Effect of cadmium chloride toxicity on olfactory mucosa / Efecto de la toxicidad del cloruro de cadmio en la mucosa olfativa

SUMMARY: Cadmium is a highly toxic metal and affects the respiratory mucosa. The aim of the study is to show the inflammation and degenerative effect of cadmium on the olfactory mucosa. In this study, eight-week-old Wistar rats with an average weight of 170-190 g were divided into two groups (control and experiment) with 20 animals in each group and used in the experiments. The rats in the experimental group were given 2 mg/kg/day powdered cadmium chloride dissolved in water intraperitoneally every day for two weeks. At the end of the experiment, the nasal cavity was completely removed with anesthesia. Concha nasalis superior was separated, fixed with zinc-Formalin solution and decalcified with 5 % EDTA (Ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid). After routine histopathological procedure, APAF-1 antibody was used for expression of Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and immunohistochemistry. Histopathological examination revealed interruptions in the basement membrane structure due to cadmium and degenerative changes in stem cells, degeneration in sensory cells and pycnosis in nuclei, dilatation in blood vessels and increased inflammation in connective tissue. APAF-1 expression was found to increase in epithelial cells and olfactory glands (Bowman gland) cells. It has been thought that cadmium toxicity increases cell degeneration and inflammation in the olfactory mucosa and may significantly affect cell death and olfactory metabolism by inducing the pro-apoptotic process.

El cadmio es un metal altamente tóxico que afecta la mucosa respiratoria. El objetivo fue mostrar el efecto inflamatorio y degenerativo del cadmio sobre la mucosa olfativa. En este estudio, ratas Wistar de ocho semanas de edad con un peso promedio de 170-190 g se dividieron en dos grupos (control y experimental) con 20 animales en cada grupo. Las ratas del grupo experimental recibieron 2 mg/kg/día de cloruro de cadmio en polvo disuelto en agua por vía intraperitoneal todos los días durante dos semanas. En los animales se exirpó la cavidad nasal bajo anestesia. Se separó la concha nasal superior, se fijó con solución de zinc-Formalina y se descalcificó con EDTA (ácido etilendiaminotetraacético) al 5 %. Después del procedimiento histopatológico de rutina, Hematoxilina- Eosina (HE) e inmunohistoquímica, se utilizó el anticuerpo APAF-1. El examen histopatológico reveló interrupciones en la estructura de la membrana basal debido al cadmio y cambios degenerativos en las células madre, degeneración en las células sensoriales y picnosis en los núcleos, dilatación de los vasos sanguíneos y aumento de la inflamación en el tejido conjuntivo. Se encontró que la expresión de APAF-1 aumenta en las células epiteliales y en las células de las glándulas olfatorias (glándulas de Bowman). Se ha pensado que la toxicidad del cadmio aumenta la degeneración celular y la inflamación en la mucosa olfativa y puede afectar significativamente la muerte celular y el metabolismo olfativo al inducir el proceso proapoptótico.

Prognostic Significance of Substaging according to the Depth of Lamina Propria Invasion in Primary T1 Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic significance of the depth of lamina propria invasion in primary T1 transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 183 patients with primary T1 TCC of the bladder who had undergone transurethral resection (TUR) at our institution. Substaging was defined according to the depth of lamina propria invasion as follows: T1a, superficial invasion of lamina propria; T1b, invasion into the muscularis mucosa (MM); T1c, invasion beyond the MM but not to the muscularis propria. The prognostic significance of various clinicopathological variables for recurrence and progression was analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 183 patients, substaging was T1a in 119, T1b in 57, and T1c in 7 patients. The recurrence rate was 32.8% for T1a and 40.6% for T1b/c, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. The progression rate was significantly different between the two groups: 5.8% in T1a and 21.9% in T1b/c (p=0.003). The cancer-specific mortality rate was also significantly different: 4.2% in T1a and 14.0% in T1b/c (p=0.036). In the univariate analysis, microscopic tumor architecture was the only significant prognostic factor for recurrence. In the univariate and multivariate analysis concerning progression, depth of lamina propria invasion and concomitant carcinoma in situ were significant prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Substaging according to the depth of lamina propria invasion in primary T1 TCC of the bladder was an independent prognostic factor for progression. This suggests that substaging would be helpful for guiding decisions about adjuvant therapies and follow-up strategies.

Lectin staining patterns in human gastric mucosae with and without exposure to Helicobacter pylori / Padrões de ligação de lectinas em mucosa gástrica humana com e sem exposição a Helicobacter pylori

The aim of the present study was to evaluate qualitative changes in the glycoconjugate expression in human gastric tissue of positive and negative patients for Helicobacter pylori, through lectins: Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) and Concanavalin A (Con A). The lectins recognized differently the glycoconjugates in the superficial mucous layer at the gastric tissues. The results suggest a significant change in the carbohydrate moieties present on the surface of the gastric cells during infection.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as mudanças qualitativas na expressão de glicoconjugados em tecidos gástrico humano de pacientes infectados ou não pelo Helicobacter pylori, através das lectinas: Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) e Concanavalina A (Con A). As lectinas reconheceram diferentemente os glicoconjugados nas camadas mucosas superficiais do tecido gástrico. Os resultados sugerem mudanças significantes nas porções de carboidratos presentes nas células gástricas durante a infecção.

Presença de leveduras em mucosas e fezes de indivíduos aparentemente saudáveis e de pessoas com sintomas de infecçäo fúngica / Presence of yeasts in the mucosae and feces of apparenty healthy indiviuals and subjects with sympotoms of ungal infection

As leveduras estäo amplamente distribuídas no ambiente sendo também habitantes normais do corpo humano. Säo consideradas patógenas oportunistas causando infecçöes que variam desde superficiais até profundas e fatais. O conhecimento da microbiota normal pode ajudar o médico a ter perspectiva sobre uma possível fonte e a importância de microrganismos isolados de infecçöes. O estudo teve como objetivo verificar a presença de leveduras em amostras de mucosas bucal, vaginal, anal e de fezes de indivíduos aparentemente saudáveis ou que apresentavam algum sintoma de infecçäo fúngica. Foram utilizados para isolamento os meios de ágar Sabouraud cloranfenicol, Biggy agar, CHROM agar Candida e Pagano Levin agar. Isolou-se leveduras em 40.7 por cento (35/86) das amostras bucais, 26.2 por cento (11/42) das amostras vaginais de pacientes assintomáticos, 44.8 por cento (13/29) das amostras vaginais provenientes de mulheres com desconforto vaginal, 34.6 por cento (9/26) das amostras anais, 77.5 por cento (31/40) das amostras de fezes. C. albicans foi a espécie prevalente em todos os tipos de amostras. As fezes apresentaram diversidade de espécies representadas pelos gêneros Candida, Saccharomyces, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon, Cryptococcus, e Hansenula atualmente, Pichia

The yeasts are widely distributed in our environment, being also normal inhabitants of ourbodies. Yeasts are considered to be opportunistic pathogens causing infectious processes ranging fromsuperficial to deep and fatal ones. The knowledge of the normal microbiota can help physicians to obtaina perspective about the possible source and importance of microorganisms isolated from infections. Theobjective of the present study was to determine the presence of yeasts in samples of the oral, vaginal, andanal mucosae and in fecal samples from apparently healthy individuals or individuals who presentedsymptoms of fungal infection. The media used for isolation were Sabouraud chloramphenicol agar, Biggyagar,CHROM agar Candida and Pagano Levin agar. Yeasts were isolated from 40.7% (35/86) of the oralsamples, 26.2% (11/42) of the vaginal samples from asymptomatic individuals, 44.8% (13/29) of the vaginalsamples from women with vaginal discomfort, from 34.6% (9/26) of the anal samples, and 77.5% (31/40) ofthe fecal samples. C. albicans was the predominant species in all sample types. Feces presented speciesdiversity represented by the genera Candida, Saccharomyces, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon, Cryptococcus,and Hansenula nowadays Pichia

Pathohistologic features and grading of biopsy mucosae and their correlation with disease severity of active ulcerative colitis / 中华消化杂志

Objective To investigate the pathohistologic features and grading of biopsy mucosae and their correlation with disease severity of active ulcerative colitis(UC). Methods A prospective study was conducted in 133 patients with UC who were divided into three groups based on the degree of severity. Pathologic morphometry and grading with HE staining sections were analyzed. Results Pathologic features of active UC: there were neutrophilic leukocytes (100.0%), eosinophils (99.2%), plasmacytes(91.7%) and lymphocytes (75.2%) infiltration among mucosal epithelial cells, and lymphoid follicular formation(72.2%) and small vessels inflammation(63.9%) and focal hemorrhage(68.4%) in lamina propria. There were crypt abscesses(43.6%), glandular abnormalities (44.4%), goblet cell depletion (18.8%), epithelial cell regeneration (36.8%) , atypical hyperplasia (28.6%) and granulation tissue formation (42.9%) in mucosae. With the increase of severity of UC, there was a significant increasing incidence of small vessel inflammation, fiberoid necrosis of vessel wall, glandular abnormality, epithelial cell regeneration, atypical hyperplasia, goblet cell depletion, granulation tissue formation, fiber tissue hyperplasia, and crypt abscess. There was no significant difference of the incidence of lymphocyte hyperplasia, lymphoid follicular formation, eosinophil and plasmacyte infiltration between the groups. Mild UC was mainly characterized by the lesions of Grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ, moderate UC by those of Grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ and severe UC by those of Grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ. There were significant differences of grades among mild, moderate and severe UC. Conclusions There were some pathologic characters in active UC. The partial of markers and histological gradings can reflect the severity and activity of active UC.

Significance of Invasion to the Muscularis Mucosae on the Progression of Superficial Bladder Cancer / 대한비뇨기과학회지

We tried to determine the significance of invasion to the muscularis mucosae on the progression and recurrence of the superficial bladder cancer. Muscularis mucosae was composed of the smooth muscle bundles around relatively large vessels and found in the lamina propria approximately midway between the surface mucosa and the true muscular layer, lying parallel to the mucosa. Between January 1984 and December 1993, 81 patients with diagnosed superficial bladder cancer showing lamina propria invasion (pTl) were treated by transurethral resection (TUR) at our hospital. The mean age was 59.4 years ( range, 31-86 years), the mean follow-up period was 35.3 months ( range, 13-120 months) and the male : female ratio was 69 : 12. We subclassified superficial bladder cancer showing lamina propria invasion into two groups with ( pT1b) or without ( pT1a) cancer invasion to the muscularis mucosae. The muscularis mucosae was identified in 58 (71.6%) of 81 cases. In the other cases ( 28.4% ), relatively large vessels were used as the landmark instead of the muscularis mucosae. Of 81 bladder cancers, 52 (64.2%) were diagnosed as pT1a and 29 (35.8%) as pTlb. The progression rate of pT1b cancer (41.4% ) was significantly higher than that of pT1a cancer (3.8% ) (p= 0.001). And the recurrence rate of pT1b cancer (55.2% ) was significantly higher than that of pT1a cancer ( 26.9 %)(p= 0.024). In conclusion, superficial bladder cancer invading to the muscularis mucosae has a high risk for disease progression after TUR. Careful follow-up examination and aggressive therapy should be recommended in patients with these tumors.

Hyalinosis Cutis et Mucosae: Report of 4 Cases / 대한피부과학회지

We report four cases of hyalinosis cutis et mucosae. They developed hosrseness in their infancy and all had past history of frequent skin infections with accompanying varioliform scars. On physical examination, all the patients had beaded papules along their eyelid margins, hoarseness, varioliform scars and various skin and mucous membrane infiltrations. Pathologic examinations performed on skin infiltrations and eyelid papules revealed diastase resistant periodic acid Schiff positive materials deposited mainly in upper dermis. We have given three of four patients 1g/day of dimethyl sulphoxide from 6 to 12 months with no significant side effects nor remarkable clinical improvement.