Actuación de enfermería ante complicaciones mamarias relacionadas con la lactancia materna / Nursing Action in the Face of Breast Complications Related to Breastfeeding

Introducción: Las complicaciones mamarias relacionadas con la lactancia materna suelen aparecer entre el primer y el décimo día posparto, las cuales pueden provocar lesiones en la salud de la mujer y en el destete precoz. Por lo tanto, la acción de la enfermera frente a estas condiciones es de gran importancia social. Objetivo: Comprender la actuación de enfermería ante complicaciones mamarias relacionadas con la lactancia materna. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo basado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales, realizado con 17 enfermeras que trabajan en las 29 Unidades de Salud de la Familia del municipio de Porto Seguro, Bahía, Brasil, en el período de febrero a junio de 2021. Como técnica de recolección de datos, se utilizó la entrevista guiada por un guion semiestructurado. Los datos empíricos se analizaron mediante el análisis de contenido temático propuesto por Bardin. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos tras el análisis fueron interpretados y apoyados en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales, que permitió la construcción de la categoría: Praxis de las enfermeras frente a las complicaciones mamarias. La categoría demostró que el conocimiento de las enfermeras sobre las complicaciones mamarias es insuficiente para anclar la práctica del cuidado. Conclusión: El conocimiento de las enfermeras sobre las complicaciones mamarias relacionadas con la lactancia materna demostró ser insuficiente para ofrecer prácticas asistenciales eficaces y actualizadas, necesarias para una actuación adecuada y que favorezcan el mantenimiento de la lactancia materna durante el tratamiento, por lo que se requiere educación permanente sobre el tema.

Introduction: Breast complications related to breastfeeding usually appear between the first and tenth postpartum day. They may appear with lesions to women's health and early weaning. Therefore, the nurse's action in the face of these conditions is of great social importance. Objective: To understand the nursing action in the face of breast complications related to breastfeeding. Methods: A descriptive study with a qualitative approach and based on the social representations theory was conducted with 17 nurses working in the 29 family health units of Porto Seguro Municipality, Bahia State, Brazil, in the period from February to June 2021. The used data collection technique was the interview guided by a semistructured script. The empirical data were analyzed using the thematic content analysis proposed by Bardin. Results: The results obtained after the analysis were interpreted and supported by the social representations theory, which allowed the construction of the category praxis of nurses in the face of breast complications. The category showed that the nurses' knowledge about breast complications is insufficient to anchor the practice of care. Conclusion: The nurses' knowledge about breast complications related to breastfeeding proved to be inept to offer effective and updated care practices, necessary for an adequate performance and favoring the maintenance of breastfeeding during treatment; therefore, permanent education on the subject is required.

Enfermería de práctica avanzada del primer nivel de atención a población materna infantil en Villa Clara, Cuba / Advanced Practice Nursing at the Primary Level of Healthcare Provided to a Mother and Infant Population in Villa Clara Province, Cuba

Introducción: La Práctica Avanzada de Enfermería constituye una práctica con alcance expandido, que busca responder a problemáticas de los pacientes en un área clínica específica. Objetivo: Identificar de las funciones declaradas práctica avanzada a nivel internacional, las que realiza el personal de enfermería de la atención materna infantil en el primer nivel de atención. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, en Villa Clara, Cuba, entre febrero y diciembre del 2021. Universo de 671 licenciados, muestreo probabilístico con un 95 por ciento de confiabilidad de la muestra seleccionada, con 326 enfermeros que laboran en los 35 policlínicos y atienden el programa Materno Infantil. Se aplicó el instrumento de definición del rol de Enfermera de Práctica Avanzada, se calculó el promedio de las funciones agrupadas por dominios, la desviación estándar y coeficiente de variación entre sus ítems; el Alfa de Cronbach y un índice, que estableció correlación entre los ítems para medir consistencia interna de la escala por dimensiones y a nivel global. Resultados: El total de los dominios se encuentra por encima del indicador establecido para cada dimensión que la acredita como práctica avanzada. No se encontró ningún dominio con el índice bajo, los seis mantuvieron una validez y fiabilidad por encima de 0,5. La consistencia interna por alfa de Cronbach obtenida fue alta. Conclusiones: Las funciones de práctica avanzada reconocidas a nivel internacional se ejecutan por las enfermeras, incluidas en el estudio en su práctica diaria, en tanto los diferentes dominios del instrumento alcanzaron valores superiores al indicador establecido(AU)

Introduction: Advanced nursing practice presents an expanded scope that seeks to respond to patient problems in a specific clinical area. Objective: To identify, from among the functions declared as advanced practice at the international level, those performed by the nursing personnel in mother and infant care at the first level. Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out in Villa Clara, Cuba, between February and December 2021. The study universe was made up of 671 graduates. Through probabilistic sampling with 95 percent of reliability, a sample was selected, consisting of 326 nurses working in the 35 polyclinics of the province and in charge of the Mother and Infant Care Program. An advanced practice nurse role delineation instrument was applied. The calculations were made corresponding to the average number of functions grouped by domains, standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation between its items; as well as Cronbach's alpha and an index establishing a correlation between the items for measuring the internal consistency of the scale by dimensions and globally. Results: All the domains are above the indicator established for each dimension accrediting it as advanced practice. No domain was found with a low index; all six maintained a validity and reliability above 0.5. The internal consistency obtained using Cronbach's alpha was high. Conclusions: The internationally recognized advanced practice functions are performed by the nurses, included in the study as part of their daily practice, since the different domains of the instrument reached values above the established indicator(AU)

Research progress on effects of PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy on maternal and infant thyroid function / 环境与职业医学

Ambient air pollution has become a widespread global public health problem. As one of the main components of ambient air pollution, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), with its small diameter and large surface area, can carry a variety of toxic substances and enter the blood circulation directly through the blood-air barrier, damaging various tissues and organs of human body. Studies have shown that PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy can disrupt the mother's and child's thyroid function. Since the fetal thyroid gland does not begin to develop until around the sixth week of pregnancy, the fetal thyroid hormone is almost entirely dependent on the mother during early stages of pregnancy, and maternal thyroid hormone level play a crucial role in the growth and development of fetus. When a mother is exposed to PM2.5 during pregnancy, placenta, the "bridge" between mother and fetus, is also affected to some extent, including changes in placental iodine uptake and oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA methylation in placental tissue. Exposure to PM2.5 during pregnancy also alters maternal thyroid hormone level and normal placental function, which can have a detrimental effect on pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and neurological abnormalities. This paper reviewed the effects of PM2.5 exposure during different trimesters on maternal and infant thyroid function, placental function, and pregnancy outcomes, aiming to provide more accurate protection of maternal and fetal health.

Advances on mother and infant prognoses after early premature labor / 医学研究生学报

Prematurity is a common complication in the field of obstetrics. The incidence of prematurity increased yearly. Premature birth occurred in advance trend. Early preterm birth refers to the delivery occurred at 28-31+6 week of gestational age. For unavoidable early preterm birth, the prognoses of mothers and infants have become the focus of perinatal medicine. It is particularly significant to ameliorate the prognoses of mothers and infants. Therefore, this paper mainly reviewed mental and psychological problems, organic complications of mothers with early preterm deliveries，and physical growth, cognition，behaviors，quality of life in early preterm infants at home and abroad, in order to provide a reference for further optimization of their prognosis.

Aleitamento materno e fatores relacionados ao desmame precoce / Breast-feeding and factors related to early weaning / Amamantamiento materno y factores relacionados al destete precoz

Este estudo teve por objetivos identificar as principais dificuldades relacionadas ao aleitamento materno e levantar as intervenções referentes ao aleitamento, demandadas pelas puérperas, atendidas em uma clínica de ginecologia e obstetrícia, de um município da região sul do Brasil. Foi realizada pesquisa descritiva longitudinal, entre maio e agosto de 2012, acompanhando 31 binômios e coletando dados, por meio de entrevistas em três momentos distintos. Na primeira consulta puerperal, 61.5% das crianças estavam em aleitamento materno exclusivo e 6.5% já haviam desmamado. Houve aumento na porcentagem de aleitamento materno exclusivo nos contatos subsequentes após 40 dias (80%) e 60 dias do parto (84%). As principais dificuldades encontradas foram o ingurgitamento mamário, a fissura, a hipogalactia referida e a necessidade da mãe em voltar ao trabalho. As intervenções realizadas durante o período de estudo contribuíram positivamente para a manutenção do aleitamento materno.

This study aimed to identify the main difficulties related to breast-feeding and to survey interventions referent to breast-feeding requested by the puerperas who were attended in a gynecology and obstetrics clinic in a municipality in the southern region of Brazil. This descriptive longitudinal study was undertaken between May and August 2012, monitoring 31 mother-child dyads and collecting data through interviews at three separate points. In the first puerperal consultation, 61.5% of the children were being exclusively breast-fed and 6.5% had already been weaned. There was an increase in the percentage of the exclusive breast-feeding in the subsequent contacts after 40 days (80%) and 60 days after birth (84%). The main difficulties found were breast engorgement, fissures, hypogalactia mentioned and the mother's need to return to work. Interventions held during the study period contributed positively to the maintenance of breast-feeding.

Este estudio tuvo las finalidades de identificar las principales dificultades acerca del amamantamiento materno y verificar las intervenciones acerca del amamantamiento, demandadas por las puérperas, en una clínica de ginecología y obstetricia, de municipio de la región sur de Brasil. Fue realizada investigación descriptiva longitudinal, entre mayo y agosto de 2012, acompañhando 31 binomios y obteniendo datos por medio de entrevistas en tres momentos distintos. En la primera consulta puerperal, 61.5% de los niños estaban siendo amamantados de modo exclusivo y 6.5% no lo hacían más. Creció el porcentaje de amamantamiento materno exclusivo en los contatos subsecuentes después de 40 días (80%) y 60 días del parto (84%). Las principales dificultades fueron la obstrucción mamaria, la fisura, la hipogalactia referida y la necesidad de la madre volver al trabajo. Las intervenciones realizadas durante el periodo de estudio contribuyeron positivamente para la manutención del amamantamiento materno.

Test results analysis on wild measles virus neutralizing antibodies in 70 pairs of mother and infant / 上海预防医学

[Objective] To investigate the level of wild -measles neutralization antibody of both mother and infant , and its correlation between the paired mother and infant . [ Methods] The wild-mea-sles neutralization antibody in the serum of the women and their infants were detected directly by a neutral -ization test (NT) methods. [ Results] The positivity rates of neutralization antibody in mothers and their infants were 91.52%and 88.57%respectively, geometric mean title of neutralization antiboby (GMT) being 61.32 and 58.17 respectively.And the titer of neutralization antibody was highly correlated ( r=0.899, P<0.01)between mother and infant in pairs.When the GMT of mother was ≥1∶16,the positivity rate of neutralization antibody in their infants might reach 100.00%. [ Conclusion] It is important to increase the maternal measles antibody level in order to prevent infants from measles .

Observation on Therapeutic Effect of Treatment of ABO Blood Groups Incompatibility between Mother and Infant with Yinchen Tuihuang Decoction / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of Yinchen Tuihuang Decoction in treating abnormal antibody titer in blood serum of pregnant woman caused by ABO blood groups incompatibility between mother and infant.Methods For every pregnant woman with blood serum antibody titer ≥1: 128, Yinchen Tuihuang Decoction was used for treatment with 10 days for a therapeutic course. Anti-human globulin method was used to monitor the serum antibody liter of pregnant woman. Results Of all 60 cases being studied, 51 cases were cured (accounting for 85%), 6 cases had obvious improvement (accounting for 10 %), and 3 cases had improvement (accounting for 5%), with the total effective rate being 100%. Conclusion Ymchen Tuihuang Decoction has outstanding effects and tittle side-effect in treating ABO blood groups incompatibility between mother and infant, which deserves for spread.