Study of Ground Water Behaviour in the Tons Pump Canal Command Area of Karchhana Tehsil, Prayagaraj

The study of groundwater behaviour in the Tons Pump canal command area of Karchhana Tehsil was carried out by utilizing ground water table data from 1997 to 2021 (25 years). During the study period, the pre-monsoon water table depth ranged from 3.25 m to 19.55 m, whereas the post-monsoon depth ranged from 1.71 m to 17.70 m. The water table trend in the study area during the pre-monsoon season revealed that at 83.55% of the locations having falling trend, while the remaining 16.45% experienced neither rising nor falling trend in the water table. During post-monsoon season, the water table was falling at 89.99% locations, with the rest 10.10% having neither rising nor falling trend. Therefore, the study found that the majority of the study area was experiencing water table fall due to over-exploitation of ground water in the both pre and post-monsoon season. Development stages of the groundwater utilization study from 1997 to 2021 showed that during the year 1997, all block of the study area was found under safe category.The overall utilisation of groundwater development stage was determined to be 44.93%. In 2021, the overall development stage of groundwater utilization was found to be 64.11% and the entire study area comes under safe category of groundwater utilization. It was found that groundwater levels in the study area were progressively rising. Therefore, it was necessary to enhance the surface water supply through canal systems to reduce the draft of groundwater as well as artificial groundwater recharge is necessary to arrest the groundwater at the desired level in the study area.

Impact of El-Nino and La-Nina Episodes on Rainfall Variability and Crop Yield

El Nino and La Nina events have an impact on the Indian monsoon in terms of less rainfall than average and more rainfall in La Nina years. El-Nino events are more likely to see rainfall variability during the monsoon and depressions over the Bay of Bengal (July-August). ENSO is a disruption in ocean surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation over the Pacific Ocean leading to wide spread changes in rainfall/precipitation regimes around the world. El Nino years' effects on crop production in India as a result of lower rainfall during the south-west monsoon. In the kharif season (June to September), crops suffer from moisture and have lower yields in El-Nino years, but the opposite in La-Nina years. The El Nino is associate with the possibility of drought like situation at many occasions and La Nina is the opposite of El-Nino events.

Estimation of Surface and Subsurface Soil Moisture Using Microwave Remote Sensing: A Typical Analysis

Accurate measurement and monitoring of surface and subsurface soil moisture is essential for understanding hydrological processes, crop growth modeling, crop water requirement, and climate studies. Accurate measurement of the soil moisture content (SMC) in the root zone is essential for precise irrigation authority and plant water stress evaluation. However, the existing passive microwave satellite missions, Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP), that operate at L-band, can only estimate the top 5 cm of soil moisture. Microwave remote sensing has proven to be a valuable tool for non-invasive soil moisture estimation. This research aims to investigate and develop a methodology for estimating surface and subsurface soil moisture using microwave data from Sentinel-1. The study was conducted to establish the relationship between surface & the backscatter coefficient derived using the Sentinel-1 SAR microwave remote sensing satellite imagery, and relationship between surface and subsurface soil moisture at different depths, in the Godhra region. Two seasons namely summer (Zaid) and monsoon (Kharif) were taken into consideration to build up the relationship between surface soil moisture and co-polarization backscatter coefficient ( For the summer (Zaid) and monsoon (Kharif) seasons, the co-polarization backscatter coefficient ( and surface soil moisture (0-5, cm) were found to have a correlation in terms of R2 as 0.91 and 0.90, respectively. The study explores the relationship between microwave signals and surface soil moisture content (0-5, cm) and then the relationship between surface soil moisture and soil moisture at various depths were also modeled thereby contributing to improved soil moisture estimation techniques and applications. The value of the coefficient of determination (R2) of surface soil moisture (0-5, cm) to subsurface soil moisture at 6-20 cm, 21-40 cm, and 41-60 cm depths were found to be 0.60, 0.51, and 0.46, respectively, in the summer (Zaid) season. The value of the coefficient of determination (R2) of surface soil moisture (0-5, cm) to subsurface soil moisture at 6-20 cm, 21-40 cm, 41-60 cm, 61-80 cm, and 81-100 cm depths were found to be 0.83, 0.61, 0.51, 0.26, and 0.13, respectively. According to the study, it is observed that the relationship between co-polarization backscatter coefficient ( and soil moisture weakens as the depth of soil moisture increases. Overall, the regression models developed between the co-polarization backscatter coefficient ( and surface soil moisture showed very good results, whereas the regression models developed between the surface soil moisture and soil moisture at various depths showed reasonably acceptable results up to the depth of 60 cm. The findings in the present study suggest that Sentinel-1A C-band SAR data can be used to estimate surface soil moisture. It is also shown in this study that the surface soil moisture can be correlated with the subsurface soil moisture up to the depth of 60 cm, satisfactorily using regression equations.

Assessment of water quality in disease burdened industrializing town of mid hills of North India

Background: Anthropogenic activities associated with rapid urbanization and industrialization have deteriorated the water quality across the world. Rampant industrialization and poor water, sanitation and hygiene in an industrializing town of northern India necessitated the assessment of drinking water in the region. Methods: The study of physico-chemical parameter of the water and water quality index of the most commonly used ten drinking water sources in 2017-2018 was undertaken. Grab water samples were collected during monsoon, the rainy season (June, July and August) and post monsoon (September, October and November) during the years 2017 and 2018 by following the standard procedures. Weighted arithmetic index method was used for the water quality index (WQI) analysis. Results: Pooled analysis inferred water pH, temperature, total dissolved solids and carbonated oxygen demand to be within, whereas, electrical conductivity (91.00-431.50 µS/cm), turbidity (1.00-4.30 mg/l), dissolved oxygen (6.53-7.23 mg/l) and biological oxygen demand (6.12-7.62 mg/l), exceeding the Bureau of Indian standards permissible limits. Calcium, nitrate, chlorides and zinc were within limits, magnesium concentrations (9.16-29.35 mg/l) were below whereas lead (0.06-0.62 mg/l), chromium (0.01-0.12 mg/l), cadmium (0.00-0.25 mg/l) and mercury (0.00-0.08 mg/l) were above the standards. WQI was above 50 in all the drinking water sources. Conclusions: Water was of poor quality and unsuitable for drinking purposes, indicating alarming water pollution. WQI of the various drinking water sources of the region deteriorated more in the monsoon season as compared to the post monsoon season.

Statistical Analysis of Rainfall Pattern and Trend of Chhattisgarh State, India

To analyze, the present rainfall status and trend, the long term weather data (1980-2020) viz., gridded annual rainfall data was analysed which was obtained from the department of Agrometeorology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur, Using linear trend, the long-term change in rainfall has been evaluated. It is obsered that the state receives the maximum amount of rainfall from the southwest monsoon, around 87 percent from June to September, the state receives 15 percent in June and the state receives 29,26 and 16 percent rainfall in the Month of July, August and September, respectively. Long term weather data of state rainfall, it is seen that rainfall in June and September is less consistent since the coefficient of variation is around 33 and 30 percent, respectively; we would conclude that rainfall in June has more variability than in monsoon months, SW monsoon and annual rainfall. Average Monsoon and Annual rainfall variability are less than monsoon months. District-wise minimum rainfall variability of June, July, August, and September is around 37 percent (Kanker) and 22 percent (Jashpur). Kabirdham district has a 25 percent variability in August and September. District Kanker and Raigarh varied around 14 percent for monsoon and annual rainfall. As the linear regression in southwest monsoon and annual rainfall in the state of Chhattisgarh is increasing in order, but from 1980 to 2020 it shows more fluctuation in trend line, then if a system is developed for agrometeorology station at cluster level or block level and for forecasting, it will be able to account for these changes.From this, farmers will receive timely information about the monsoon and rainfall, allowing them to conduct agricultural activities at the appropriate time.

Relationship between Rainfall Pattern in North Central and Southern Nigeria and Some Tropical Climate Systems

Monthly rainfall data from meteorological stations in Nigeria are analyzed from 1951 to 1992, to establish their relationship with some Tropical climate systems. The climate systems include Tropical South Atlantic (TSA) sea surface temperature index, North Atlantic Ocean (NAO) atmospheric index, Tropical North Atlantic (TNA) sea surface temperature index, Central India Precipitation (CIP) and and Outgoing Longwave Radiation Anomaly (OLRA)). The rainfall pattern was given in terms of the August break (quantified in terms of the monsoon break intensity (MBI) and annual rainfall anomaly index (RAI). Partial correlation analysis was carried out to determine the effect of the tropical climate systems on the linear association between them and the stations in Nigeria. Our results show that the rainfall anomalies although sometimes intense do not have predictable patterns. The tele connection between CIP and total rainfall in Nigeria suggests that the rainfall patterns in Nigeria is likely to be modulated by the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) connecting rainfall pattern in Central India to that in Nigeria. The August break is observed to be highly variable and does not show a clear discernable pattern of variability. Its variability may be connected with multiple forcings from ocean and mesoscale circulations.

Effects of occupational sunlight exposure and monsoon season on vitamin D concentration among outdoor and indoor workers in Malaysia

@#Introduction: Despite abundant sunshine for cutaneous vitamin D synthesis, low levels of vitamin D have been documented among the Malaysian population. The aim of this study was to characterise the effects of occupational sunlight exposure and monsoon season on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was performed among Malay outdoor (n=119) and indoor workers (n=119) in Kelantan. Two-point data were collected on the same participants, first during non-monsoon season and second during the northeast monsoon season. Data collection comprised of anthropometry measurements (body mass index and body fat), fasting blood test [serum 25(OH)D concentration], and questionnaire (physical activity level, sun exposure, sun protection use, and vitamin D intake). Vitamin D classification was based on the 2011 Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines. Results: This study found that serum 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly higher in outdoor compared to indoor workers irrespective of season (p<0.001) and sex (p<0.001). Monsoonal differences in serum 25(OH)D concentration was only observed in male outdoor workers (mean difference=10.39 nmol/l, p<0.001). Significant association between vitamin D status and occupation was also observed (p<0.001). However, no significant association was found between vitamin D status and monsoon season [χ2(1)=0.076, p=0.783]. Conclusion: Seasonal and occupational factors should be considered while evaluating individual serum 25(OH)D concentration and in comparing community studies, especially among workers.

Observational study to assess demographic, clinical profile and outcome of acute kidney injury due to acute gastroenteritis during monsoon season

Background: Worldwide incidence and causes of acute kidney injury (AKI) are variable and even more in developed and developing countries. At least 80% of AKI in tropics is community acquired. Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a common problem in developing countries. Present study concentrates on AGE as cause of AKI during monsoon period. It presents in epidemic proportion during monsoon and is preventable with timely intervention.Methods: The study was carried out prospectively in tertiary care hospital in Mumbai during monsoon season of 2012 and 2013. AKI was staged as per AKIN criteria. Patients were treated for primary disease and AKI, initially conservatively and dialysis if indicated. Patients were followed during the hospital stay.Results: Two hundred and thirty patients had AKI due to infectious disease during monsoon. Incidence of AKI due to diarrhea was 23%, and affecting males predominantly in 4th decade. Diarrhea and vomiting were the most common presenting complaints. 32% patients required dialysis. Mortality rate was 3.8%.Conclusions: AKI secondary to AGE is common in tropics. Treatment of primary disease and hemodynamic optimization at the earliest helps to prevent AKI. Presents with less severe AKI and has better outcome. Multiorgan involvement and need for supportive lifesaving therapies were risk factors for AKI.

Clinical profile of scrub typhus patients in a tertiary care centre in Himachal Pradesh, India

Background: Scrub typhus a zoonotic disease caused by gram negative bacteria O. tsutsugamushi, is endemic in Himachal Pradesh. This illness occurs mainly in monsoon and post monsoon season. study design of  this study was conducted in a tertiary care centre in Himachal Pradesh between July 2015 and June 2016. All the indoor patients with age above 18 years with a diagnosis of scrub typhus were included in this study.Results: Out of total 180 patients, 130 were female patients. Most patients were in the age group 21-30 (23.3%). All the patients presented with history of fever, but 54 patients presented with high grade fever. Other Most common symptom was chills and rigours (81%), followed by vomiting and headache each 32%, cough 31%. On examination 21% patients had eschar,14% patients had lymphadenopathy. Most number of patients presented in the month of September (51.6%), followed by August (33.3%).Conclusion: Scrub typhus being an important differential of acute undifferentiated fever in this region, should not be missed by primary care physicians, as once multi organ dysfunction sets in, mortality rate starts rising. So, there is a high need of sensitization of doctors and people about this illness so that early diagnosis and early treatment can be ensured.

Trends in Clinical Profile of Dengue Fever at a Tertiary Care Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan

Dengue is emerging as the most common monsoon related illness in India, particularly over the last few years. Objective: To study the clinical profile of confirmed dengue cases admitted at a tertiary care hospital and to identify the seasonal variation of the disease. This would help in effective control of dengue in the city. Methods: 765 patients who fulfilled World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and admitted in the medical indoor wards for dengue fever from January 2018 to December 2018 were selected for study. All data were entered in the Microsoft Excel worksheet and descriptive statistics were analyzed. Results: The maximum number of patients belonged to the age group 21-30 years (29.28%). It was found that more cases of Dengue occur in and around monsoon period with peak in October. The most common presentation apart from fever and bodyache were gastrointestinal symptoms. Total 103 (13.46%) patients had complications. Investigations revealed most of the complications occurred when platelet count went below 20,000 cells/mm 3. Conclusion: As most cases were reported during around monsoon period, continued and coordinated efforts should be made to control the transmitting vectors to prevent dengue outbreaks.

Phytoplankton diversity and dynamics of Chatla floodplain lake, Barak Valley,Assam, North East India - A seasonal study.

A study was carried out in Chatla floodplain lake, Barak Valley, Assam, North East India on phytoplankton diversity, density and distribution in different seasons and their correlations with physico-chemical properties of water. A total of 34 phytoplankton taxa belonging to Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae were recorded. Highest number of species was present in pre-monsoon (29) and lowest in winter (23). Members of Chlorophyceae were present in a reasonable number throughout the year while being most abundant in pre-monsoon and monsoon. Bacillariophycae and Cyanophyceae populations did not show much seasonal variation. Percentage composition of Euglenophyceae showed clear seasonal change, being most dominant in post monsoon, moderate in pre- monsoon and winter and nearly absent in monsoon. Total phytoplankton density showed highly significant positive correlation with transparency (p< 0.01) and significant positive correlation with total suspended solids, total hardness and calcium (p < 0.05). Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H/) value (2.66) was found to be the highest during pre-monsoon while the highest evenness (J/) value (0.89) was recorded during winter. Berger-Parker index of dominance (0.45) was highest in post- monsoon. Our study revealed that the growth of phytoplankton is governed by transparency, total suspended solids, calcium and total hardness. These types of studies are prerequisites for evolving fish culture programmes and management of water resources.