Factores asociados al covid-19 desencadenantes de infecciones bucodentales en la población infantil / Factors associated with covid-19 that trigger oral infections in the child population

La presencia de un nuevo coronavirus se propagó de manera inesperada alrededor de todo el mundo, desencadenando una crisis mundial sin precedentes. Ya para el año 2020, habían más de 7,9 millones de casos, y 434.796 muertes, en más de 200 países. En ese momento, se implementaron medidas de aislamiento y distanciamiento social en todo el mundo para contener el acelerado propagación de covid-19; entre las consecuencias, las clínicas dentales, se cerraron temporalmente y se suspendió la atención dental electiva, lo que conllevó a un aumento en el desarrollo de enfermedades bucodentales. Con relación a los niños y jóvenes, hubo un aumento en este tipo de enfermedades. Los niños se vieron obligados a pasar la mayor parte de su tiempo en el hogar con la adquisición de hábitos alimentarios incorrectos, ingesta de refrescos y bebidas energéticas que, además de contener altas cantidades de azúcares, su contenido ácido produce erosión dental y hace que el esmalte tejido menos resistente al ataque de bacterias cariogénicas. En este trabajo se analizó una población de 96 niños en edad escolar durante un periodo de dos años de 2020 al 2022. Los resultados mostraron que 100% de los escolares presentaron caries dentales al momento de su evaluación en enero 2022, mientras que 47% del total presentaron dientes obturados y el 64% del total de casos, perdieron algunas de sus piezas dentales. Estos resultados son, posiblemente, debido al desconocimiento de los escolares sobre la higiene para la prevención de las caries dental y sus consecuencias, siendo la más perjudicial la pérdida prematura de dientes temporales, lo que hace necesario implementar programas sobre la promoción y prevención en la salud bucodental en escolares, docentes, y padres y representantes(AU)

The presence of a new coronavirus spread unexpectedly around the world, triggering an unprecedented global crisis. By 2020, there were more than 7.9 million cases, and 434,796 deaths, in more than 200 countries. At that time, isolation and social distancing measures were implemented around the world to contain the accelerated spread of covid-19; Among the consequences, dental clinics were temporarily closed, and elective dental care was suspended, which led to an increase in the development of oral diseases. In relation to children and young people, there was an increase in this type of illness. The children were forced to spend most of their time at home with the acquisition of incorrect eating habits, intake of soft drinks and energy drinks that, in addition to containing high amounts of sugar, their acid content produces dental erosion and makes the enamel tissue less resistant to attack by cariogenic bacteria. In this work, a population of 96 school-age children was analyzed during a two-year period from 2020 to 2022. The results showed that 100% of the schoolchildren had dental caries at the time of their evaluation in January 2022, while 47% of the total had filled teeth and 64% of the total cases lost some of their teeth. These results are possibly due to the lack of knowledge of schoolchildren about hygiene for the prevention of dental caries and its consequences, the most damaging being the premature loss of temporary teeth, which makes it necessary to implement programs on promotion and prevention in the oral health in schoolchildren, teachers, and parents and representatives(AU)

Anti Bacterial Effect Of Silver Nanoparticle On Mrsa Isolates From Oral Infections

Aim of our study is to evaluate the antibacterial activity of silver Nano particle(Ag-NPs) against MRSA strains recovered from patients with oral infections Material and Methods:- Samples were collected from Patients attending department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Jaipur dental college who were diagnosed with oral infections. The samples were subjected to culture and sensitivity and MRSA (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) screening. MRSAstrains were treated with Ag-Nanoparticles to know the antibacterial affect Results:- Out of 146 samples, 26 specimens showed Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) The MIC and MBC values of Ag-NPs against MRSA strains were observed to be very low (i.e. in the range of 12.5-100 μg/ml), indicating very well bacteriostatic (represented by the MIC) and bactericidal activity (represented by MBC). Conclusion:- In recent years, there is increase in MRSA in oral and perioral samples with emergence of new resistant strains of MRSA. In our study we have seen Ag-NPs size 5-10nm has inhibited growth of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vitro at nontoxic concentration, which makes it to use as anti-bacterial agent in oral infections

Evaluation of patients with Alzheimer's disease before and after dental treatment / Avaliação de pacientes com doença de Alzheimer antes e depois do tratamento dentário

Oral infections may play a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective To describe the orofacial pain, dental characteristics and associated factors in patients with Alzheimer's Disease that underwent dental treatment. Method 29 patients with mild AD diagnosed by a neurologist were included. They fulfilled the Mini Mental State Exam and Pfeffer's questionnaire. A dentist performed a complete evaluation: clinical questionnaire; research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders; McGill pain questionnaire; oral health impact profile; decayed, missing and filled teeth index; and complete periodontal investigation. The protocol was applied before and after the dental treatment. Periodontal treatments (scaling), extractions and topic nystatin were the most frequent. Results There was a reduction in pain frequency (p=0.014), mandibular functional limitations (p=0.011) and periodontal indexes (p<0.05), and an improvement in quality of life (p=0.009) and functional impairment due to cognitive compromise (p<0.001) after the dental treatment. Orofacial complaints and intensity of pain also diminished. Conclusion The dental treatment contributed to reduce co-morbidities associated with AD and should be routinely included in the assessment of these patients. .

Infecções orais podem ter um papel na doença de Alzheimer (DA). Objetivo Descrever as características orofaciais, dor, odontológicas e fatores associados em doentes com DA submetidos a tratamento dentário. Método 29 doentes diagnosticados com DA por neurologista foram avaliados através do Mini Exame do Estado Mental e questionário Pfeffer. O exame odontológico foi realizado antes e depois do tratamento dentário e incluiu: questionário clínico; critérios diagnósticos de pesquisa para disfunção temporomandibular; questionário de dor McGill; protocolo de impacto de saúde oral; dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados; e avaliação periodontal. Os procedimentos mais frequentes foram raspagem periodontal, exodontias e prescrição de nistatina tópica. Resultados Houve uma redução na frequência de dor (p=0,014), limitações mandibulares (p=0,011), índices periodontais (p<0.05), e melhora na qualidade de vida (p=0,009) e no comprometimento funcional e cognitivo (p<0,001) após o tratamento dentário. Queixas orofaciais e intensidade de dor também diminuíram. Conclusão O tratamento dentário contribuiu para reduzir comorbidades associadas à DA e deveria ser incluído na rotina de avaliação desses pacientes. .

Recent clinical efifcacy and safety analysis of Tinidazole and metronidazole in treatment of severe oral infection’s / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To study recent clinical efifcacy and safety analysis of tinidazole and metronidazole in treatment of severe oral infection. Methods, 88 cases with severe oral infection(SOI) collected in the third people's hospital of Wenling from April 2012 to April 2013 were divided into observation group (n=45) and control group (n=43) by random number table. Control group were received metronidazole drug treatment, while observation group were treated with tinidazole medication, The efifcacy, recovery duration and adverse reactions were compared between two groups. Results The efficacy of observation group was significantly better than control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The average duration of symptoms and wound healing in observation group were (4.8±0.4)hs and (4.3 ± 0.2)hs, which were signiifcantly less than (5.5 ± 0.2)sh and (5.6 ± 0.1)sh in control group(P<0.05).Adverse reactions in observation group were signiifcantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Tinidazole has a signiifcant effect and less adverse reactions in treatment of SOI.

Influência da infecção endodôntica e/ou periodontal associadas à diabetes na quantificação sérica da citocina pró-inflamatória IL-17 e na glicemia de ratos Wistar / Influence of endodontic infection and/or periodontal associated with diabetes in serum levels proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 and on glycemia in Wistar rats

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da periodontite apical e/ou doença periodontal associadas à diabetes na quantificação sérica da citocina pró-inflamatória IL-17 e na glicemia. Foram utilizados 80 ratos da linhagem Wistar divididos em 8 grupos de 10 ratos: G1 - ratos normoglicêmicos ; G2 - ratos com infecção endodôntica; G3 - ratos com infecção periodontal; G4 - ratos com infecção endodôntica e periodontal; G5 - ratos diabéticos; G6 - ratos diabéticos com infecção endodôntica; G7 - ratos diabéticos com infecção periodontal; G8 - ratos diabéticos com infecção endodôntica e periodontal. A diabetes foi induzida pela aplicação de estreptozotocina via veia peniana, cujo desenvolvimento da doença foi confirmado no sexto e último dia do experimento pela avaliação glicêmica no sangue por meio de uma punção na extremidade da cauda do animal, seguida de pequena compressão para a obtenção de uma gota de sangue. A infecção endodôntica foi induzida pela exposição pulpar do primeiro molar superior direito. A infecção periodontal foi induzida por meio da confecção de uma amarria junto ao colo dentário do segundo molar superior esquerdo. Com 30 dias pós-operatórios foi realizada a glicemia novamente e a coleta de sangue pela punção cardíaca para a quantificação da citocina IL-17 empregando a técnica de ELISA de captura. Os resultados foram analisados do pelo teste de análise de variância e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). O nível glicêmico foi maior em ratos diabéticos quando comparados com ratos controle aos 6 e 30 dias (p<0,05). Entretanto, aos 30 dias nos grupos de ratos diabéticos, observou-se que a presença da infecção periodontal isolada (G7) ou associada à endodôntica (G8) aumentou de forma significante a glicemia quando comparado com os ratos diabéticos sem infeções orais (G5) (p<0,05). A presença da doença sistêmica diabetes e da periodontite apical ou doença periodontal isoladas não foram capazes de elevar o nível sérico de IL-17 (p<0,05)...

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of periapical lesions and/or periodontal disease on the IL-17 serum and dosage glycemic a rat model of diabetes mellitus. Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups of ten animals each: normal rats (G1), rats with pulpal infection (G2), rats with periodontal disease (G3), rats with pulpal infection and periodontal disease (G4), diabetic rats (G5), diabetic rats with pulpal infection (G6), diabetic rats with periodontal disease (G7), diabetic rats with pulpal infection and periodontal disease (G8). Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin, pulpal infection were induced by dental pulp exposure to the oral environment and the periodontal disease by periodontal ligature. Blood glucose was measured by means of a perforation in the tail of the animal after 0, 6 and 30 days post-operative. The animals were sacrificed after 30 days and the IL-17 levels were measured by ELISA. The total assessed values was tabulated according to each experimental group and statistically analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test (p<0.05). Glucose levels were higher in diabetic rats compared to control rats at 6, and 30 days (p <0.05). However, at 30 days, and among the groups of diabetic rats, it was observed that the presence of periodontal infection alone (G7) or associated with endodontic (G8) increased significantly the blood glucose compared to diabetic rats without oral infections (G5 ) (p <0.05). The presence of systemic disease diabetes was not able to increase the level of serum IL-17 (p <0.05). However, the presence of the associated oral infections (G4, G8) significantly elevated the serum level of IL-17, regardless of the presence of diabetes (p <0.05). It can be concluded that the endodontic infection when associated with periodontal disease may increase blood glucose levels in diabetic rats and the serum level of IL-17 in normoglycemic or diabetic rats...

Can fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels predict oral complications following invasive dental procedures in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus? A preliminary case-control study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of the levels of glycemic control on the frequency of clinical complications following invasive dental treatments in type 2 diabetic patients and suggest appropriate levels of fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin considered to be safe to avoid these complications. METHOD: Type 2 diabetic patients and non-diabetic patients were selected and divided into three groups. Group I consisted of 13 type 2 diabetic patients with adequate glycemic control (fasting blood glucose levels <140 mg/dl and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels <7%). Group II consisted of 15 type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control (fasting blood glucose levels >140 mg/dl and HbA1c levels >7%). Group III consisted of 18 non-diabetic patients (no symptoms and fasting blood glucose levels <100 mg/dl). The levels of fasting blood glucose, glycated HbA1c, and fingerstick capillary glycemia were evaluated in diabetic patients prior to performing dental procedures. Seven days after the dental procedure, the frequency of clinical complications (surgery site infections and systemic infections) was examined and compared between the three study groups. In addition, correlations between the occurrence of these outcomes and the glycemic control of diabetes mellitus were evaluated. RESULTS: The frequency of clinical outcomes was low (4/43; 8.6%), and no significant differences between the outcome frequencies of the various study groups were observed (p>0.05). However, a significant association was observed between clinical complications and dental extractions (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Because of the low frequency of clinical outcomes, it was not possible to determine whether fasting blood glucose or glycated HbA1c levels are important for these clinical outcomes.

Eikenella corrodens: patogénesis y aspectos clínicos: [revisión] / Eikenella corrodens: pathogenesis and clinic aspects: [review]

El ambiente microbiológico oral es único y tiene una dinámica compleja. Se calcula que cerca de 500 especies de bacterias habitan la cavidad oral humana, y alrededor de 22 géneros son los predominantes. Las bacterias que se aíslan con más frecuencia de los sitios infectados de la cavidad oral, y que son también patógenos potenciales, forma un grupo pequeño de microorganismos gramnegativos, entre los que se incluyen los siguientes: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides forsythus, Campylobacter spp., Capnocytophoga spp., Eikenella corrodens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia y el grupo-Streptococcus milleri. E. corrodens se reconoce como un microbio patógeno oportunista en la cavidad oral; también, puede causar infecciones extra orales, como un agente infeccioso solo o en combinaciones con diversas bacterias. La presente revisión, con un énfasis en E. corrodens, mostrará varios aspectos de sus características microbiológicas y bioquímicas, también se sistematizan y discuten el conocimiento actual sobre los mecanismos de patogénesis, como los lipopolisacáridos, proteínas externas de membrana, complejo de adesina, pili y otros; infecciones oral y extra oral; factores predisponentes; endocarditis; osteomielitis, infecciones intra-abdominales; diagnóstico y agentes antimicrobianos.

The oral microbiological environment is unique and has a complex dynamic. It has been estimated that about 500 species of bacteria inhabit the human oral cavity and about 22 genera of them are the most dominant. The most frequently isolated from infected pockets of the oral cavity bacteria which are also potential pathogens form a small group of gramnegative microorganisms among which are included the following: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides forsythus, Campylobacter spp., Capnocytophoga spp., Eikenella corrodens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Streptococcus milleri-group. E. corrodens is distinguished for being an opportunistic oral pathogen. It can also produce extra-oral infections acting either as an infectious agent itself or together with other bacteria. Referring to E. corrodens the present review will not only demonstrate different aspects about microbiological and biochemical characteristics, but also the actual knowledge on pathogenesis mechanism, like polysaccharides, outer membrane protein, lectin-like adhesin complex, pili, and other mechanisms will be systematized and discussed. Oral and extra-oral infections and other risking factors like endocarditis; osteomyelitis, intra-abdominal infections, their diagnosis and antimicrobial agents will be also considered in this paper.