Interstate migration and its association with the prevalence of stunting in under-five children of the migrant families in Delhi-NCR, India: a cross-sectional study

Background: Interstate migration in India is increasing every year. Children of the migrant families often face poor living conditions and insufficient nutrition, as a result of various socio-economic determinants. This study aimed to understand the association between rural-to-urban migration and under-five stunting, and the various determinants involved. This study allows researchers to make pre and post pandemic comparison of stunting among migrant children in Delhi, since it was carried-out post the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was carried-out in the bhatti mines area of south Delhi, using a systemic sampling method. 100 households each of migrants and non-migrants were approached, and height of the under-five children was measured. Stunting was estimated using WHO child growth standards. Information on demography and socio-economic determinants was collected from the mothers using a questionnaire. Results: Stunting was recorded in 62% of the migrant under-five children and 27% in the non-migrant children, with a significant difference between the two groups (p value <0.001), indicating a significant association between migration and stunting. Source of drinking water (p<0.05) and recurring episodes of diarrhea (p<0.05) were also found to be strongly associated with under-five stunting. Conclusions: Under-five nutritional deficits lead to compromised immunity and delay in physical and mental growth and development. It is important to recognize and address the diverse needs of the under-five migrant population’s health in order to avoid stunting and other serious manifestations.

Perspectives of persons in charge regarding support for the health and daily lives of female technical intern trainees who migrate to Japan: a qualitative study / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objectives: Migrant technical intern trainees who migrate to Japan have become essential to the Japanese labour force, especially in rural areas. Persons in charge of supervising organisations and training coordinators both support the trainees’ health and daily lives during their stay in Japan. This support is significant for trainees as it helps them access and interact with Japanese society. This study explored the perspectives of persons in charge of female technical trainees regarding support for the latter’s health and daily lives.Materials and Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 persons in charge of female technical trainees, followed by a thematic analysis of the interview data to extract key themes.Results: Four primary themes emerged: fostered beliefs and roles, cultural considerations and health support, language considerations, and concerns about female trainees in relationships. These considerations and support developed solely through experience of persons in charge of female trainees. Additionally, those in charge expressed concerns about trainees being involved in a relationship. However, no specific measures, such as providing female trainees with information, have been taken.Conclusion: Persons in charge of female technical intern trainees need to be provided opportunities to learn about cultural considerations and providing health support for their trainees. Furthermore, the cooperation of health professionals with supervising organisations and training facilities is essential to promote the healthy lives of technical intern trainees. These insights can contribute to the development of an integrated community-based approach to support the health and daily lives of female trainees.

Service provision conditions for foreign residents in municipalities in Japan / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objectives: This study examined the actual conditions of service provision to foreign residents (FRs) addressing prevention of lifestyle-related diseases (LRDs) and disaster preparedness/disaster responses (DPRs) in Japanese municipalities.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using a self-administered questionnaire with representatives of public health nurses in each municipality in Japan from December 2021 to January 2022.Results: Services considering FRs are more likely to be implemented in cities than in towns, and in municipalities where FRs account for ≥2.2% of the population (proportion of FRs in the Japanese population at the time of the study) than in those with fewer FRs. Cities have larger populations and greater financial resources than towns. Factors associated with the implementation of services and measures necessary for providing services to FRs were the classification of the municipality as a city, a high percentage of FRs, and large variation in corresponding nationalities/countries of origin.Conclusions: Cross-disciplinary efforts and collaborations need to be strengthened to share available resources within local governments and experiences in providing services for FRs in other divisions/sections, rather than considering only how to provide services for FRs in the public health division/section.

"Criar como si no trabajáramos y trabajar como si no tuviéramos hijos", reflexiones sobre la integración laboral de las madres migrantes que crían en Chile / "Raise as if we were not working and work as if we were not having children" reflections on the labor integration of migrant mothers raising in Chile

Resumen A la par de sus saberes y experiencias, las prácticas de crianza de las madres migrantes son influenciadas por la precariedad de sus espacios de subsistencia. Desde los supuestos teóricos de la interseccionalidad, referentes a las redes conformadas por el género, la etnia-raza y la clase, que establecen relaciones de desigualdad entre las superestructuras sociales y las madres migrantes, se plantea responder al objetivo general de analizar la influencia de la precarización laboral de las madres migrantes en la crianza de sus hijos e hijas en Chile. Desde una perspectiva latinoamericana, se aspira a aperturar la discusión relativa a un fenómeno local como manifestación de un saber situado y, a su vez, a visibilizar la discriminación, la subordinación y el sometimiento de las mujeres madres migrantes, lo cual explica la desestimación general de su integración al país donde la crianza de su progenie tiene lugar. Por medio de una metodología cualitativa basada en el interaccionismo simbólico, se realizaron 39 entrevistas semiestructuradas a madres migrantes venezolanas, peruanas y haitianas; luego, los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis temático y teorizados según los objetivos de investigación definidos. Como resultados se obtuvo que las madres migrantes tienden a acceder a empleos precarizados e informales frente a los que despliegan distintas estrategias, desde el abandono laboral, la renuncia a sus derechos de maternidad, hasta la aceptación de la doble presencia y la conformación de cadenas globales de cuidado para compatibilizar la crianza con el trabajo. Las conclusiones exponen que la integración laboral de las madres migrantes en Chile dibuja prácticas de crianza a partir de una negociación permanente entre la subsistencia y la mantención de los vínculos y los acervos culturales, así, las dimensiones de género, raza y clase perfilan la intensidad de estas transacciones que manifiestan la ubicación social de subalternidad de las madres migrantes, intensificada en el caso de las madres haitianas, por cuanto en ellas se corporiza la mayor representación de otredad.

Abstract The childrearing practices deployed by migrant mothers are influenced by the precariousness of their subsistence spaces, as well as the mothers´ knowledge and experiences. From the theoretical assumptions of intersectionality that reveals the imbricated networks based on gender, ethnicity-race and class that establish relations of inequality between social superstructures and mothers-migrants, it is proposed to respond to the general objective of analyzing the influence of precariousness work of migrant mothers in raising their sons and daughters in Chile. From a Latin American perspective, it is hoped to open the discussion regarding a local phenomenon as a manifestation of situated knowledge and, in turn, make visible the discrimination, subordination and submission of migrant women mothers, which explains the general dismissal of their vulnerable integration into the country and in which the upbringing of their sons and daughters take place. Through a qualitative methodology based on symbolic interactionism, 39 semi-structured interviews were conducted with Venezuelan, Peruvian and Haitian migrant mothers, which were subjected to thematic analysis and theorized according to the defined research objectives. As a result, it is obtained that migrant mothers tend to access precarious and informal jobs against which they deploy different strategies that range from job abandonment, renouncing their maternity rights, acceptance of double presence and the formation of chains. care packages to make the childrearing compatible with work. The conclusions show that the labor integration of migrant mothers in Chile outlines the practices of childrearing from a permanent negotiation between subsistence, the maintenance of ties and their cultural heritage, where the dimensions of gender, race and class outline the intensity of these transactions that make manifest the social location of subalternity of migrant mothers, and that is intensified in the case of Haitian mothers since the greater representation of otherness is embodied in them.

Prevalence and prediction of occupational morbidities among male migrant workers in textile industries in Surat, India: a cross-sectional study

Background: In the textile industry, male migrant workers from other Indian states predominate. Workers are more vulnerable to occupational hazards due to poor working conditions, such as long hours and workplace annoyances. These include noise, high temperatures, humidity, chemical fumes, and cotton or synthetic dust, which harm their health. This study investigated the morbidity patterns of textile migrant workers in Surat. Methods: From April to November 2017, cross-sectional research was conducted in three blocks, utilizing multistage stratified cluster sampling to survey 348 TMWs. A pre-tested and pre-designed structured questionnaire was developed to collect data on three types of textile units: yarn, weaving, and processing. A bivariate and binary logistic regression examined the relationship between the self-reported prevalence of occupational morbidities (outcome variables) and occupation-related factors (predictor variables). Results: Occupational morbidities affect 95% of workers. Self-reported morbidities include musculoskeletal morbidities (72.7%), respiratory morbidities (21.9%), ophthalmic morbidities (27.6%), skin morbidities (23.9%), and ENT problems (18.4%). Those working in weaving manufacturing units are 10% more likely to have ocular disorders (P<0.05). Those who engage in printing and dyeing processing units have a 27% higher chance of developing respiratory morbidities (P<0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of occupational morbidity is significantly higher among textile workers. The hazardous risk factors responsible for these morbidities can be mitigated by improving working conditions and implementing suitable protective measures for textile workers. Intervention initiatives are required to address textile workers’ health concerns.

Ethnic Identity Crisis of the Migrant Garos in the Dooars Areas of West Bengal: Some Recent Challenges

The migrant Garos of the Dooars region migrated from the Garo hills and resided in the tea garden and forest centred Dooars region of Jalpaiguri district for many years ago. In this new ecological setting, they have been adopted themselves. But due to the imposed restriction on the access to forest products, gradual decrease of forest resources, low wage earning rate in the tea garden, dominancy by several Hindu caste groups and some other circumstances they have been facing the more crises which ultimately forced them to change their own traditional way of living. Linguistically they are not able to maintain purity but rather become gradually habituated to a more mixture language. Nearly all the migrant Garos are converted to Christianity as a result they have loose many of their traditional practices and features. Now a day's, forceful Christianization within the community and strong rivalry between various Christian groups of these migrant Garos sometimes create an identity crisis. Not only that, in the question of matrilineality they almost have lost their traditional identity. To realize the actual situation the study has been conducted in the Dooars areas of northern West Bengal with the help of various traditional anthropological field methods

Estudio transversal sobre la calidad de vida y el riesgo psicosocial de trabajadores migrantes / A cross-sectional study on the quality of life and psychosocial risk of migrant workers

INTRODUCIÓN: Las cifras migratorias sitúan a Chile como uno de los países sudamericanos con mayor número de migrantes. El presente estudio estimó la relación entre características sociodemográficas, calidad de vida y riesgos psicosociales laborales en migrantes trabajadores de la región del Maule. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal con trabajadores migrantes entre 18 y 60 años, residentes en la Región del Maule (n = 145). Las encuestas aplicadas fueron: Cuestionario de riesgo psicosocial, Cuestionario de salud y calidad de vida y Cuestionario sociodemográfico. Se realizó un análisis estadístico bivariado con pruebas no paramétricas de U de Mann Whitney, Kruskal Wallis, correlación de Spearman y modelos de regresión lineal múltiple. RESULTADOS: Un 21% de los migrantes mantuvo en Chile la misma actividad laboral a la que se dedicaban en su país de origen. Si bien la calidad de vida de la salud física y mental es adecuada, 52% presenta bajas demandas psicológicas en el trabajo, 48,9% bajos niveles de trabajo activo y habilidades de desarrollo, 57,7% tiene un nivel de alto riesgo en la compensación y la autoestima, y 65,5% un nivel de alto riesgo de doble presencia en el trabajo. Los migrantes con mayor calidad de vida en la dimensión salud física presentan menor riesgo de mantener el equilibrio entre el esfuerzo y recompensa, poseen un trabajo de 44 horas a la semana y no llegaron a trabajar directamente al Maule. Los migrantes con mayor calidad de vida en la dimensión salud mental poseen menor riesgo en las demandas emocionales, perciben mayor apoyo social en la empresa y menor preocupación por las tareas domésticas. CONCLUSIONES: Los migrantes con menor calidad de vida en la dimensión salud física, presentan menores compensaciones en el trabajo, bajo reconocimiento, llegaron directamente a trabajar a la región y poseían trabajos con menos horas de contrato. Los trabajadores con menor calidad de vida en su salud mental exhiben mayor riesgo en las exigencias psicológicas en el trabajo, perciben bajo apoyo social en la empresa y preocupación por responder al trabajo doméstico y al asalariado.

INTRODUCTION: Migration figures place Chile as one of the South American countries with the highest rate of migrants. The present study estimated the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics, quality of life, and psychosocial occupational risks in migrant workers from the Maule region. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with migrant workers between 18 and 60 years of age residing in the Maule region (n = 145). The applied questionnaires were: a psychosocial risk questionnaire, a health and quality of life questionnaire, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. A bivariate statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests, Kruskal Wallis, Spearman correlation, and multiple linear regression models. RESULTS: In Chile, 21% of the migrants maintained the same work activity as in their country of origin. Although the quality of life in physical and mental health is adequate, 52% have low psychological demands at work, 48.9% have low levels of active work and development skills, 57.7% have a high-risk level of compensation and self-esteem, and 65.5% have a high-risk level of double presence at work. Migrants with a higher quality of life in the physical health dimension have a lower risk of maintaining a balance between effort and reward; they worked 44 hours a week and did not work directly at Maule. Migrants with a higher quality of life in the mental health dimension have a lower risk of emotional demands, perceive greater social support in the company, and are less concerned about domestic chores. CONCLUSIONS: Migrants with lower quality of life in the physical health dimension presented less compensation at work and recognition, came to work directly in the region, and had jobs with fewer contract hours. Workers with lower quality of life in their mental health exhibited a greater risk of psychological demands at work and perceived low social support in the company; they were concerned about having to respond to domestic and salaried work.

Necesidades en salud sexual y reproductiva en mujeres migrantes venezolanas

Objetivo . Conocer las necesidades en salud sexual y reproductiva de la población venezolana migrante residente en Lima y Trujillo. Métodos . La muestra estuvo constituida por 1,616 mujeres, de ellas 1,114 mujeres del cono sur de Lima y 502 mujeres de la provincia de Trujillo, a quienes se les aplicó una encuesta para evaluar las siguientes dimensiones: características poblacionales, requerimientos de servicios de salud, salud materna, planificación familiar, prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino y mama e infecciones de transmisión sexual. Resultados . La mayoría de las mujeres venezolanas tenía entre 20 y 34 años. Contaban con cédula de identidad en un 66,8%; sin embargo, en 60% el documento no se encontraba vigente y más del 80% no tenía regularizada su condición migratoria. El estado conviviente correspondía a 46% y soltera a 40,8%. El 56,7% de las encuestadas indicó tener estudios secundarios; el 82,2% tenía un ingreso mensual familiar menor de 900 soles; el 75,1% en Lima y el 94% en Trujillo refirió no contar con algún tipo de seguro. Solo el 48% usaba algún método anticonceptivo, preferentemente los métodos anticonceptivos reversibles de larga duración. Entre 78% y 85,1% no hacía uso de servicios de prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino y más del 90% no lo hacía para prevención de cáncer de mama. Las infecciones de transmisión sexual estuvieron presentes en 2 y 5% de la población encuestada, respectivamente. Conclusión . El perfil de salud sexual y reproductiva (SSR) de la población migrante venezolana de las zonas de estudio tuvieron sus características propias no comparables con la vulnerabilidad de la población peruana, y revela que en ellas existen necesidades en SSR que requieren ser atendidas.

Objective : To determine the sexual and reproductive health needs of the Venezuelan migrant population residing in Lima and Trujillo. Methods : The sample consisted of 1,616 women, including 1,114 women from the southern cone of Lima and 502 women from the province of Trujillo. A survey was applied to evaluate the following dimensions: population characteristics, health service requirements, maternal health, family planning, cervical and breast cancer prevention, and sexually transmitted infections. Results : Most of the Venezuelan women were between 20-34 years old. They had an identity card in 66.8%; however, 60% of them did not have a valid document and more than 80% did not have their migratory status regularized. 46% were cohabiters and 40.8% were single. 56.7% reported having secondary education. 82.2% had a monthly family income of less than 900 soles; 75.1% in Lima and 94% in Trujillo reported not having any type of insurance. Only 48% used any contraceptive method, preferably long-acting reversible contraceptive methods. Between 78%85.1% did not use cervical cancer prevention services and more than 90% did not use breast cancer prevention services. Sexually transmitted infections were present in 2 and 5% of the surveyed population. Conclusion : The sexual and reproductive health (SRH) profile of the Venezuelan migrant population in the study areas had its own characteristics that was not comparable with the vulnerability of the Peruvian population, and reveals that they have SRH needs that require attention.

Analysis on health-related quality of life of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis in Hunan Province / 中国职业医学

Objective To understand the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis who received basic medical treatment in Hunan Province. Methods A total of 613 migrant workers with pneumoconiosis who received basic medical treatment and assistance in Hunan Province was selected as the study subjects using stratified random sampling method. The European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) questionnaire was used to assess their HRQOL. Results The abnormality of the five dimensions of the EQ-5D health description system, from high to low, were as follows： daily activities, mobility, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression, and self-care, with the abnormal rates of 50.9%, 46.8%, 41.1%, 21.0%, and 14.5%, respectively. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score of EQ-5D was (63.5±18.6) points. Patients with stage Ⅲ pneumoconiosis had high abnormality in mobility, daily activities, and pain/discomfort compared with those with stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ disease (all P<0.02). Patients in stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ of pneumoconiosis had higher incidence of anxiety/depression compared with those with stage I disease (all P<0.02). Patients with complications in addition to pneumoconiosis had higher abnormality in mobility, self-care, and pain/discomfort compared to those with simple pneumoconiosis or those eligible for lung lavage treatment (all P<0.02). Patients with simple pneumoconiosis had a higher incidence of anxiety/depression compared with those eligible for lung lavage treatment (P<0.02). Patients with stage Ⅲ pneumoconiosis had lower average VAS scores compared with stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ patients (all P<0.02). Patients with simple pneumoconiosis or those with complications had lower average VAS scores compared with those eligible for lung lavage treatment (all P<0.05). Conclusion The HRQOL of pneumoconiosis patients among migrant workers needs improvement, especially for patients with stage Ⅲ disease and those with complications. This study indicates the need of optimizing policies, raising the hospitalization expense limit for critically ill patients with stage Ⅲ pneumoconiosis or with complications, and improving their HRQOL.

Investigation on medical security and quality of life of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To investigate and understand the medical security and quality of life of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis, so as to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control countermeasures of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis and targeted poverty alleviation. Methods: Using a stratified random sampling method, 200 migrant workers diagnosed with pneumoconiosis at the Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine from January 2016 to December 2021 were selected as the observation group, while 200 non migrant workers diagnosed with pneumoconiosis were selected as the control group. St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and Pneumoconiosis Questionnaire were used to collect and compare information on the age, working age of dust exposure, economic sources, employment status, income, medical security and quality of life of two groups of patients. Results: The age of migrant worker pneumoconiosis patients in the observation group was (58.1±8.1) years old, and the working age of dust exposure was (19.3±10.1) years. The main source of income was children support (85.5%, 171/200), employment status was mainly wait for employment or unemployed (69.0%, 138/200), personal monthly income was mainly non income (90.0%, 180/200), and family annual income was mainly less than 10000 yuan (48.0%, 96/200). The average personal annual medical expenditure of 5000-<10000 yuan accounted for 42.0% (84/200). The age of pneumoconiosis patients in the control group was (59.2±8.9) years old, and the working age of dust exposure was (20.2±10.5) years. The main source of income was retirement pension or salary (99.0%, 198/200), with retirement as the main employment status (66.0%, 132/200), the main personal monthly income was 2000-<4000 yuan (61.5%, 123/200), the main family annual income was 20000-<40000 yuan (44.0%, 88/200), and the average personal annual medical expenditure was mostly non-expenditure (92.0%, 184/200). There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of economic sources, employment status, personal monthly income, family annual income and average personal annual medical expenditure between the two groups (P<0.001). The main type of insurance for the observation group was rural cooperative medical care (68.5%, 137/200), and 87.0% (174/200) had no medical reimbursement and a proportion less than 50%. There were statistically significant differences in insurance type and medical reimbursement proportion between the two groups (P<0.001). The respiratory symptoms, activity ability, daily life influence and total quality of life scores of pneumoconiosis patients in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.001) . Conclusion: Migrant workers with pneumoconiosis have low income, high medical expenditure, low medical reimbursement proportion and poor quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to draw high attention from relevant departments and provide timely attention and assistance to improve the quality of life of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis.

Perspectives of health practitioners on the challenges to accessing sexual and reproductive health care services for Venezuelan migrant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Quito, Ecuador / Perspectivas de los prestadores de atención de salud sobre las dificultades de acceso a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva de las mujeres migrantes venezolanas durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Quito (Ecuador) / Perspectivas dos profissionais de saúde sobre as dificuldades de acesso aos serviços de saúde sexual e reprodutiva das mulheres migrantes venezuelanas durante a pandemia de COVID-19 em Quito, Equador

ABSTRACT Objectives. To describe the perspectives of health practitioners on the barriers, gaps, and opportunities that Venezuelan migrant women experienced to accessing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services during the COVID-19 pandemic and how SRH services were affected in Quito, Ecuador. Methods. Health practitioners involved in SRH services at nine public health care facilities in three zones of Quito were surveyed. The Minimum Initial Service Package readiness assessment tool survey, available from the Inter-Agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crisis, was adapted for use and data collection in Ecuador. Results. Of 297 respondents, 227 were included in the analysis. Only 16% of the health practitioners agreed that discrimination against migrant Venezuelans women occurred in the health care system. Of those, only 2.3% described specific conditions associated with discrimination, including requiring identification documents (7.5%) and lack of empathy or responsiveness (6.6%). Most (65.2%) respondents reported that the COVID-19 pandemic affected the use of SRH services by women in the general population and by Venezuelan migrant women more so (56.3%) because of more limited access to SRH services, poverty, and vulnerability. There were no differences between perceptions by levels of health care facility, except with regard to the lack of supplies, awareness of discrimination, and the belief that Venezuelan migrant women were affected more negatively than the local population. Conclusion. The perception among health practitioners in Quito was that discrimination occurred infrequently during the COVID-19 pandemic despite affecting the health care system. However, some level of discrimination toward migrant Venezuelan migrant women seeking SRH services was acknowledged and may be underrepresented.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Describir las perspectivas de los prestadores de atención de salud sobre los obstáculos, las brechas y las oportunidades que registraron las mujeres migrantes venezolanas para acceder a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva (SSR) durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y cómo se vieron afectados estos servicios en Quito (Ecuador). Métodos. Se encuestó a prestadores de atención de salud que trabajan en servicios de SSR en nueve centros de salud pública de tres zonas de Quito. Se utilizó una adaptación de la encuesta sobre el instrumento de evaluación de la disposición operativa del paquete de servicios iniciales mínimos, disponible en el Grupo de Trabajo Interinstitucional sobre Salud Reproductiva en Situaciones de Crisis, para la recopilación de datos en Ecuador. Resultados. De las 297 personas encuestadas, 227 quedaron incluidas en el análisis. Solo el 16% de los prestadores de atención de salud estaba de acuerdo en que en el sistema de salud había discriminación contra las mujeres migrantes venezolanas. De estos, solo el 2,3% describió circunstancias específicas asociadas a la discriminación, como la exigencia de documentos de identidad (7,5%) y la falta de empatía o capacidad de respuesta (6,6%). La mayoría (65,2%) de las personas encuestadas manifestó que la pandemia de COVID-19 había impactado en el uso de los servicios de SSR por parte de las mujeres de la población general y, en mayor medida, por parte de las mujeres migrantes venezolanas (56,3%) debido a sus limitaciones para acceder a los servicios de SSR, su pobreza y su vulnerabilidad. No hubo diferencias en las percepciones según el nivel de los centros de salud, excepto con respecto a la falta de insumos, la concientización sobre la discriminación y la creencia de que estas mujeres se vieron más afectadas que la población local. Conclusión. La percepción en los prestadores de atención de salud en Quito fue que, pese a ser un fenómeno que afectaba al sistema de atención de salud, la discriminación había sido poco frecuente durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Sin embargo, se reconoció cierto nivel de discriminación hacia las mujeres migrantes venezolanas que solicitaban servicios de SSR y que este fenómeno podría estar subrepresentado.

RESUMO Objetivos. Descrever as perspectivas dos profissionais de saúde sobre as barreiras, lacunas e oportunidades que as mulheres migrantes venezuelanas encontraram para acessar serviços de saúde sexual e reprodutiva (SSR) durante a pandemia de COVID-19 e como esses serviços foram afetados em Quito, Equador. Métodos. Foram entrevistados profissionais de saúde envolvidos nos serviços de SSR de nove unidades públicas de saúde de três zonas de Quito. Adaptou-se o questionário de avaliação da prontidão para oferecer o pacote de serviço inicial mínimo, disponibilizado pelo grupo de trabalho interagencial sobre saúde reprodutiva em situações de crise, a fim de realizar a coleta de dados no Equador. Resultados. Dos 297 respondentes, 227 foram incluídos na análise. Apenas 16% dos profissionais de saúde concordaram que havia discriminação contra mulheres migrantes venezuelanas no sistema de saúde. Desses, apenas 2,3% descreveram condições específicas associadas à discriminação, como cobrança de documentos de identificação (7,5%) e falta de empatia ou responsividade (6,6%). A maioria (65,2%) dos respondentes relatou que a pandemia de COVID-19 afetou o uso dos serviços de SSR por mulheres na população de modo geral. As mulheres migrantes venezuelanas foram mais afetadas (56,3%) devido ao acesso limitado a serviços de SSR e à pobreza e vulnerabilidade. Não houve diferenças de percepção entre diferentes níveis de atenção à saúde, exceto no que diz respeito à falta de insumos, sensibilização para a discriminação e crença de que as mulheres migrantes venezuelanas foram afetadas de forma mais negativa que a população local. Conclusão. Para os profissionais de saúde em Quito, a discriminação foi pouco frequente durante a pandemia de COVID-19, embora a pandemia tenha afetado o sistema de saúde. Entretanto, os profissionais reconheceram certo nível de discriminação contra as mulheres migrantes venezuelanas que procuram serviços de SSR, que pode estar sub-representado.

Perspective of immigrants on personal and family integration in brazilian society / Perspectiva de los inmigrantes sobre la integración personal y familiar en la sociedad brasileña / Perspectiva de imigrantes sobre a integração pessoal e familiar na sociedade brasileira

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the experiences of immigrants and their families related to integration in Brazil. Method: this is a descriptive study, with a qualitative approach, carried out in a municipality in southern Brazil. The informants were 13 immigrants who had lived in Brazil between six months and five years and who were able to communicate in Portuguese, English or Spanish. Data were collected between May and November 2021, through semi-structured interviews, audio-recorded and subjected to thematic content analysis. Results: the 13 participants were aged between 27 and 65 years (mean age 36 years), nine of whom were women, seven from Venezuela and the others from countries in South, Central America and Africa. Three categories emerged which show the adversities experienced, especially in relation to jobs (low wages, labor exploitation, non-recognition of academic titles), communication difficulties and distance from family. On the other hand, they also show satisfaction with public safety, health care and the possibility of personal and professional development. To maintain family unity and their origins, people in an immigration situation financially help members who could not migrate, make typical foods and use the native language in the home environment. Conclusion: integration into Brazilian society is permeated by challenges, namely the absence/distance from family of origin and/or constituted, lack of understanding of language, work and financial problems and social support network weakness. However, immigrants seek to maintain an adequate family functioning based on the support of institutions and the maintenance of the culture of origin.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir las experiencias de los inmigrantes y sus familias con respecto a la integración en Brasil. Método: estudio descriptivo, con abordaje cualitativo, realizado en un municipio del sur de Brasil. Los informantes fueron 13 inmigrantes que habían vivido en Brasil entre seis meses y cinco años y que podían comunicarse en portugués, inglés o español. Los datos fueron recolectados entre mayo y noviembre de 2021, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, grabadas en audio y sometidas a análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: los 13 participantes tenían entre 27 y 65 años (edad media 36 años), nueve de los cuales eran mujeres, siete de Venezuela y los demás de países de América del Sur, Central y África. Emergieron tres categorías que muestran las adversidades vividas, especialmente en relación al trabajo (bajos salarios, explotación laboral, no reconocimiento de títulos académicos), dificultades de comunicación y distanciamiento familiar. Por otro lado, también muestran satisfacción con la seguridad pública, la atención de la salud y la posibilidad de desarrollo personal y profesional. Para mantener la unidad familiar y sus orígenes, las personas en situación de inmigración ayudan económicamente a los miembros que no pudieron migrar, elaboran comidas típicas y utilizan la lengua materna en el ámbito familiar. Conclusión: la integración en la sociedad brasileña está permeada por desafíos, a saber, la ausencia/lejanía de la familia de origen y/o constituida, la falta de comprensión del idioma, los problemas laborales y financieros y la debilidad en la red de apoyo social. Sin embargo, los inmigrantes buscan mantener un adecuado funcionamiento familiar basado en el apoyo de las instituciones y el mantenimiento de la cultura de origen.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever as vivências de imigrantes e suas famílias relativas à integração no Brasil. Método: estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, realizado em município no Sul do Brasil. Os informantes foram 13 imigrantes que residiam no Brasil entre seis meses e cinco anos e que conseguiam se comunicar em português, inglês ou espanhol. Os dados foram coletados entre maio e novembro de 2021, mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas, audiogravadas e submetidas à análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados: os 13 participantes tinham idades entre 27 e 65 anos (média de 36 anos), sendo nove mulheres, sete provenientes da Venezuela e os demais de países da América do Sul, Central e África. Emergiram três categorias as quais mostram as adversidades experienciadas, sobretudo em relação a empregos (baixos salários, exploração de mão de obra, não reconhecimento de títulos acadêmicos), dificuldades de comunicação e distância da família. Por outro lado, mostram também a satisfação com a segurança pública, assistência à saúde e possibilidade de desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional. Para manter a união familiar e suas origens, as pessoas em situação de imigração ajudam financeiramente os membros que não puderam migrar, fazem comidas típicas e utilizam o idioma nativo no ambiente domiciliar. Conclusão: a integração à sociedade brasileira é permeada por desafios, nomeadamente pela ausência/distância da família de origem e/ou constituída, não compreensão do idioma, problemas laborais e financeiros e fragilidade na rede de apoio social. Contudo, os imigrantes buscam manter um adequado funcionamento familiar a partir do apoio de instituições e da manutenção da cultura de origem.

Health care access and migration experiences among Venezuelan female sex workers living in the Dominican Republic / Experiencias en materia de migración y acceso a la atención de salud en trabajadoras sexuales venezolanas residentes en República Dominicana / Acesso à atenção à saúde e experiências de migração entre trabalhadoras do sexo venezuelanas que vivem na República Dominicana

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify sexual risk behaviors and barriers to sexual and reproductive health care (SRH) among Venezuelan female sex workers living in the Dominican Republic. Methods. This was a mixed-methods study using four focus group discussions (FGDs) and a cross-sectional quantitative survey with Venezuelan migrant female sex workers. The study was conducted from September through October 2021 in two urban areas (Santo Domingo and Puerto Plata) in the Dominican Republic. Information collected from the FGDs was analyzed using thematic content analysis, and quantitative data were analyzed using univariate descriptive statistics. Data analysis was conducted from 30 November 2021 to 20 February 2022. Results. In all, 40 Venezuelan migrant female sex workers with a median (range) age of 33 (19-49) years participated in the FGDs and survey. The FDGs identified barriers to SRH services, including immigration status and its implications for formal employment and health access, mental wellbeing, quality-of-life in the Dominican Republic, navigating sex work, perceptions of sex work, SRH knowledge, and limited social support. Findings of the quantitative analysis indicated that most participants reported feeling depressed (78%), lonely/isolated (75%), and having difficulty sleeping (88%). Participants reported an average of 10 sexual partners in the past 30 days; 55% had engaged in sexual practices while under the influence of alcohol; and only 39% had used a condom when performing oral sex in the past 30 days. Regarding AIDS/HIV, 79% had taken an HIV test in the past 6 months, and 74% knew where to seek HIV services. Conclusions. This mixed-methods study found that nationality and social exclusion have a multilayered influence on migrant female sex workers, sexual risk behaviors, and access to health care. Recommendations for effective evidence-based interventions to address sexual health knowledge need to be implemented to address risky sexual behaviors, improve access to SRH, and reduce affordability barriers.

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RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar comportamentos sexuais de risco e barreiras aos cuidados de saúde sexual e reprodutiva (SSR) entre trabalhadoras do sexo venezuelanas que vivem na República Dominicana. Métodos. Estudo de métodos mistos. Foram realizadas quatro discussões com grupos focais e uma pesquisa quantitativa transversal com trabalhadoras do sexo migrantes venezuelanas. O estudo foi realizado de setembro a outubro de 2021 em dois áreas urbanas (Santo Domingo e Puerto Plata) da República Dominicana. As informações coletadas dos grupos focais foram analisadas por meio de análise temática de conteúdo, e os dados quantitativos foram analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas univariadas. A análise dos dados foi realizada de 30 de novembro de 2021 a 20 de fevereiro de 2022. Resultados. No total, 40 trabalhadoras do sexo migrantes venezuelanas, com mediana de idade de 33 anos (mínimo, 19; máximo, 49), participaram dos grupos focais e da pesquisa. Os grupos focais identificaram barreiras aos serviços de SSR, incluindo status de imigração e suas repercussões para o emprego formal e o acesso à saúde, bem-estar mental, qualidade de vida na República Dominicana, navegação do trabalho sexual, percepções do trabalho sexual, conhecimento de SSR e apoio social limitado. Conforme a análise quantitativa, a maioria das participantes relatou sentir-se deprimida (78%), solitária/isolada (75%) e com dificuldade para dormir (88%). As participantes relataram uma média de 10 parceiros sexuais nos últimos 30 dias; 55% praticaram sexo sob efeito de álcool; e apenas 39% usaram preservativo na prática de sexo oral nos últimos 30 dias. Em relação ao HIV/aids, 79% fizeram teste de HIV nos últimos 6 meses e 74% sabiam onde procurar serviços de HIV. Conclusões. Este estudo de métodos mistos constatou que a nacionalidade e a exclusão social têm uma influência multifacetada nas trabalhadoras do sexo migrantes, nos comportamentos sexuais de risco e no acesso à atenção à saúde. É preciso implementar recomendações para intervenções eficazes e baseadas em evidências para abordar o conhecimento da saúde sexual, visando a abordar comportamentos sexuais de risco, melhorar o acesso aos serviços de SSR e reduzir as barreiras de acessibilidade.

An Exploration of Pulmonary Fitness of Construction Workers in Delhi NCR in Light of the Building and Other Construction Workers Act, 1996

Workers in the construction sector are exposed to high concentrations of particulate matter at their workplace. This increases their susceptibility to various respiratory diseases, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The study reports comparative pulmonary fitness and hematological parameters of the migrant workers in the construction sector versus other sectors in Delhi. Parameters such as forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 ), the ratio of FEV1 to FVC, and peak expiratory flow were measured in both groups using a spirometer. We observed significant differences (P < 0.05) in FEV1 and FVC between both groups. The study thus confirms that workers exposed to poor air quality at the construction site are susceptible to respiratory diseases, particularly ARDS. All of this reflects the poor enforcement of the adequate safety measures well enlisted in social legislations such as the Building and Other Construction Workers Act.

Indian Nurse’s Diaspora in Global Health Care; Uncovering the Key Findings About Migration of Nurses from Indian Perspective: A Review

There is no doubt that consequences of health workforce migration are serious for any developing coun-try. The world's largest health care migrating population is from India. India has a population of 1.38 bil-lion, about 17.7% of the world’s population and we, as a nation, are struggling to prepare future-ready health care professionals and our own health professionals’ needs are not met. However, large numbers of Indian nurses migrate to developed countries due to numerous factors. Economic factors are consid-ered main force for migration, but not always purely responsible, as nurses look for safety, security, re-spect, and dignity of their profession. This scoping review is employed to find causes, consequences, and strategies related to international migration of Indian Nurses.

Seroprevalencia de SARS-CoV-2 y factores asociados en migrantes con vocación de permanencia, Bucaramanga, Colombia / SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and associated factors among migrants with a vocation for permanence, Bucaramanga, Colombia / Soroprevalência de SARS-CoV-2 e fatores associados em migrantes com vocação de permanência, Bucaramanga, Colômbia

Introducción: Existen pocos reportes que evalúen la seroprevalencia contra SARS-CoV-2 en población migrante en el mundo. Estos estudios ayudan a conocer la exposición al virus en las poblaciones para implementar acciones que reduzcan el impacto de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Objetivo: Determinar la seroprevalencia contra SARS CoV-2 en migrantes con vocación de permanencia en Bucaramanga, e identificar factores asociados a la infección previa por SARS-CoV-2. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal analítico con muestreo consecutivo. Se incluyeron migrantes adultos en Bucaramanga durante febrero/2021. Se realizaron encuestas e inmunoensayos de quimioluminiscencia para IgM e IgG contra SARS-CoV-2 en suero. Se calcularon razones de prevalencia (RP) con regresión log-binomial. Resultados:Se incluyeron 462 participantes. La seroprevalencia de IgM fue 11,7% (IC95% 9,1­14,9), de IgG fue 32,9% (IC95% 28,8­37,3) y de IgM o IgG fue 36,1% (IC95% 31,9-40,6). Exposición a un caso confirmado (RP:1,54; IC95%1,04-2,29) o sospechoso (RP:1,56; IC95%1,13-2,16) de COVID-19, seis o más convivientes (RP:1,52; IC95%1,05-2,20), estancia en Colombia ≥2 años (RP:1,43; IC95%1,11-1,92) y presencia de síntomas (RP:1,62; IC95%1,26 - 2,10) se asociaron con mayor seroprevalencia de IgG. Discusión:En Bucaramanga, la seroprevalencia en migrantes fue similar a la de migrantes en Kuwait, pero menor que en Paris y Singapur. Conclusión: En migrantes con vocación de permanencia la seroprevalencia contra SARS-CoV-2 fue similar a la reportada en residentes de Bucaramanga. El contacto con casos sospechosos/confirmados de COVID-19 y las condiciones de hacinamiento fueron algunos de los factores asociados a la seroprevalencia.

Introduction:There are few reports assessing anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the migrant population in the world. These studies help to understand the exposure of populations to the virus to take actions to reduce the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Objetive: To determine the anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in migrants with a vocation for permanence in Bucaramanga and to identify factors associated with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Materials and Methods:Analytical cross-sectional study using consecutive sampling, which included adult migrants in Bucaramanga in February 2021. Surveys were conducted, and chemiluminescent immunoassays were performed to detect IgM and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in serum samples. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using a log-binomial regression model. Results:The study enrolled 462 participants. IgM seroprevalence was 11.7% (95% CI 9.1­14.9), IgG seroprevalence was 32.9% (95% CI 28.8­37.3), and IgM or IgG seroprevalence was 36.1% (95% CI 31.9­40.6). Contact with a confirmed case of COVID-19 (PR:1.54; 95% CI 1.04-2.29) or suspected case (PR:1.56; 95% CI 1.13­2.16); living with six or more people (PR: 1.52; 95% CI 1.05­2.20); stay in Colombia ≥ 2 years (PR:1.43; 95% CI 1.11­1.92), and presence of symptoms (PR:1.62; 95%CI 1.26­2.10) were some factors associated with higher IgG seroprevalence. Discussion: In Bucaramanga, SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among migrants was similar to the seroprevalences of migrants in Kuwait but lower than migrants in Paris and Singapore. Conclusions: The anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among migrants with a vocation for permanence was similar to that reported among residents of Bucaramanga. Contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases and crowded conditions were some of the factors associated with seroprevalence.

Introdução: Existem poucos relatos que avaliam a soroprevalência contra SARS-CoV-2 na população migrante no mundo. Esses estudos ajudam a conhecer a exposição ao vírus nas populações para implementar ações que reduzam o impacto da infecção por SARS-CoV-2. Objetivo: Determinar a soroprevalência contra SARS CoV-2 em migrantes que pretendem permanecer em Bucaramanga e identificar fatores associados à infecção anterior por SARS-CoV-2. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo analítico transversal com amostragem consecutiva. Foram incluídos migrantes adultos em Bucaramanga durante fevereiro/2021. Foram realizados levantamentos e imunoensaios de quimioluminescência para IgM e IgG contra SARS-CoV-2 no soro. As razões de prevalência (RP) foram calculadas com regressão log-binomial. Resultados: foram incluídos 462 participantes. A soroprevalência de IgM foi de 11,7% (IC 95% 9,1-14,9), de IgG foi de 32,9% (IC 95% 28,8-37,3) e de IgM ou IgG foi de 36,1% (IC95% 31,9-40,6). Exposição a um caso confirmado (RP: 1,54; IC 95% 1,04-2,29) ou caso suspeito (RP: 1,56; IC 95% 1,13-2,16) de COVID-19, seis ou mais coabitantes (RP: 1,52; IC 95% 1,05 -2,20), permanência na Colômbia ≥2 anos (RP: 1,43; IC 95% 1,11-1,92) e presença de sintomas (RP: 1,62; IC95%1,26 - 2,10) foram associados a maior soroprevalência de IgG. Discussão: Em Bucaramanga, a soroprevalência em migrantes foi semelhante à de migrantes no Kuwait, mas menor do que em Paris e Cingapura. Conclusão: Em migrantes com vocação de permanência, a soroprevalência contra SARS-CoV-2 foi semelhante à relatada em residentes de Bucaramanga. O contato com casos suspeitos/confirmados de COVID-19 e as condições de superlotação foram alguns dos fatores associados à soroprevalência.

Impacto de la salud oral en la calidad de vida en relación a la caries dental y los determinantes sociales en migrantes venezolanos Lima-2019 / Impact of Oral Health on Quality of Life in Relation to Dental Caries and Social Determinants in Venezuelan Migrants Lima-2019

Resumen Evaluar los resultados del impacto de la salud oral en la calidad de vida mediante el OHIP-14 en relación a la caries dental y los determinantes sociales en migrantes venezolanos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en una población de 350 migrantes venezolanos (30.1±7,4 años; 52% Varones). Donde para evaluar el impacto de la salud oral en la calidad de vida se utilizó el cuestionario Oral Health Impact Profile spanish versión Lima (OHIP-14sp Lima), contrastándose tanto con factores clínicos (índice CPOD) como sociodemográficos, para poder determinar la influencia de estos sobre el instrumento. Se determinó el impacto de la salud oral en la calidad de vida (OHIP-14), según el promedio de puntaje general y por dimensiones. Posteriormente, se realizó un examen clínico evaluando la presencia de lesiones de caries dental (Índice CPOD) y se recolectaron datos sociodemográficos por medio de una encuesta. El promedio del OHIP-14sp Lima generó un impacto negativo del 10.6% en la población migrante. Donde la dimensión de Malestar Psicológico fue la que demostró una mayor frecuencia de impacto negativo con un porcentaje de 38,3%. Los resultados del OHIP-14 sp Lima en el total de migrantes evaluados, fueron bajos en términos porcentuales, generando en su mayoría un promedio de un impacto positivo. Sin embargo, no se puede descartar que factores sociodemográficos como el sexo y niveles de escolaridad; fueron factores que sí generaron un impacto negativo, afectando significativamente los resultados observados en una o varias de las dimensiones evaluadas mediante el instrumento OHIP-14 en el presente estudio.

Abstract To evaluate the results of the impact of oral health on quality of life through the OHIP-14 in relation to dental caries and social determinants in Venezuelan migrants. A cross-sectional study was carried out in a population of 350 Venezuelan migrants (30.1±7.4 years; 52% Men). Where to evaluate the impact of oral health on quality of life, the Oral Health Impact Profile Spanish version Lima questionnaire (OHIP-14sp Lima) was used, contrasting with both clinical (DMFT index) and sociodemographic factors, in order to determine the influence of these on the instrument. The impact of oral health on quality of life (OHIP-14) was determined, according to the average general score and by dimensions. Subsequently, a clinical examination was carried out evaluating the presence of dental caries lesions (DMFT Index) and sociodemographic data were collected through a survey. The average of the OHIP-14sp Lima generated a negative impact of 10.6% on the migrant population. The dimension of "Psychological Discomfort" was the one that showed a higher frequency of negative impact with a percentage of 38.3%. The results of the OHIP-14 sp Lima in the total of evaluated migrants were low in percentage terms, generating mostly an average of a positive impact. However, it cannot be ruled out that sociodemographic factors such as sex and levels of education; they were factors that did generate a negative impact, significantly affecting the results observed in one or more of the dimensions evaluated using the OHIP-14 instrument in the present study.

La salud como representación social: el fenómeno de la salud dentro de la cotidianidad de las personas migrantes nicaragüenses en Costa Rica / Health as a social representation: The phenomenon of health within the daily life of nicaraguan migrants in Costa Rica

Resumen Introducción: la salud está cargada de simbolismos y manifestaciones prácticas que difieren según los grupos sociales y los contextos socioculturales. Con el fin de visibilizar la cotidianidad y las necesidades, el paradigma teórico de las representaciones sociales aporta las bases teórico-metodológicas pertinentes para comprender los conocimientos de sentido común asociados a la salud entre la población migrante nicaragüense en Costa Rica. Metodología: estudio de abordaje cualitativo y enfoque etnográfico con el fin de identificar la representación social de la salud por medio de los procesos de la objetivación y el anclaje presentes entre las personas migrantes nicaragüenses radicadas en Costa Rica. Datos recolectados por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas, observación participante y diarios de campo. Procesamiento según análisis de contenido. Resultados: la representación social de la salud hallada se comporta de manera análoga a una fórmula, en donde la búsqueda de ambientes pacíficos se suma a la consecución de estabilidad financiera para dar como resultado dos representaciones interdependientes: 1) salud como fuerza físico-mental y 2) salud como sensación futura y abstracta de bienestar, felicidad y trascendencia. Los antecedentes socio-políticos en Nicaragua, el proceso migratorio, y la adaptación a Costa Rica juegan un rol preponderante en dicha conformación. Conclusión: las representaciones sociales sobre la salud poseen implicaciones prácticas directas sobre los modos de vida y las necesidades de los colectivos migrantes. Comprender su conocimiento de sentido común permite avanzar hacia políticas públicas más contextualizadas. Se recomienda mayor integración de los pensamientos, las opiniones y los sentimientos de las personas migrantes en plataformas de toma de decisiones

Abstract Introduction. Health is loaded with symbolisms and practical manifestations that differ according to social groups and sociocultural contexts. In order to make everyday life and needs visible, the Theoretical Paradigm of Social Representations provides the theoretical-methodological bases necessary to understand the common sense knowledge associated with health among the Nicaraguan migrant population in Costa Rica. Methodology: Qualitative study with ethnographic approach that aimed to identify the social representation of health, through the process of objectification, present among Nicaraguan migrants living in Costa Rica. Data collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and field diaries. Processing according to Content Analysis. Results: The social representation of health found behaves analogously to a formula; where, the search for peaceful environments is added to the achievement of financial stability to result in two interdependent representations: 1) Health as physical-mental strength; and 2) Health as a future and abstract sensation of well-being, happiness and transcendence. The socio-political antecedents in Nicaragua, the migratory process, and the adaptation to Costa Rica play a preponderant role in shaping the representation on health. Conclusion: Social representations about health have direct practical implications on the ways of life and needs of migrant groups. Understanding their common sense knowledge allows to move towards more contextualized public policies. More integration of the thoughts, opinions and feelings of migrants in decision-making platforms is recommended.

Representaciones sociales sobre la migración haitiana en la escuela chilena / Social representations of Haitian migration in Chilean schools / Representações sociais sobre a migração haitiana na escola chilena

Resumen (analítico) Se parte de la siguiente pregunta: ¿cómo representan las y los escolares chilenos de educación básica de una escuela pública de Santiago a sus compañeras y compañeros migrantes haitianos? Se utiliza un enfoque cuantitativo que recurre a la encuesta como instrumento fundamental de estudio. Las variables examinadas son el género y el nivel escolar según la edad del estudiantado, dando como resultado, por un lado, que las estudiantes de género femenino y quienes cursan de 1º a 4º año básico tienden a representar socialmente al estudiantado haitiano de modo positivo y, por otro lado, que los estudiantes de género masculino y quienes cursan de 5º a 8º año básico tienden a generar representaciones prejuiciosas y desestimadas de las y los migrantes.

Abstract (analytical) This research begins with the following question: How do Chilean school children in a public primary school in Santiago represent their Haitian migrant classmates? A quantitative approach was with a survey selected as the main data collection tool. The variables included gender and year level. The results show that female students and those aged between 6 and 9 tend to socially represent Haitian students in an evaluative manner while male students and those aged between 10 and 15 tend to generate prejudiced and dismissive representations of migrants.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo parte da seguinte pergunta: Como os escolares chilenos do ensino básico de uma escola pública de Santiago representam seus companheiros migrantes haitianos? É utilizada uma abordagem quantitativa que utiliza a pesquisa como um instrumento de estudo fundamental. As variáveis examinadas são gênero e nível escolar de acordo com a idade do corpo discente, resultando, por um lado, que estudantes do sexo feminino e entre 6 e 9 anos tendem a representar socialmente os alunos haitianos de forma avaliativa e, por outro lado, que estudantes do sexo masculino e entre 10 e 15 anos tendem a gerar representações preconceituosas e subestimadas dos migrantes.

Correlations of long working hours and shift work with sleep of migrant workers / 环境与职业医学

Background Long working hours (LWH) and shift work are harmful to the physical and mental health of occupational groups. Objective To understand the status quo of LWH and shift work of migrant workers in Shanghai, and to analyze the influence of the above two factors on sleep of the population. Methods From July to September 2018, a cross-sectional survey using questionnaires was conducted among 3215 in-service employees at seven workplaces with more than 300 employees in six selected districts of Shanghai using multi-stage random sampling method. A total of 2976 valid questionnaires were collected, with a valid response rate of 92.6%. The questionnaires included general demographic characteristics, personal health behavior, work-related factors, weekly working hours, shift work, and sleep. Univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the relationships of LWH and shift work with sleep, and an interaction item was included to evaluate potential interaction between LWH and shift work. Result The average age of the subjects was (30.98±9.49) years old, the male to female ratio was 1∶1.20, and 2382 workers were reported without local residency (80.0%). Among the migrant workers, the average weekly working hours was (57.23±13.14) h, the proportions of LWH (weekly working hours>40 h), extra LWH (weekly working hours>55 h), and shift work were 80.6% (1919/2382), 60.3% (1436/2382), and 25.4% (600/2366), respectively, all above were significantly higher than those of local workers. The prevalence rates of insomnia and lack of sleep among the migrant workers were 46.3% (1091/2356) and 25.4% (597/2354), respectively. The results of logistic regression model showed that after adjusting demographic characteristics such as gender, age, education level, and monthly income, as well as occupation and personal health behavior, compared with working hours ≤40 h per week, working 55-60 h per week was a risk factor for insomnia of migrant workers (OR=1.33, 95%CI: 1.02-1.72), while working >60 h per week was a risk factor for both insomnia (OR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.05-1.78) and insufficient sleep (OR=1.73, 95%CI: 1.28-2.35) of migrant workers. Shift work was only associated with insomnia (OR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.11-1.69). Meanwhile, working hours>60 h per week and shift work had an interaction effect on insomnia of migrant workers (OR=2.35, 95%CI: 1.20-4.60). Conclusion LWH and shift work are prominent among migrant workers, and there is an interaction between LWH and shift work with insomnia.