALI, methane-rich saline group (group MS) and methane-rich saline plus 3-methyladenine (3-MA) group (group MS+ 3-MA). Acetaminophen 300 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally to establish ALI model.Group MS was injected intraperitoneally with methane-rich saline 10 ml/kg immediately after establishing the model and at 12 h after establishing the model.Group MS+ 3-MA was injected intraperitoneally with methane-rich saline 10 ml/kg and autophagy inhibitor 3-MA 30 mg/kg immediately after establishing the model and was injected intraperitoneally with methane-rich saline 10 ml/kg at 12 h after establishing the model.The equal volume of sterile saline was given intraperitoneally at the same time points in C and ALI groups.At 24 h after establishment of the model, blood samples from the eyeball were taken for measuring concentrations of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in serum (using biochemistry analyzer) and the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in serum (using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). The animals were then sacrificed and liver tissues were removed for determination of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and p62 (by Western blot) and for the examination of the number of autophagosomes (under a transmission electron microscope). Results:Compared with group C, the concentrations of ALT, AST, TNF-α and IL-6 in serum were significantly increased, LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio was increased, expression of p62 was up-regulated, and the number of autophagosomes was increased in liver tissues in ALI, MS and MS+ 3-MA groups ( P<0.05). Compared with group ALI, the concentrations of ALT, AST, TNF-α and IL-6 in serum were significantly decreased, LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio was increased, expression of p62 was down-regulated, and the number of autophagosomes in liver tissues was increased in group MS, and AST concentration in serum was decreased and LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio was increased in group MS+ 3-MA ( P<0.05). Compared with group MS, the concentrations of ALT, AST, TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly increased, the LC3 II/LC3 I ratio and the number of autophagosomes were decreased in lung tissues in group MS+ 3-MA ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The mechanism by which methane can reduce acetaminophen-induced ALI is related to enhancement of the level of autophagy in liver cells in mice.

Co-digestión anaerobia de la fracción orgánica de residuos sólidos urbanos y su lixiviado / Anaerobic co-digestion of the organic fraction of urban solid waste and its leachate

RESUMEN Los residuos sólidos urbanos (RSU), al ser vertidos sin tratamiento apropiado, ocasionan daños severos al medio ambiente influyendo en la calidad de vida de la población; por esta razón actualmente se le presta atención al adecuado manejo de estos residuos. En este trabajo se estudia la reducción de la fracción orgánica (FORSU), de residuos sólidos generados por un grupo poblacional, tomando como referente una de las residencias estudiantiles de la Universidad de Oriente. La generación de FORSU en la residencia es de 0,06 kg/habdía, con un contenido de sólidos totales de 30,9 ± 5,3 %, de los cuáles el 81,7 ± 0,6 % son sólidos volátiles. Se evalúa la digestión anaerobia la FORSU, mediante un sistema de tratamiento en dos etapas. La primera etapa se realiza en un reactor en lote de lecho escurrido, que permitió un tratamiento discontinuo e in situ de la FORSU, en co-digestión anaerobia con un 25 % de estiércol vacuno. En una segunda etapa, se evalúa el tratamiento anaerobio para los lixiviados que se generan en el reactor en lote, empleando un reactor UASB. En el reactor en lote se alcanzó una remoción de sólidos volátiles del 44,1 %, mientras que en el reactor UASB se removió un 81,2 % de DQO. Como resultado la evaluación del sistema de tratamiento, se alcanzó una productividad total de 5,37 LCH4-kgSV -1-d-1.

ABSTRACT Urban solid waste (MSW), when are discharged without proper treatment, causes severe damage to the environment, influencing the population's quality of life. For this reason, attention is currently paid to the proper handling of this waste. This paper studies the reduction of the organic fraction of solid waste (OFMSW), generated by a population group, taking as reference one of the Student Residences of the Universidad de Oriente. The generation of OFMSW in the residence is 0.06 kg/inhabday, with a total solid content of 30.9 ± 5.3%, of which 81.7 ± 0.6% are volatile solids. The anaerobic digestion of OFMSW is evaluated through a two-stage treatment system. The first stage is performed in a drained-bed batch reactor, which allowed discontinuous and in-situ treatment of OFMSW, in anaerobic co-digestion with 25% of cow manure. In a second stage, the anaerobic treatment for the leachates generated in the batch reactor is evaluated, using a UASB reactor. In the batch reactor a removal of volatile solids of 44.1% was achieved, while in the UASB reactor 81.2% of COD was removed. As a result of the evaluation of the treatment system, total productivity of 5.37 L CH4 -kgSV -1-d-1 was achieved.

Potential of microbial inoculum from buffalo feces in activating lignite coal bed methane

Aim: This research aimed to study the ability of microbial consortium from buffalo feces to produce coal bed methane (CBM) in lignite coal through in-vitro technique.Methodology: This study was carried out in 2 stages: In first stage, microbes activated using in-vitro technique, and at second stage volatile fatty acids (VFA) and coal bed methane production were estimated. The nutrition source for inoculum activation was of three types: 100% concentrate: 70% concentrate: 30% grass and 30% concentrate: 70% grass. Biogas digester in laboratory-scale utilized 100 ml serum bottle filled with 70 ml, 98-5 media and 7 g coal. Microbial inoculum was inoculated on digester using a 10 ml syringe and incubated at 39oC. Parameters observed to measure the quality of inoculum were total number of anaerobic microbes, kinetics, and biogas production during fermentation. Complete Randomized Design with two factorial consisted of incubation period as factor A and inoculum dosages as factor B. Results: The activation process of inoculum from buffalo feces was required to produce coal bed methane in anaerobic digestion. During activation process, the microbes from buffalo feces in a mixture of 70% concentrate and 30% grass at 48 hr observation could produce total gas approximately 22.5 ml at 48 hr observation. Addition of activated buffalo feces anaerobic inoculum on the anaerobic digestion as much as 6% produced the highest number of anaerobic bacteria, and VFA accounted for 31 x 1010 CFU ml-1 and 171.7 mM, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest methane production reached 128.61 ml on adding 6% inoculum