Striated Musculature: Embryonic and Fetal Development

SUMMARY: The different embryological origins of striated muscle tissue make it an interesting tissue but at the same time difficult to understand, this is how the musculature of the face comes from the first pharyngeal arch, on the other hand. The muscles of the tongue derive from the somites. The muscles of the larynx come from the pharyngeal arches. The muscles of the spine come from the medial or internal myotome of the somite, while the muscles of the limbs and body wall come from the external myotome. The cardiac musculature originates from the lateral splanchnic mesoderm. In this work, the development of myoblasts in human, mouse and chicken fetuses was studied in the facial region, tongue, and spine, limbs, body wall and cardiac muscles using histological histochemical techniques and immunohistochemical technique. The objective of the work is to compare the histogenesis of striated muscle (skeletal, visceral and cardiac), indicating the differences in origin, evolution of the morphological characteristics in each of them and the signaling routes that are involved in its development.

Los distintos origenes embriológicos del tejido muscular estriado lo hace un tejido interesante, pero a la vez difícil de entender, es así como la musculatura de la cara proviene del primer arco faríngeo, en cambio, la musculatura de la lengua deriva de los somitos. La musculatura de la laringe proviene de los arcos faríngeos. La musculatura de la columna vertebral proviene del miotomo medial o interno del somito, en cambio la musculatura de los miembros y pared del cuerpo proviene del miotomo externo. La musculatura cardiaca se origina del mesoderma lateral esplácnico. En este trabajo se estudió el desarrollo de mioblastos en fetos humanos, de ratón y pollo, en la región facial, lengua, columna vertebral, miembros, pared del cuerpo y musculatura cardíaca mediante técnicas histológicas histoquímicas y técnica inmunohistoquímica. El objetivo del trabajo fue comparar la histogénesis del músculo estriado (esquelético, visceral y cardíaco), indicando las diferencias de origen, evolución de las características morfológicas en cada una de ellas y las rutas de señalización que se ven involucradas en el desarrollo del mismo.

The Thyrohyoid Muscle: A Crucial Player in Deglutition and Vocalization

SUMMARY: The thyrohyoid muscle is one of the four infrahyoid muscles. Its role in vocalization and deglutition could be often overlooked, despite its crucial participation in these processes. Unlike other infrahyoid muscles, the thyrohyoid muscle receives innervation from the first cervical spinal nerves which contributes to its unique function. Its primary action involves hyolaryngeal elevation during swallowing, contributing to the opening of the upper esophageal sphincter. In conjunction with other muscles, it also protects the airway and facilitates the passage of food into the esophagus. Variations in the muscle's thickness may exist, and its function can be influenced by chewing habits. Weakened muscles involved in swallowing are often associated with dysphagia, a common complication in stroke and brain-injured patients. Advanced imaging techniques and sleep studies have provided insights into the dynamics and frequency of swallowing. This review explores the anatomic structures, function in action, diagnosis and clinical implications of this muscle. Overall, understanding the significance of the thyrohyoid muscle enhances our comprehension of the intricate interplay of laryngeal muscles during vocalization and deglutition.

El músculo tirohioideo es uno de los cuatro músculos infrahioideos. A menudo podría pasarse por alto su papel en la vocalización y la deglución, a pesar de su participación crucial en estos procesos. A diferencia de otros músculos infrahioideos, el músculo tirohioideo recibe inervación de los primeros nervios espinales cervicales, lo que contribuye a su función única. Su acción principal implica la elevación hiolaríngea durante la deglución, contribuyendo a la apertura del esfínter esofágico superior. Junto con otros músculos, también protege las vías respiratorias y facilita el paso de los alimentos al esófago. Pueden existir variaciones en el grosor del músculo y su función puede verse influenciada por los hábitos de masticación. Los músculos debilitados involucrados en la deglución a menudo se asocian con disfagia, una complicación común en pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular y lesión cerebral. Las técnicas de imagen avanzadas y los estudios del sueño han proporcionado información sobre la dinámica y la frecuencia de la deglución. Esta revisión explora las estructuras anatómicas, la función en acción, el diagnóstico y las implicaciones clínicas de este músculo. En general, comprender la importancia del músculo tirohioideo mejora nuestra comprensión de la intrincada interacción de los músculos laríngeos durante la vocalización y la deglución.

Different Body Partialization Procedures Considering Maximum Strength and Explosiveness: Factorial Analysis Approach

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of different methods of partialization, in terms of different body component indices in relation to indicators of strength and explosiveness. The research involved 187 subjects who were divided into two groups based on sex. This research consisted of measuring body composition characteristics by multichannel bioimpedance analysis (BIA) InBody 720, as well as contractile characteristics of different muscle groups with tenziometric Dinamometry method. Based on the results of the factor analysis we found that regardless of the sex the most sensitive variable for partialization of absolute body isometric strength variable (ABiS) is partialization by allometric scaling (0.964 for females and 0.947 for males explained factor variance). However, in the case of absolute body isometric explosiveness (ABiE), the results of this study have demonstrated that partialization relative to skeletal muscle mass according to the body longitudinality - skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI) is the methodological choice disregarding the sex (0.982 for females and 0.980 for males explained factor variance). The results of the study have shown that for the purpose of scaling the maximal strength relative to body composition, the allometric method can be considered as a choice, while for the partialization of maximal isometric explosiveness skeletal muscle mass index is the best choice insensitive of the sex.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la sensibilidad de distintos métodos de parcialización, en términos de diferentes índices de componentes corporales en relación a los indicadores de fuerza y explosividad. En la investigación participaron 187 sujetos que se dividieron según el sexo en dos grupos. Esta investigación consistió en medir las características de composición corporal mediante análisis de bioimpedancia multicanal (BIA) InBody 720, así como las características contráctiles de diferentes grupos musculares con el método de Dinamometría tenciométrica. Con base en los resultados del análisis factorial, encontramos que, independientemente del sexo, la variable más sensible para la parcialización de la variable de fuerza isométrica corporal absoluta (ABiS) fue la parcialización mediante escala alométrica (0,964 para las mujeres y 0,947 para los hombres). Sin embargo, en el caso de la explosividad isométrica corporal absoluta (ABiE), los resultados de este estudio han demostrado que la parcialización relativa a la masa del músculo esquelético según la longitudinalidad del cuerpo - índice de masa del músculo esquelético (SMMI) es la opción metodológica sin tener en cuenta el sexo (0,982 para las mujeres y 0,980 para los hombres). Los resultados del estudio han demostrado que para escalar la fuerza máxima en relación con la composición corporal, el método alométrico puede considerarse como una opción, mientras que para la parcialización de la explosividad isométrica máxima, el índice de masa del músculo esquelético es la mejor opción independiente del sexo.

Standing-Long-Jump Test Application in Identifying Female Adolescents at Risk of Sarcopenic Obesity

SUMMARY: The identification of children and adolescents who are at risk of sarcopenic obesity development often requires specialized equipment and expensive test procedures. Therefore, the establishment of cheaper and faster methods would be greatly useful, especially if they could be applied in the field. The study's objective was to establish if identification of female adolescents who suffer the risk of developing sarcopenic obesity can be obtained through the standing-long-jump test application. To achieve the research objectives, various anthropometric and body composition measurements were performed and lower limb explosive strength was assessed using the standing long jump fitness test. The research was conducted on a sample of 535 female respondents randomly selected from 9 elementary schools in the Skopje region of the Republic of North Macedonia. The respondents were divided into quintiles according to BMI z-scores, and the arithmetic means and SD about muscle-to-fat ratio were calculated for each quintile. The cutoff was determined based on the mean and standard deviation of the muscle-to-fat ratio for the 3rd quintile of BMI and the percentage of respondents with sarcopenic obesity was examined. The optimal cut-off value of the long jump fitness test results for predicting sarcopenic obesity in an adolescent girl showed that the area under the ROC curve was 0.781 (95 % CI 0.743-0.815). The standing-long-jump test values, on grounds of odds ratio (OR 95 % CI) about the girls at risk of sarcopenic obesity development, which was identified on muscle-to-fat ratio base, were 8.76 (4.39 - 17.54, p 0.001). It can be used to predict sarcopenic obesity presence in female adolescents, which can be vital in case of health intervention.

La identificación de niños y adolescentes que corren riesgo de desarrollar obesidad sarcopénica a menudo requiere equipos especializados y procedimientos de pruebas costosos. Por lo tanto, el establecimiento de métodos más baratos y rápidos sería de gran utilidad, especialmente si pudieran aplicarse en el campo. El objetivo del estudio fue establecer si la identificación de mujeres adolescentes que sufren riesgo de desarrollar obesidad sarcopénica se puede obtener mediante la aplicación de la prueba de salto de longitud de pie. Para lograr los objetivos de la investigación, se realizaron diversas mediciones antropométricas y de composición corporal y se evaluó la fuerza explosiva de los miembros inferiores mediante la prueba de aptitud de salto de longitud de pie. La investigación se realizó con una muestra de 535 mujeres encuestadas seleccionadas al azar de 9 escuelas primarias de la región de Skopje, en la República de Macedonia del Norte. Los encuestados se dividieron en quintiles según las puntuaciones z del IMC, y se calcularon las medias aritméticas y la DE sobre la relación músculo-grasa para cada quintil. El límite se determinó en función de la media y la desviación estándar de la relación músculo-grasa para el tercer quintil del IMC y se examinó el porcentaje de encuestados con obesidad sarcopénica. El valor de corte óptimo de los resultados de la prueba de condición física de salto de longitud para predecir la obesidad sarcopénica en una adolescente mostró que el área bajo la curva ROC fue 0,781 (IC del 95 %: 0,743-0,815). Los valores de la prueba de salto de longitud de pie, sobre la base del odds ratio (OR IC del 95 %) sobre las niñas en riesgo de desarrollar obesidad sarcopénica, que se identificó sobre la base del ratio músculo-grasa, fueron 8,76 (4,39 - 17,54, p. 0,001). Puede utilizarse para predecir la presencia de obesidad sarcopénica en adolescentes, lo que puede ser vital en caso de intervención sanitaria.

Physical activity, protein consumption, and loss of muscle mass in older adult participants of the ELSA-Brazil study / Atividade física, consumo de proteínas e perda de massa muscular em idosos do ELSA-Brasil

Objetivo: Objetiva-se avaliar a relação entre consumo de proteínas (CP), atividade física (AF) e massa muscular (MM) em indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais de idade. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo a partir da linha de base e segunda onda do estudo ELSA-Brasil. O CP foi avaliado por meio de um questionário de frequência alimentar semiquantitativo (QFA). A AF foi mensurada pelo International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). A MM foi estimada por meio de equação de predição, e calculada a diferença de MM entre a 2a e a 1a onda. Análises bivariadas foram realizadas adotando o valor de p < 0,05. Para as análises multivariadas, utilizou-se a regressão de Poisson, com quatro modelos distintos, que incluíram as covariáveis com valor de p < 0,20. Utilizou-se o pacote estatístico SPSS versão 21. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída de 2216 idosos, sendo 55,10% de mulheres, com média de idade de 65,20 ± 4,15. Indivíduos com redução de MM entre as duas ondas estão situados no primeiro quartil de consumo de proteína. Além disso, a média de AF mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos e a AF no lazer apenas para as mulheres (p < 0,05). Após ajuste por variáveis sociodemográficas, de saúde e hábitos de vida, indivíduos com menor consumo de proteínas apresentaram risco de 1,45 (1,29 ­ 1,63) de apresentar MM diminuída. Conclusões: O menor CP e AF forte estão associados à MM diminuída, e aqueles com menor CP no primeiro e segundo quartis apresentam maior risco de possuir MM diminuída. (AU)

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the relationship between protein consumption, physical activity, and muscle mass in individuals aged ≥ 60 years. Methods: This prospective study was based on the baseline and second wave of the ELSA Brazil study. Protein consumption was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Muscle mass was estimated using a prediction equation, and the difference in MM between the first and second waves was calculated. Bivariate analyses were performed, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Multivariate analysis consisted of 4 Poisson regression models including covariates with p < 0.20. The statistical analysis was performed in IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Results: The sample included 2216 older adults, 55.10% of whom were women, with a mean age of 65.20 (SD, 4.15). Participants whose muscle mass decreased between the waves were in the first quartile of protein consumption. Mean physical activity significantly differed between the groups, while leisure-time physical activity differed only for women (p < 0.05). After adjusting for sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle variables, participants with lower protein intake had a 1.45 (1.29­1.63) relative risk of muscle mass loss. Conclusions: Lower protein consumption and higher physical activity were associated with decreased muscle mass, and those with protein consumption in the first and second quartiles are at higher risk of muscle mass loss. (AU)

Tumor nasal de músculo liso de comportamiento maligno incierto: informe de un caso / Nasal smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential: A case report

Los tumores de músculo liso que no pueden ser clasificados según su histología como leiomiomas o leiomiosarcomas se denominan tumores de músculo liso de comportamiento maligno incierto. La localización nasal de estos tumores es muy infrecuente y la extensión adecuada de la cirugía para tratar estas neoplasias no está bien definida. Se describe el caso clínico de una adolescente de 16 años, que consultó por padecer un tumor de aspecto vascular en la cavidad nasal derecha y que fue tratada con éxito mediante cirugía intranasal. El diagnóstico histológico fue tumor de músculo liso de comportamiento maligno incierto. Por la rareza de estas neoplasias, su infrecuente localización nasal y la falta de evidencia que soporte cuál debe ser la extensión de la cirugía, es relevante la descripción y discusión del caso clínico.

Smooth muscle tumors that cannot be histologically classified as leiomyomas or leiomyosarcomas are defined as smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential. The location of these tumors in the nose is very rare, and the appropriate surgical extent to manage these neoplasms has not been adequately defined. Here we describe the case of a 16-year-old female adolescent who consulted due to a vascular-like tumor in the right nasal cavity who was successfully treated with intranasal surgery. The histological diagnosis was smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential. Given that these neoplasms are rare, the uncommon location in the nose, and the lack of evidence indicating the extent of surgery, it is relevant to describe and discuss this clinical case.

The Accessory Muscular Head of the Triceps Brachii Muscle with Tendinous Attachment / Cabeza Muscular Accesoria del Músculo Triceps Braquial con Inserción Tendinosa

SUMMARY: Variations in the triceps brachii muscle are uncommon, and especially limited reports exist on the accessory heads of tendinous origin that attach near the upper medial part of the humerus. During anatomical training at Nagasaki University School of Medicine, the accessory head of the triceps brachii muscle was observed on the right upper arm of a 72-year-old Japanese female. It arose tendinously from the medial side of the upper humerus, then formed a muscle belly and joined the distal side of the long head. This accessory head had independent nerve innervation, and the innervating nerve branched from a bundle of the radial nerve, which divided the nerve innervating the long head and the posterior brachial cutaneous nerve. The origin of the innervation of the accessory head was the basis for determining that this muscle head was an accessory muscle to the long head of the triceps brachii muscle. Embryologically, we discuss that part of the origin of the long head of the triceps brachii muscle was separated early in development by the axillary nerve and the posterior brachial circumflex artery, and it slipped into the surgical neck of the humerus and became fixed there. The accessory head crossed the radial nerve and deep brachial artery. When clinicians encounter compression of the radial nerve or profunda brachii artery, they should consider the presence of accessory muscles as a possible cause.

Las variaciones en el músculo tríceps braquial son poco comunes y existen informes especialmente limitados sobre las cabezas accesorias de origen tendinoso que se insertan cerca de la parte medial superior del húmero. Durante un entrenamiento anatómico en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Nagasaki, se observó la cabeza accesoria del músculo tríceps braquial en la parte superior del brazo derecho de una mujer japonesa de 72 años. Se originaba tendinosamente desde el lado medial de la parte superior del húmero, luego formaba un vientre muscular y se unía al lado distal de la cabeza larga. Esta cabeza accesoria tenía inervación nerviosa independiente, cuyo nervio se ramificaba a partir de un ramo del nervio radial, que dividía el nervio que inervaba la cabeza larga y el nervio cutáneo braquial posterior. El origen de la inervación de la cabeza accesoria fue la base para determinar que esta cabeza muscular era un músculo accesorio de la cabeza larga del músculo tríceps braquial. Embriológicamente, discutimos que parte del origen de la cabeza larga del músculo tríceps braquial se separó temprananamente en el desarrollo por el nervio axilar y la arteria circunfleja braquial posterior, y se deslizó hacia el cuello quirúrgico del húmero y quedó fijado allí. La cabeza accesoria cruzaba el nervio radial y la arteria braquial profunda. Cuando los médicos encuentran compresión del nervio radial o de la arteria braquial profunda, deben considerar la presencia de mús- culos accesorios como una posible causa.

Anatomical and Ultrasonographic Analyses of the Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi Muscle at the Level of the Nasal Ala / Análisis Anatómico y Ecográfico del Músculo Elevador Nasolabial a Nivel del Ala Nasal

SUMMARY: We aimed to determine the width of the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle (LLSAN) at the level of the nasal ala through cadaveric dissections and ultrasonography (US), to provide essential anatomical information for use during both invasive and noninvasive procedures in the nasal ala region. The LLSAN was investigated in the 40 hemifaces of 20 Korean cadavers, comprising 10 males and 10 females with a mean age of 73.6 years. The LLSAN width of the 40 specimens at the level of the midpoint of the nasal ala was 5.02±2.35 mm (mean±standard deviation), and ranged from 1.45 mm to 10.11 mm. The LLSAN widths were 5.96±2.36 mm and 3.93±1.89 mm in males and females, respectively, with ranges of 2.40-10.11 mm and 1.45-6.96 mm, respectively. The LLSAN widths on the left and right sides were 4.77±2.72 mm and 5.26±1.99 mm, respectively. The proportions of the LLSAN fibers inserting into the nasal ala and upper lip were similar in 13 specimens (32.5 %), while more fibers inserted into the nasal ala in 11 specimens (27.5 %) and more fibers inserted fibers of the LLSAN into the upper lip in 16 specimens (40 %). When clinicians need to target or avoid the LLSAN, the present width and range data can be helpful for ensuring the efficacy and safely of both invasive and noninvasive procedures. In addition, the possibility of asymmetry in the width of the LLSAN in the nasal ala region should be confirmed by US before performing such procedures.

Nuestro objetivo fue determinar el ancho del músculo elevador nasolabial (MENL) a nivel del ala nasal mediante disecciones cadavéricas y ecografía, para proporcionar información anatómica esencial, para su uso durante procedimientos invasivos y no invasivos, en la región del ala nasal. El MENL se estudió en 40 hemicaras de 20 cadáveres coreanos (10 hombres y 10 mujeres) con una edad media de 73,6 años. El ancho de MENL de las 40 muestras a nivel del punto medio del ala nasal fue de 5,02 ± 2,35 mm (media ± desviación estándar) y osciló entre 1,45 mm y 10,11 mm. Los anchos de MENL fueron 5,96 ± 2,36 mm y 3,93 ± 1,89 mm en hombres y mujeres, respectivamente, con rangos de 2,40 a 10,11 mm y 1,45 a 6,96 mm, respec- tivamente. Los anchos de MENL en los lados izquierdo y derecho fueron 4,77 ± 2,72 mm y 5,26 ± 1,99 mm, respectivamente. Las proporciones de fibras de MENL que se insertaban en el ala nasal y en el labio superior fueron similares en 13 muestras (32,5 %), mientras que se insertaron más fibras en el ala nasal en 11 muestras (27,5 %) y además, se insertaron fibras de MENL en el labio superior en 16 ejemplares (40 %). Cuando los médicos necesitan apuntar o evitar el MENL, los datos actuales de ancho y rango pueden ser útiles para garantizar la eficacia y seguridad de los procedimientos, tanto invasivos como no invasivos. Además, la ecografía puede ser utilizada para confirmar una posible asimetría en el ancho del MENL en la región del ala nasal antes de realizar los procedimientos.

Morphological Assessment and Possible Clinical Implications of the Left Ventricle Papillary Muscles. Study in a Colombian Population Sample

SUMMARY: Papillary muscles in the left ventricle present multiple anatomic expressions that are relevant for medical fields focusing on the understanding of clinical events involving these structures. Here, the aim was to perform a morphological characterization of the left ventricle papillary muscles in a sample of Colombian population. In the study were included eighty-two hearts from male individuals who underwent autopsy at the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences in Bucaramanga, Colombia. In each heart was carefully performed a longitudinal incision on the obtuse margin to visualize the papillary muscles. Data set was registered, and analysis of the continuous and categorical variables was carried out. Single anterior papillary muscle was observed in 74 samples (90.2 %) whereas this represented only 48 specimens (58.5 %) for the posterior papillary muscle (p = 0.3). Mean length and breadth of the anterior muscle were 29.9 ± 4.94 and 11.74 ± 2.75 mm, and those for the posterior muscle were 27.42 ± 7.08 and 10.83 ± 4.08 mm. Truncated apical shape was the most frequent type observed on the papillary muscles, anterior 41 (50 %) and posterior 37 (45.1 %), followed by flat-topped in the anterior 25 (30.5 %) and bifurcated in posterior muscle 14 (17.1 %). A mean of 9.04 ± 2.75 chordae raised from the anterior and 7.50 ± 3.3 from posterior papillary muscle. In our study we observed a higher incidence of single papillary muscles and slightly larger dimensions than information reported in the literature. The anatomic diversity of the papillary muscles should be considered for the correct image interpretation, valve implantation and performance evaluation on myocardial ischemic events.

Los músculos papilares del ventrículo izquierdo presentan múltiples expresiones anatómicas que son relevantes para las áreas médicas que se centran en la comprensión de los eventos clínicos que involucran estas estructuras. El objetivo fue realizar una caracterización morfológica de los músculos papilares del ventrículo izquierdo en una muestra de población colombiana. En el estudio se incluyeron ochenta y dos corazones de individuos masculinos a los que se les realizó autopsia en el Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses de Bucaramanga, Colombia. En cada corazón se realizó cuidadosamente una incisión longitudinal en el margen obtuso para visualizar los músculos papilares. Se registró el conjunto de datos y se realizó el análisis de las variables continuas y categóricas. Se observó un solo músculo papilar anterior en 74 muestras (90,2 %), mientras que este rasgo se presentó en 48 muestras (58,5 %) para el músculo papilar posterior (p = 0,3). La longitud y anchura media del músculo anterior fueron 29,9 ± 4,94 y 11,74 ± 2,75 mm, y las del músculo posterior fueron 27,42 ± 7,08 y 10,83 ± 4,08 mm. La forma apical truncada fue el tipo más frecuente observado en los músculos papilares, anterior 41 (50 %) y posterior 37 (45,1 %), seguido de la forma plana en los 25 anteriores (30,5 %) y bifurcada en el músculo posterior 14 (17,1 %). Una media de 9,04 ± 2,75 cuerdas elevadas desde el músculo papilar anterior y 7,50 ± 3,3 desde posterior. En nuestro estudio observamos una mayor incidencia de músculos papilares únicos y dimensiones ligeramente mayores que la información reportada en la literatura. La diversidad anatómica de los músculos papilares debe ser considerada para la correcta interpretación de imágenes, implantación valvular y evaluación del desempeño en eventos isquémicos miocárdicos.

Wearable near-infrared spectroscopy: reliability and sensitivity among different endurance cycling exercise intensities

The present study investigated the reliability and sensitivity of a wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (wNIRS) device in moderate and heavy exercise intensity domains. On three separate days, eleven males performed an incremental test to exhaustion, and in the following visits, four submaximal constant-load bouts (i.e., test and retest) were performed in the moderate-intensity domain (100 and 130 W) and heavy-intensity domain (160 and 190 W). The local tissue oxygen saturation index (SmO2) and pulmonary oxygen uptake (V̇O2) were measured continuously. The absolute SmO2 and V̇O2 values and the change (Δ) from the 3rd to 6th min of exercise were calculated. There was good reliability for SmO2 measurements, as indicated by the high intraclass correlation coefficient analysis (ICC ≥0.84 for all) and low coefficient of variation between the two trials (CV ≤4.1% for all). Steady-state responses were observed for SmO2 and V̇O2 from the 3rd to the 6th min in the two moderate-intensity bouts (P>0.05), whereas SmO2 decreased and V̇O2 increased from the 3rd to the 6th min in the two heavy-intensity bouts (P<0.05). Together, these findings suggested that the SmO2 measured with a wNIRS device is reliable and sensitive to track local metabolic changes provoked by slight increments in exercise intensity.

Hedysari Radix Polysaccharide Regulates Apoptosis of Smooth Muscle Cells in Gastric Antrum of Rat Model of Diabetic Gastroparesis via IGF-1/PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the effects of Hedysari Radix polysaccharide on the apoptosis of gastric sinus smooth muscle cells and explore the underlying mechanism via the insulin-like growth factor-1 （IGF-1）/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/serine-threonine kinase （Akt） pathway in the rat model of diabetic gastroparesis （DGP）. MethodSixty-two Wistar male rats were randomized into a blank group （n=12） and a modelling group （n=50）. The rat model of DGP was established by small-dose multiple intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin combined with an irregular high-fat and high-sugar diet for 4 weeks. The modeled rats were randomized into model group， mosapride citrate （1.35 mg·kg-1）， and high-， medium-， and low-dose （200， 100， and 50 mg·kg-1， respectively） Hedysari Radix polysaccharide groups. The rats were administrated with corresponding drugs by gavage， and those in the blank and model groups with equal volumes of pure water by gavage once a day for 8 consecutive weeks. The random blood glucose and body mass were measured every 2 weeks， and gastric emptying rate was calculated. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the pathological changes of smooth muscle in gastric antrum， and terminal deoxynucleoitidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling （TUNEL） was employed to detect the apoptosis of smooth muscle cells in the gastric antrum. The expression of IGF-1， phosphorylated （p）-PI3K， and p-Akt in the smooth muscle of gastric sinus tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of IGF-1， p-PI3K/PI3K， p-Akt/Akt， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， and Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax） in the smooth muscle of the gastric antrum. ResultCompared with the blank group， the model group showed elevated random blood glucose at all time points （P<0.01）， decreased body mass and gastric emptying rate （P<0.01）， increased apoptotic index of smooth muscle cells in the gastric antrum （P<0.01）， down-regulated protein levels of IGF-1， p-PI3K/PI3K， p-Akt/Akt， and Bcl-2， and up-regulated protein level of Bax （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the 8 weeks of drug administration lowered the random blood glucose， increased the body mass and gastric emptying rate （P<0.05， P<0.01）， decreased the apoptotic index of smooth muscle cells in the gastric antrum （P<0.05， P<0.01）， up-regulated the protein levels of IGF-1， p-PI3K/PI3K， p-Akt/Akt， and Bcl-2， and down-regulated the protein level of Bax （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the mosapride citrate group，the administration of low-dose Hedysari Radix polysaccharide for 6 and 8 weeks lowered the random blood glucose and decreased the body mass （P<0.05， P<0.01），low and medium-dose Hedysari Radix polysaccharide decreased the gastric emptying rate and the apoptotic index of smooth muscle cells in the astragaloside low-dose group decreased （P<0.05）. The protein levels of IGF-1，p-PI3K/PI3K，p-Akt/Akt and Bcl-2（low dose）were down-regulated and the protein level of Bax was up-regulated by low doses of Hedysari Radix polysaccharide （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with high-dose Hedysari Radix polysaccharide， low-dose Hedysari Radix polysaccharide elevated random blood glucose and reduced body mass after 6 and 8 weeks of administration （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the low and medium doses decreased the gastric emptying rate， increased the apoptotic index of smooth muscle cells in the gastric antrum （P<0.05， P<0.01）， down-regulated the protein levels of IGF-1， p-PI3K/PI3K， p-Akt/Akt， and Bcl-2， and up-regulated the protein level of Bax （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the medium-dose group，the low-dose group of Hedysari Radix polysaccharide had lower body mass，lower gastric emptying rate in rats，higher apoptotic index of smooth muscle cells in gastric sinus tissue after 6 and 8 weeks of administration （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and lower protein expression of IGF-1，p-PI3K/PI3K，p-Akt/Akt. ConclusionHedysari Radix polysaccharide protects the smooth muscle cells in gastric antrum against apoptotic injury and promotes gastric motility by activating the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway， as manifested by the up-regulated expression of IGF-1， p-PI3K， p-Akt， and Bcl-2 and down-regulated expression of Bax.

Lumbar Core Muscle Stability Training Combined with Kinesiology Taping Technique in Rehabilitation Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical efficacy of lumbar core muscle stability training combined with kinesiology taping technique in the rehabilitation treatment of lumbar disc herniation （LDH）. MethodsA total of 99 LDH patients treated in Ningbo Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital from January 2018 to January 2020 were selected and divided into control group （n=49） and observation group （n=50）. Kinesiology taping technique was applied to patients in the control group and patients in the observation group were treated with lumbar core muscle stability training combined with kinesiology taping technique， then we compared the therapeutic effect， lumbar function and pain degree， surface electromyography of lumbar extensor muscles， lumbar range of motion， LDH recurrence and skin allergies before and after the treatment between the two groups. ResultsAfter 4 weeks of treatment， compared with those in the control group， in the observation group， the visual analogue scale （VAS） and Oswestry disability index （ODI） scores were significantly lower （P<0.05）； the Japanese Orthopaedic Association （JOA） score， mean power frequency of lumbar extensor muscles， integral electromyography value and lumbar function score were significantly higher （P<0.05）. During the treatment， there was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between two groups （P>0.05）. After 4 weeks of treatment， the observation group had a significantly lower LDH recurrence rate than the control group （P<0.05）. ConclusionLumbar core muscle stability training combined with kinesiology taping technique achieves a significantly better therapeutic effect than kinesiology taping technique in the rehabilitation treatment of LDH and can effectively relieve muscle fatigue， help alleviate lumbar spine pain and improve the function of lumbar spine.

A Case Report of MYH9 Gene Mutation Associated with Glomerular Minor Lesion / 罕见病研究

Non-muscle myosin heavy chain 9-related disease (MYH9-RD) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by the mutations of the MYH9 gene encoding the non-muscle mysoin heavy chain ⅡA and leads to abnormal accumulation of myosin in cells. These further causes functional disorders of the blood, eye, ear, kidney, and liver systems. MYH9-RD displays heterogeneous kidney involvement and outcomes, but doctors still lack understandings of the mechanism and treatment strategies, owing to difficulty of conducting renal biopsies. Here, we report a case of MYH9-RD with tail fragments heterozygous mutation, which renal pathology is presented as glomerular minor lesion. Moreover, we reviewed related relevant to strengthen clinical diagnosis and understanding of MYH9-RD.

Progress of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with different muscle mass levels / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the difference of the disease progression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with different muscle mass levels and the influence of related factors on the disease progression. Methods A total of 308 newly diagnosed patients with COPD from February 2021 to February 2022 were selected for this study. All patients were below moderate COPD. The patients were divided into two groups according to their muscle mass levels: sarcopenia group (98 cases) and control group (210 cases). The diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia were based on sarcopenia diagnostic thresholds: RSMI 2 in men and 2 for women. All subjects were followed up for 4 months to observe the progress of the patient's condition. The correlation between the muscle mass level and pulmonary function level, as well as the results of 6-minute walking test and CAT score was evaluated, and the influence of muscle mass level on the patient's disease progress was analyzed. At the same time, the potential influence of related factors (body fat rate, vitamin D level, etc.) on the condition of patients with different muscle mass levels was discussed. SPSS 19.0 software was used to perform statistical analysis. Results Under the same treatment intervention, the baseline and follow-up lung function improvement levels of patients in the sarcopenia group were lower than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). At the same time, the baseline and follow-up 6-minute walk test results of the patients in the sarcopenia group were also worse than those of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Further correlation analysis was carried out between the patient's muscle mass level and the post-treatment pulmonary function indicators and 6MWD test level. The results showed that the muscle mass level was positively correlated with several pulmonary function indicators (FEV1, FEV1% predict) and 6MWD (both P<0.05). Considering the possible influence of other factors on the control and progress of the patient's condition, the present study used follow-up CAT score results to distinguish the prognosis of the patient's condition improvement, and used improvement and non-improvement as dependent variables to analyze the influence of various potential influencing factors. The results of regression model analysis showed that lower baseline muscle mass, women, lower body fat percentage, and lower vitamin D level were the main risk factors. Conclusion Under the same treatment condition, COPD patients with different muscle mass levels improve more slowly when complicated with sarcopenia and have poor prognosis. Women, lower body fat percentage and lower vitamin D level are potential risk factors for poor prognosis.

Effect of menthol on hypobaric hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in mice and its mechanism / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the effect of menthol on hypobaric hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension and explore the underlying mechanism in mice. Methods 10 to 12 weeks old wild type (WT) mice and TRPM8 gene knockout (TRPM8

Advances of pathogenesis and drug development in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis / 中国药理学通报

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting both upper and lower motor neurons. ALS patients develop progressive muscle atrophy, muscle weak and paralysis, finally died of respiratory failure. ALS is characterized by fast aggression and high mortality. What' s more, the disease is highly heterogeneous with unclear pathogenesis and lacks effective drugs for therapy. In this review, we summarize the main pathological mechanisms and the current drugs under development for ALS, which may provide a reference for the drug discovery in the future.

Relationship of balance in static single-leg stance to muscle strength and position sense of ankle in individuals with functional ankle instability / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo analyze the relationship of the static single-leg stance balance with ankle muscles strength and position sense in individuals with functional ankle instability (FAI). MethodsFrom March to May, 2023, 44 FAI individuals were recruited in Hebei Normal University, and the maximum isokinetic muscle strength (60°/s and 180°/s) and position sense as ankle flexion, extension, inversion and eversion were measured using isokinetic dynamometer; while the center of pressure (COP) sway distance and envelope area were measured as static single-leg stance with eyes open or closed using three-dimensional force plate. ResultsThe maximum isokinetic torque as ankle eversion at 180°/s correlated with the COP anterior-posterior sway distance with eyes closed (r = -0.378, P < 0.05). ConclusionExplosive ankle eversion strength is related with the balance in static single-leg stance, which may help to evaluate and intervent the ankle function of FAI individuals.

Physical fitness and characteristics of cognitive function among people aged 55 to 75 years with high and low risk of dementia in communities in Beijing / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo analyze the risk factors of dementia among healthy elderly individuals in the middle of their lives. MethodsA total of 175 participants aged 55 to 75 from two communities in Beijing were included from July, 2021 to April, 2023. Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia (CAIDE) related risk factors and other demographic data were collected. According to the CAIDE assessment, participants with scores ≥ 9 were as high-risk group, and those with scores < 9 were as low-risk group. They were evaluated with Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT), two elements 1-back task paradigm and the revised Trail Making Test (TMT); measured the grip strength, 30 s forearm flexion tests and five sit-to-stand tests; the average step speed and step length of a 10-meter walk were recorded. ResultsThe average total score of CAIDE was 9.86 in the high-risk group, and was 4.95 in the low-risk group. There was no difference in age between two groups (P = 0.188). There were differences in the proportion of participants of male, less than seven years' education, systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg, cholesterol > 6.5 mmol/L, body mass index > 30 kg/m2, and lack of physical activity between two groups (χ2 > 3.116, P < 0.05). The grip strength (t = -4.174), walking speed (t = -2.414), SCWT accuracy (Z = -2.684) were all worse in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that walking speed (OR = 25.483), grip strength (OR = 1.133) and SCWT accuracy (OR = 37.430) were independent influencing factors of dementia (P < 0.05). ConclusionWeaker grip strength, slower gait speed and worse inhibitory control might be independent influencing factors of dementia.

Difference in bilateral lower limb muscle synergy mode for gait in patients after unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo investigate the difference in bilateral lower limb muscle synergy mode during gait in patients after unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. MethodsElectromyography from bilateral lower limb muscles during gait were collected from twelve male and eight female patients after unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in Affiliated Hospital of Wuhan Sports University, from April to June, 2023. The data were analyzed using non-negative matrix decomposition algorithm to extract the number of muscle synergies in the affected and unaffected legs, the time to peak activation of muscle synergies and the relative weights of the muscles. ResultsSix types of muscle synergy were identified in the unaffected leg of males during gait, while five types were identified in the affected leg, lacking synergy 2 that mainly from the tibialis anterior muscle. Six types of muscle synergy were identified in both legs in females during gait. There was no significant difference in the time to peak activation of muscle synergies between both legs in males (P > 0.05). However, the time to peak activation of muscle synergies increased in females in the affected leg for synergy 3 and synergy 5 (P < 0.05). The relative weight of the rectus femoris was lower in synergy 1 in the affected leg in males (P < 0.05). For female, the relative weight of the vastus lateralis was higher and the relative weight of the biceps femoris was lower in synergy 2 in the affected leg in females (P < 0.05); while the relative weight of the rectus femoris was lower in synergy 3 (P < 0.05), and the relative weight of the biceps femoris was lower in synergy 6 (P < 0.05). ConclusionMales would freeze the muscle synergy dominating ankle dorsiflexion in affected leg to enhance ankle stability, and reduce the relative weight of rectus femoris during the loading response phase to weaken the knee landing cushioning. However, females would delay the activation of synergies dominating in loading response phase and the mid-stance phase, enhance the relative weight of vastus lateralis during the loading response phase, and reduce the relative weights of rectus femoris in the loading response phase and the relative weight of biceps femoris in the mid-stance phase, to limit knee flexion.

Association between skeletal muscle mass and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly community residents / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo explore the correlation between skeletal muscle mass and metabolic syndrome （MS） disease risk among middle-aged and elderly community residents in Urumqi， and to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the relationship between skeletal muscle mass and MS among middle-aged and elderly community residents in China. MethodsA total of 1 438 community residents ≥ 50 years old were selected as the research subjects from July 2018 to January 2019 in Urumqi. They were selected from a multi-ethnic natural population cohort in Xinjiang. Data were collected through questionnaires， physical examination， bioelectrical impedance analysis （BIA）， laboratory tests， etc. Skeletal muscle mass was evaluated using the limb skeletal muscle mass index （SMI） corrected for body weight； MS was defined as it at least includes three of the following： abdominal obesity， hypertension， hyperglycemia， high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. SMI was divided into four quantile arrays of Q1‒Q4. Trend χ2 test was applied to explore whether there was a correlation between SMI changes and MS. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze whether there is a difference in the risk of MS between the higher SMI group （Q2， Q3， Q4） and the reference group Q1. ResultA total of 560 MS patients were detected in this study， with a prevalence rate of 38.94%. Among them， the prevalence rate of MS was 39.16% in males and 38.80% in females. The increase in male SMI grading level is not correlated with the prevalence of MS （trend P>0.05）； After adjusting for confounding factors （model 4）， the increase in SMI was still not related to the prevalence of MS （Ptrend=0.995）. There was no statistical difference in the risk of MS between the lowest quartile group Q1 and the highest quartile group Q4 （OR=1.01， 95%CI： 0.69‒1.78）. The prevalence of MS in women gradually decreased with the increase of SMI grading level （Ptrend<0.001）； After adjusting for confounding factors （model 4）， there was still a correlation between the increase of SMI and the prevalence of MS （Ptrend=0.005）. With the lowest quartile of SMI Q1 as the reference group， the risk of MS in Q2 （OR=0.63， 95%CI： 0.40‒1.00）， Q3 （OR=0.56， 95%CI： 0.34‒0.94）， Q4 （OR=0.42， 95%CI： 0.23‒0.76） decreased. ConclusionAn increase in skeletal muscle mass may be beneficial for preventing MS， especially among middle-aged and elderly female residents. Considering the intensification of aging in China and the close relationship between MS and related comorbidities， managing skeletal muscle mass may contribute to potential MS prevention.