Evaluating maternal and perinatal outcomes of eclampsia at a tertiary healthcare facility in Bihar, India: a retrospective study

Background: Eclampsia, characterized by seizures in women with preeclampsia, is a leading cause of mother and neonatal illness and death globally. Despite advancements in obstetric care, eclampsia remains a significant concern, especially in nations with poor and medium incomes. The aim of the study is to comprehensively assess the maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with eclampsia cases treated at a tertiary healthcare centre with the goal of improving understanding and management strategies for this serious medical condition. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted over 12 months. Data were collected from 200 eclampsia cases, focusing on demographic information, obstetric history, clinical characteristics, obstetric interventions, maternal complications, and perinatal outcomes. Statistical analysis was accomplished using SPSS version 21. Results: The mean age of patients was 28.5 years, with a majority (65%) being multiparous. Antepartum eclampsia was the most common clinical type (60%). Emergency caesarean section was performed in 70% of cases. Maternal complications included pulmonary edema (45%) and renal failure (25%), with a maternal mortality rate of 5%. Pre-term births occurred in 40% of cases, with an average gestational age at birth of 32 weeks. Additionally, 35% of newborns were low birth weight, and the perinatal mortality rate was 15%. Conclusions: This study highlights the substantial burden of neonatal and mother morbidity and death related with eclampsia in Bihar, India. Effective management strategies, including timely diagnosis, obstetric interventions, and preventive measures, are crucial in mitigating the adverse outcomes of eclampsia. Improving access to antenatal care, early detection of pre-eclampsia, and enhancing obstetric care services are essential in reducing the impact of eclampsia. Furthermore, continuous medical education programs for healthcare providers can enhance their knowledge and skills in managing eclampsia cases effectively.

Maternal and perinatal outcomes of minimally invasive fetal surgeries: experience from two reference centers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Concerns regarding high open surgery-related maternal morbidity have led to improvements in minimally invasive fetal surgeries. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the perinatal and maternal outcomes of minimally invasive fetal surgery performed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cohort study conducted in two tertiary reference centers. METHODS: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted using medical records from 2011 to 2019. The outcomes included maternal and pregnancy complications, neonatal morbidity, and mortality from the intrauterine period to hospital discharge. RESULTS: Fifty mothers and 70 fetuses were included in this study. The pathologies included twin-twin transfusion syndrome, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, myelomeningocele, lower urinary tract obstruction, pleural effusion, congenital upper airway obstruction syndrome, and amniotic band syndrome. Regarding maternal complications, 8% had anesthetic complications, 12% had infectious complications, and 6% required blood transfusions. The mean gestational age at surgery was 25 weeks, the mean gestational age at delivery was 33 weeks, 83% of fetuses undergoing surgery were born alive, and 69% were discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit. CONCLUSION: Despite the small sample size, we demonstrated that minimally invasive fetal surgeries are safe for pregnant women. Perinatal mortality and prematurity rates in this study were comparable to those previously. Prematurity remains the most significant problem associated with fetal surgery.

Justicia reproductiva en Uruguay: resultados materno perinatales en el Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud / Reproductive justice in Uruguay Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes in the Integrated National Health System / Justiça reprodutiva no Uruguai: resultados maternos e perinatais no Sistema Nacional Integrado de Saúde

Introducción: la justicia reproductiva es la capacidad de las personas y las sociedades de poder concretar los derechos sexuales y reproductivos. Por el contrario, la injusticia reproductiva (IR) expone la presencia de riesgos para el proceso de desarrollo durante el embarazo y la primera infancia. Objetivo: describir la evolución de un conjunto de indicadores vinculados a la justicia reproductiva en el Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud (SNIS) de Uruguay en los últimos 12 años y comparar las tendencias entre el subsector público y el subsector privado. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de un conjunto de indicadores incluidos en los objetivos de desarrollo sostenibles (ODS) y de los objetivos sanitarios nacionales. Se analizaron razón de mortalidad materna (MM), incidencia de parto pretérmino (PPT), bajo peso al nacer (BPN) y sífilis congénita (SC), en el subsector público y privado del SNIS, durante los últimos 12 años. Resultados: la razón de MM en el período de tiempo analizado ha sido siempre superior en el subsector público, salvo en el año 2015. La incidencia de PPT en el período de tiempo ha oscilado entre 8,6% y 10%. Ésta es superior en el subsector público, salvo en algunos períodos donde es mayor en el subsector privado. La incidencia de BPN es superior siempre en el subsector público, con su mayor incidencia en 2022, de 9,3. La SC siempre fue superior en el subsector público desde 1,3 a 7,1, mientras que en el subsector privado los valores van de 0,2 a 0,6. Conclusiones: la diferencia en estos indicadores de salud perinatal entre los dos subsectores de atención de nuestro país refleja que a pesar de contar con un SNIS, existe una disparidad que impacta sobre los resultados de indicadores finales e intermedios, determinando así la existencia de una IR.

Introduction: Reproductive justice is the ability of individuals and societies to realize sexual and reproductive rights. On the contrary, reproductive injustice (RI) exposes the presence of risks to the developmental process during pregnancy and early childhood. Objective: To describe the evolution of a set of indicators related to reproductive justice in the Integrated National Health System (SNIS) of Uruguay over the last 12 years and compare trends between the public and private subsectors. Methodology: A descriptive, retrospective study of a set of indicators included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and national health objectives was conducted. Maternal mortality ratio (MMR), incidence of preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), and congenital syphilis (CS) were analyzed in the public and private subsectors of the SNIS over the past 12 years. Results: During the analyzed period the maternal mortality ratio has always been higher in the public subsector, except in the year 2015. The incidence of preterm birth during the period has ranged between 8.6% and 10%. It is higher in the public subsector, except in some periods where it is higher in the private subsector. The incidence of low birth weight is always higher in the public subsector, with its highest incidence in 2022 at 9.3. Congenital syphilis has always been higher in the public subsector, ranging from 1.3 to 7.1, while in the private subsector, the values range from 0.2 to 0.6. Conclusions: The difference in these perinatal health indicators between the two healthcare subsectors in our country reflects that despite having an Integrated National Health System, there is a disparity that impacts the results of final and intermediate indicators, thus determining the existence of reproductive injustice.

Introdução: A justiça reprodutiva é a capacidade dos indivíduos e das sociedades de poderem realizar seus direitos sexuais e reprodutivos. A injustiça reprodutiva (IR), por outro lado, expõe a presença de riscos ao processo de desenvolvimento durante a gravidez e a primeira infância. Objetivo: descrever a evolução de um conjunto de indicadores relacionados à justiça reprodutiva no Sistema Nacional Integrado de Saúde (SNIS) do Uruguai nos últimos 12 anos e comparar as tendências entre os subsetores público e privado. Metodologia: estudo descritivo e retrospectivo de um conjunto de indicadores incluídos nos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (SDGs) e nas metas nacionais de saúde. A taxa de mortalidade materna (MM), a incidência de parto prematuro (PTB), baixo peso ao nascer (BPN) e sífilis congênita (SC) foram analisadas no subsetor público e privado do SNIS nos últimos 12 anos. Resultados: A taxa de mortalidade materna foi maior no subsetor público durante o período analisado, exceto em 2015. A incidência de nascimento pré-termo no período variou entre 8,6 e 10%. Ela é maior no subsetor público, exceto em alguns períodos em que é maior no subsetor privado. A incidência de baixo peso ao nascer é sempre maior no subsetor público, com sua maior incidência em 2022, com 9,3. A sífilis congênita sempre foi mais alta no subsetor público, de 1,3 a 7,1, enquanto no subsetor privado os valores variam de 0,2 a 0,6. Conclusões: A diferença nesses indicadores de saúde perinatal entre os dois subsetores de atendimento em nosso país reflete que, apesar da existência de um Sistema Nacional de Saúde Integrado, há uma disparidade que impacta nos resultados dos indicadores finais e intermediários, determinando assim a existência de uma injustiça reprodutiva.

Cerebroplacental ratio and its relation to poor perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies: a cross sectional study in a tertiary care centre of Eastern India

Background: Detection of fetal growth abnormalities by fetal monitoring is a critical component of perinatal care. Cerebroplacental ratio (CPR), as measured by colour Doppler, has recently been demonstrated to be a reliable indicator of foetus health. CPR is calculated as ratio of pulsatility index of middle cerebral artery (MCA) and umbilical artery (UA). When blood is redistributed in the early stages of hypoxia in favour of cerebral circulation, the diastolic flow amplitude increases above normal levels in MCA while umbilical flow in diastole decreases, providing CPR. This study aims to investigate the relationship between CPR and adverse perinatal outcomes.Methods: After institutional ethical approval, a 2-year study was conducted on 226 pregnant women of age group 18-45 years with singleton pregnancies at 34-38 weeks with informed consent in a tertiary hospital in Eastern part of India. The MCA and UA pulsatility index were calculated using a doppler scan on each patient. When the cerebroplacental ratio is <1 it is deemed abnormal. The perinatal outcomes were observed and their associations were evaluated.Results: There were 68/226 (30%) women had abnormal CPR (<1). CPR<1 was significantly associated with unfavourable perinatal outcomes (prematurity, low birth weight, NICU admission and perinatal hypoxia) with p value < 0.001.Conclusions: CPR is important tool in predicting an unfavourable perinatal outcome.

The role of umbilical artery doppler indices in predicting perinatal outcome in preeclampsia

Background: Preeclampsia currently accounts for the majority of causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Umbilical artery Doppler (UAD) is a non-invasive effective method of antenatal fetal surveillance for early detection and prevention of potentially adverse perinatal outcome in preeclampsia. The objective of this study is to predict adverse perinatal outcome using UAD in Preeclampsia. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study in which 170 consecutively consenting women with preeclampsia were recruited. An UAD was done using Voluson P8 ultrasound. The pulsatility index, resistance index, systolic/diastole ratio. Reduced end diastolic flow, absent end diastolic flow and reversed end diastolic flow were measured. The participants were divided into two groups based on UAD indices findings. Both groups were followed up to determine their perinatal outcomes.The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 for windows (IBM SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Categorical variables were analyzed using Chi-Square ( 2) test and Fisher's exact test p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Specificity, sensitivity, PPV and NPV were determined. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of umbilical artery Doppler in predicting adverse perinatal outcomes was 68.5%, 59.7%, 74.7%, and 52.1% respectively. Conclusions: Although the use of UAD indices in this study showed modest predictive values for adverse perinatal outcome in preeclampsia, it’s use should be combine with other methods of antenatal fetal surveillance to prevent adverse perinatal outcome.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pregnant patients with COVID-19 at BPKIHS, a prospective study

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) can vary in presentation, women present with a spectrum of clinical manifestations that range from mild symptoms and signs to severe illness, may require immediate advanced critical care support. Therefore, a hospital-based study was conducted to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 on maternal and perinatal outcomes of COVID-19 infected pregnant women.Methods: This was prospective descriptive study conducted at B. P. Koirala institute of health science. Total duration of study was one year from September 2020 to August 2021. This study was done in 70 pregnant ladies with confirmed SARS CoV2 infection. Different clinical presentation, mode of delivery, treatment given, need of oxygen, need of ICU admission, maternal outcomes, neonatal outcomes were observed.Result: The most common symptom was fever in 38 (54.2%) patients, followed by cough in 22 (31.5%) patients. Eighteen (25.71%) had mild degree of pneumonia with fall in oxygen saturation below 95% and required oxygen via face mask. Three patients (4.28%) develop sever pneumonia and required mechanical ventilation two (2.85%) had maternal mortality due to covid pneumonia. Most common mode of delivery was LSCS 21 (61.76%). Seven (10%) patients had preterm delivery.Conclusions: Most of the COVID-19 positive pregnant women remained asymptomatic or had mild infections. COVID-19 infections in late pregnancy might lead to an increased incidence of caesarean deliveries as observed in the present study. Adverse perinatal outcomes are mostly due to delayed presentation of patient to the hospital during COVID pandemic. High maternal mortality rate has been seen in present study. So proper intensive care is must for the management of such patient during pandemics. Also, efforts to limit exposure to COVID-19 of pregnant women should be strengthened for saving mother and child.

Determining the risk of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and adverse perinatal outcomes in patients with antenatal lower threshold blood pressure elevations: A retrospective cohort study / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Background@#Diagnosing hypertensive disorders in pregnancy utilizes systolic blood pressure (BP) of >140 mmHg and/or diastolic of >90 mmHg. However, since 2017, the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) have been endorsing lower BP thresholds for diagnosing hypertension.@*Objectives@#This study determines if antenatal lower threshold BP elevations under elevated BP and Stage 1 hypertension from ACC/AHA show an increased risk of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and adverse perinatal outcomes.@*Materials and Methods@#This retrospective cohort study included service patients with prenatal consultations and deliveries at a private tertiary-level hospital from February 2016 to 2020. Antenatal BP measurements, categorized into “normal,” “elevated BP,” and “Stage 1 hypertension” under ACC/AHA classifications, had crude and adjusted relative risks (aRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated to determine their associations with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.@*Results@#Stage 1 hypertension was twice more likely to develop gestational hypertension (aRR: 2.314, 95% CI: 1.08–4.98) and thrice more likely to develop preeclampsia (aRR: 3.673, 95% CI: 2.30–5.86), whether without (aRR: 3.520, 95% CI: 1.33–9.29) or with severe features (aRR: 3.717, 95% CI: 2.16–6.41). There was a slightly increased risk for adverse perinatal outcomes from Stage 1 hypertension, as well as all outcomes from elevated BP, but was not statistically significant. Majority of BP elevations were during the third trimester.@*Conclusion@#Lower threshold Stage 1 hypertension showed an increased risk of developing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, with a three-fold increased risk for preeclampsia. There may be advantages in its application for diagnosing preeclampsia or having increased monitoring for these patients.

Distribution characteristics of vaginal flora and pregnancy outcomes in cervical incompetence patients / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective·To investigate the distribution characteristics of vaginal flora in patients with cervical incompetence(CIC),and the effect of cervical cerclage on pregnancy outcome in patients with CIC with abnormal vaginal flora.Methods·A total of 1 261 pregnant women participated in the study.According to the diagnosis,they were divided into cervical incompetence group(CIC group)and normal pregnancy group(NP group).The CIC group patients randomly received cervical cerclage(CIC-C group)or expectation therapy(CIC-E group).Vaginal secretion samples of the patients in the groups were collected and analyzed in the laboratory.Meanwhile,through the results of vaginal flora,the CIC-C group and CIC-E group were further divided into normal vaginal flora groups(CIC-C-N group and CIC-E-N group)and abnormal vaginal flora groups(CIC-C-A group and CIC-E-A group).All groups were processed accordingly and analyzed on pregnancy outcomes.T-test and Chi-squared test were used for comparison between the groups,and One-way ANOVA was used for comparison among the three groups.Statistical significance was accepted at a value of P＜0.05.Results·Among 1 261 vaginal secretion specimens,the positive rate of pathogenic bacteria was 22.0％(277/1 261).The pathogen detection rates in the CIC group and NP group were 32.9％(229/696)and 8.5％(48/565).Twenty-three types of vaginal flora were detected in the CIC group,and 9 were detected in the NP group.The proportions of women who had term birth were 75.94％in the CIC-C group,70.03％in the CIC-E group,and 87.79％in the NP group(P=0.000).Compared with the CIC-C-A group,the CIC-E-A group had a lower term delivery rate(61.84％vs 77.78％,P=0.011)and a higher incidence of pregnancy complications(22.37％vs 9.15％,P=0.006).Conclusion·There are differences in the distribution and diversity of vaginal flora between CIC patients and normal pregnant women.Cervical cerclage can improve pregnancy outcomes in CIC patients with abnormal vaginal flora.

The Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Perinatal Outcomes in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy / O efeito da infecção por SARS - CoV - 2 no perinatal resultados em distúrbios hipertensivos de gravidez

Abstract Objective To evaluate the fetal and maternal effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Methods Patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positivity (n = 55) were compared with cases with similar characteristics and PCR negativity (n = 53). The study group was further divided into two groups as severe (n = 11) and nonsevere (n = 44) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The groups were compared in terms of clinical characteristics and perinatal outcomes. Results The study and control groups were similar in terms of maternal age, parity, gestational age at diagnosis, type of hypertensive disorders, magnesium sulfate administration rate, gestational age at birth, birth weight, Apgar scores, and maternal complications. However, all cases of fetal loss (n = 6) were observed in the SARS-CoV-2 positive group (p = 0.027). From the 6 cases, there were 5 in the nonsevere group and 1 patient in the severe SARS-CoV-2 positive group. Moreover, higher rates of maternal complications, lower oxygen saturation values, and intensive care unit admissions were observed in the severe COVID-19 group. Conclusion Physicians should be cautious about the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy cases with SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Fetal loss seems to be more common in cases with SARS-CoV-2 positivity and severe COVID-19 seems to be associated with higher rates of maternal complications. Close follow-up for fetal wellbeing and active management of severe cases in terms of maternal complications seem to be favorable.

Perinatal Outcomes in Women with Chronic Kidney Diseases / Resultados perinatais em mulheres com doenças renais crônicas

Abstract Objective To assess maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at a referral center for high-risk pregnancy. Methods A retrospective cohort of pregnant women with CKD was followed at the Women's Hospital of Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil, between 2012 and 2020. Variables related to disease etiology, treatment duration, sociodemographic variables, lifestyle, other associated diseases, obstetric history, and perinatal outcomes were assessed. The causes of CKD were grouped into 10 subgroups. Subsequently, we divided the sample according to gestational age at childbirth, as preterm and term births, comparing maternal and neonatal outcomes, and baseline characteristics as well as outcomes among such groups. Results A total of 84 pregnancies were included, in 67 women with CKD. Among them, six pregnancies evolved to fetal death, five to miscarriage, and one was a twin pregnancy. We further analyzed 72 single pregnancies with live births; the mean gestational age at birth was 35 weeks and 3 days, with a mean birth weight of 2,444 g. Around half of the sample (51.39%) presented previous hypertension, and 27.7% developed preeclampsia. Among the preterm births, we observed a higher frequency of hypertensive syndromes, longer maternal intensive care unit (ICU) stay in the postpartum period, higher incidence of admission to the neonatal ICU, higher neonatal death, lower 5-minute Apgar score, and lower birth weight. Conclusion This study demonstrates increased adverse outcomes among pregnancies complicated by CKD and expands the knowledge on obstetric care among such women in an attempt to reduce maternal risks and identify factors related to prematurity in this population.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os desfechos maternos e neonatais em mulheres com doença renal crônica (DRC) em um centro de referência para gestação de alto risco. Métodos Coorte retrospectiva de gestantes com DRC acompanhadas no Hospital da Mulher da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brasil, entre 2012 e 2020. Variáveis relacionadas à etiologia da doença, duração do tratamento, variáveis sociodemográficas, estilo de vida, outras doenças associadas, história obstétrica, número de consultas de pré-natal e os resultados perinatais foram avaliados. As causas da DRC foram agrupadas em 10 subgrupos. Posteriormente, dividimos a amostra de acordo com a idade gestacional no parto, pois os nascimentos pré-termo e a termo comparam os desfechos maternos e neonatais bem como as características basais e desfechos entre esses grupos. Resultados Um total de 84 gestações foram incluídas em 67 mulheres com DRC. Dentre elas, seis gestações evoluíram para óbito fetal, cinco para aborto espontâneo, e uma era gestação gemelar. Foram analisadas ainda 72 gestações únicas, com nascidos vivos; a idade gestacional média ao nascer foi de 35 semanas e 3 dias, e o peso médio ao nascer foi 2.444 g. Cerca de metade da amostra (51,39%) apresentava hipertensão prévia e 27,7% desenvolveram pré-eclâmpsia. Entre os casos de prematuridade (34 casos), observamos maior frequência de síndromes hipertensivas, mais dias de internação materna na UTI no pós-parto, maior incidência de internação na UTI neonatal, óbito neonatal, menor índice de Apgar de 5 minutos e menor peso ao nascimento. Conclusão Este estudo demonstra o aumento de desfechos adversos em gestações complicadas por DRC e amplia o conhecimento sobre cuidados obstétricos entre essas mulheres na tentativa de reduzir os riscos maternos e identificar fatores relacionados à prematuridade nessa população.

Nudo verdadero de cordón umbilical, hallazgo incidental al nacimiento. Reporte de 4 casos en un hospital de tercer nivel / True Umbilical Cord Knot, an Incidental Finding at Birth. Report of 4 Cases in a Third Level Hospital

Resumen El nudo verdadero de cordón umbilical es una patología con una incidencia relativamente baja. Se asocia a riesgo de pérdida del bienestar fetal y muerte perinatal. Existen factores de riesgo tanto maternos como fetales, con diferentes resultados perinatales asociados. El diagnóstico prenatal es un reto para el obstetra y la mayoría de casos son hallazgos al nacimiento, sin embargo, hoy en día se dispone de métodos ecográficos para su búsqueda intencionada, principalmente en pacientes con factores de riesgo. De igual forma debe sospecharse ante la presencia de un registro cardiotocográfico no tranquilizante, sobre todo cuando no existe respuesta a las maniobras habituales de reanimación intrauterina, como la posición en decúbito lateral izquierdo, oxígeno suplementario e hidratación materna. El objetivo del presente reporte es describir 4 casos de nudo verdadero en embarazos a término en un hospital de tercer nivel, en donde se estimó una incidencia del 0.03%, con una edad gestacional promedio de 39.3 semanas y una media de edad materna de 32.2 años. Los principales hallazgos intraparto fueron alteraciones en el registro cardiotocográfico, tales como desaceleraciones variables y tardías. La resolución del embarazo fue por vía vaginal en 2 de las pacientes, mientras que las otras 2 se resolvieron mediante cesárea. Se registró un caso de muerte perinatal.

Abstract The true umbilical cord knot is a pathology with an incidence relatively low. It is associated with the risk of loss of fetal well-being and stillbirth. There are both maternal and fetal risk factors, with different associated perinatal outcomes. Prenatal diagnosis of a true knot is a diagnostic challenge for the obstetrician, however, nowadays it is possible by ultrasound for incidental finding or by intentional search, mainly in patients with risk factors. In the same way it should be suspected in the presence of a non-reassuring cardiotocography, especially when there is no response to the usual intrauterine resuscitation maneuvers, such as left lateral decubitus position, supplemental oxygen and maternal hydration. The purpose of this report is to describe 4 cases of true knot in term pregnancies, in a third level hospital, where an incidence of 0.03% was estimated,, with a mean gestational age of 39.3 weeks and a mean maternal age of 32.2 years. The main intrapartum findings were alterations in the cardiotocography, such as variable and late decelerations. The route of pregnancy resolution was equitable among the patients, 2 were resolved by vaginal delivery and the other 2 by cesarean section. Pregnancy was resolved by vaginal delivery in 2 of the patients, while the other 2 were resolved by cesarean section. One case of stillbirth was registered

Perioperative Outcomes in Pregnant Women Who Underwent Surgery for Adnexal Torsion / Resultados perioperatórios em mulheres grávidas submetidas a cirurgia para torção anexial

Abstract Objective To evaluate clinical characteristics, maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women who underwent surgery for adnexal torsion (AT). Methods All patients, who underwent surgical operation due to AT during pregnancy at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ege University between 2005 and 2020 were retrospectively investigated. Main clinical and perioperative outcomes were evaluated. Results A total of 21 patients who underwent surgery due to AT during pregnancy were included. Of all patients, 61.9% underwent laparoscopy and the remaining 38.1% underwent laparotomy. The most common surgical procedure was adnexal detorsion in both groups (48%). Mean gestational age at the time of diagnosis, duration of surgery and hospitalization were significantly lower in the laparoscopy group, when compared with the laparotomy group (p=0.006, p=0.001, and p=0.001, respectively.) One of the patients had an infection during the postoperative period. Spontaneous abortion was only observed in one case. Conclusion It can be concluded that the surgical intervention implemented for the exact diagnosis and treatment of AT (laparotomy or laparoscopy) did not have an unfavorable effect on pregnancy outcomes such as abortion, preterm delivery, and fetal anomaly. However, laparoscopy may be superior to laparotomy in terms of advantages.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar as características clínicas, e os desfechos maternos e fetais em gestantes submetidas à cirurgia de torção anexial. Métodos Todas as pacientes operadas por torção anexial durante a gravidez no Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Ege entre 2005 e 2020 foram investigadas retrospectivamente. Os principais resultados clínicos e perioperatórios foram avaliados. Resultados Foraminclusas 21 pacientes operadas por torção anexial durante a gravidez. De todos as pacientes, 61,9% foramsubmetidas à laparoscopia e as 38,1% restantes foram submetidas à laparotomia. O procedimento cirúrgico mais comum foi apenas a destorção anexialemambos os grupos (48%).Aidade gestacionalmédia nomomento do diagnóstico, a duração da operação e da hospitalização foram significativamentemenores no grupo de laparoscopia em comparação com o grupo de laparotomia (p=0,006, p=0,001 e p=0,001, respectivamente.) Uma das pacientes teve uma infecção no pós-operatório. Apenas em um caso observamos aborto espontâneo. Conclusão Pode-se concluir que a intervenção cirúrgica implementada para o diagnóstico exato e tratamento da torção anexial (laparotomia ou laparoscopia) não teve efeito desfavorável nos desfechos da gravidez, como aborto, parto prematuro e anomalia fetal. No entanto, a laparoscopia pode ser superior à laparotomia em termos de vantagens.

Factores de riesgo asociados a la diabetes mellitus gestacional / Risk factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus gestacional presenta una serie de complicaciones en la mujer embarazada y su hijo, lo cual puede incrementar la morbilidad en las gestantes o la descendencia. Objetivos: Determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a la diabetes mellitus gestacional. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal de las pacientes con este diagnóstico, perteneciente a la comunidad del Policlínico Universitario Pedro Borrás Astorga, Pinar del Río, durante los años 2014 al 2018. De un universo de 1623 mujeres embarazadas atendidas en el período estudiado, se tomó una muestra de 59 gestantes con diabetes mellitus gestacional. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva. Los resultados se presentaron en tablas y gráficos. Resultados: La incidencia de la enfermedad fue de un 3,6 por ciento, en edades entre 26-30 años, no hubo adolescentes diagnosticadas en el período estudiado. Como antecedentes previos estuvieron los abortos y la nuliparidad. Prevaleció el parto transpelviano y las complicaciones a corto plazo del hijo fueron: la macrosomía, la hipoglucemia neonatal y la distocia de hombro. No hubo muerte perinatal causada por este padecimiento. Conclusiones: La diabetes mellitus gestacional se relaciona con algunos factores de riesgo, lo que puede provocar complicaciones para la madre y el feto en el período perinatal(AU)

Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus presents a series of complications for both the pregnant woman and her child, which can increase morbidity in pregnant women or the offspring. Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study was carried out with patients with the aforementioned diagnosis, belonging to the community of Pedro Borras Astorga University Polyclinic, Pinar del Rio Cuba, during the years 2014 to 2018. From a universe of 1623 pregnant women attended in the studied period, a sample of 59 pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus was taken. Descriptive statistics was used. The results were shown in tables and graphs. Results: The incidence of the disease was 3.6 percent, ages were between 26 and 30 years, and there were no adolescents diagnosed in the period studied. Previous history included abortions and nulliparity. Transpelvic delivery prevailed, while the short-term complications of the child were macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia and shoulder dystocia. There was no perinatal death caused by the studied condition. Conclusions: Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with some risk factors, which may lead to complications for the mother and the in the perinatal period(AU)

Factors associated with obstetric and perinatal outcomes among pregnant teen/adolescent Filipino 13–19 years old in a tertiary hospital

Background@#The 2013 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) showed that 1 in 10 young Filipino women aged 15–19 years are childbearing. Yet, teenage pregnancy is known to be associated with complications in the mother and the child. @*Objective@#This study aimed to describe the sociodemographic characteristics and obstetric and perinatal outcomes of teenage pregnancy among Filipino women aged 13–19 years at the Philippine General Hospital. @*Methods@#This is a retrospective study consisting of reviewing the hospital records of teenage mothers from years 2014–2016. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the gathered data. @*Results@#Almost 50% of the cases of adolescent pregnancy yielded obstetric and perinatal complications. The odds of having abnormal obstetric outcome among mothers with obstetric score of g1 is 7.8 times (95% CI: 2.0 to 30.7) higher as compared to other gravida scores and the odds of having at least one perinatal disorder decreases by 19% (95% CI: 6% to 30%) as the mothers regularly visit an obstetric clinic. This study also showed that among the pregnant adolescents, most of their partners were of legal age. Thirty-nine (23.9%) of them were seen by the Adolescent Service while 31(19%) were seen by the Child Protection Unit (CPU). @*Conclusion@#With the noted obstetric and perinatal outcomes, teenage pregnancy is an important issue that needs to be dealt with. To ensure good outcomes, provision of health care services designed particularly to cater to the needs of adolescent mothers should be properly and timely implemented. A referral to the Adolescent Service and CPU will greatly improve policies pertaining to provision of holistic care and protection services to teenage mothers.

Health literacy of mothers on factors associated to pre-rupture of membranes on perinatal outcomes in Vhembe district, South Africa

Pre-rupture of membranes prior labour initiation could complicate approximately 5% of pregnancies and could be associated with a high incidence of perinatal morbidity and mortality complications. The major complications could be chorioamnionitis and cord compression resulting in hypoxia. This study aimed to assess the health literacy of mothers on perinatal outcomes following prerupture of membranes at Thulamela B clinics of Vhembe district. A quantitative research approach with a cross-sectional descriptive design was used. The study population comprised a total of 210 lactating mothers within 6 weeks following delivery,irrespective of the mode of delivery were purposively selected. Data were collected by the researchers through self-administered questionnaires. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 was used for data analysis. The results are presented in the form of tables and graphs based on probability allowing judgment to be made on variables. Validity and reliability were ensured. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Venda Research Ethics Committee and permission to access health facilities from the Limpopo Province Department of Health. Findings revealed that limited and inadequate health literacy towards pre-rupture of membranes contributes to perinatal morbidity and mortality, with associated factors like poor antenatal care attendance, delayed health seeking, defaulting, and loss of follow-up. Recommendations emphasise the provision of preconception and antenatal care where health information on risks and danger signs of PROM to perinatal outcomes are given were made. (Afr J Reprod Health 2022; 26[7]: 90-101).

Suplementación de micronutrientes durante el embarazo: revisión narrativa de revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis / Micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy: narrative review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir los efectos de la suplementación con vitamina B12, vitamina D, calcio, magnesio, zinc y múltiples micronutrientes asociados con complicaciones perinatales. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio retrospectivo, basado en la búsqueda bibliográfica de revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis en la base de datos de Medline-PubMed, acerca de la suplementación con Vitamina B12, vitamina D, calcio, magnesio y zinc, además de la suplementación con múltiples micronutrientes en mujeres con embarazo único, sanas y con alteraciones metabólicas, de artículos publicados entre 2012 y 2022. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 51 revisiones y metanálisis. De acuerdo con los estudios, la suplementación con vitamina D reduce el riesgo de diabetes gestacional y preeclampsia, y posiblemente el riesgo de bajo peso al nacimiento y de pequeño para la edad gestacional. La suplementación con calcio disminuye el riesgo de hipertensión gestacional y preeclampsia en mujeres con alto riesgo y con bajo consumo de calcio. La suplementación con múltiples micronutrientes demostró un efecto en la reducción del bajo peso al nacimiento, pequeño para la edad gestacional, óbito y, posiblemente, parto pretérmino. Pocos estudios reportan que la suplementación con magnesio disminuye la hospitalización materna y mejora el control glucémico en mujeres con diabetes gestacional. Se requieren más estudios de suplementación con vitamina B12, zinc y magnesio. CONCLUSIÓN: No existe un esquema de referencia de suplementación con micronutrientes efectivo para todas las mujeres; el protocolo debe individualizarse en cuanto al tipo de nutrimento, dosis, características específicas, riesgos individuales y contexto de cada mujer, su consumo dietético y deficiencias, entre otros factores. La suplementación debe formar parte de los programas de salud gestacional, para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria y mejorar las condiciones de salud pública.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe the effects of vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, zinc and multiple micronutrient (MMS) supplementation on perinatal complications. METHODS: We performed a search of systematic reviews/meta-analyses of supplementation in healthy women, and/or with metabolic disorders, with a single pregnancy (Medline/PubMed; 2012-2022). RESULTS: 51 reviews/meta-analyses were included. Vitamin D supplementation appears to reduce the risk of gestational diabetes (GDM) and preeclampsia; and possibly the risk of low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA). Calcium supplementation reduces the risk of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, in women at high risk and with low calcium intake. MMS showed an effect in reducing LBW, SGA, stillbirth, and possibly preterm birth. Few studies reported that magnesium supplementation could decrease maternal hospitalization and improve glycemic control in women with GDM. More studies on vitamin B12, zinc and magnesium supplementation are required. CONCLUSION: There is no single effective micronutrient supplementation scheme for all women; this must be individualized in terms of the type of nutrient, dose, specific characteristics, individual risks and context of each woman, her dietary intake/micronutrient deficiencies, among others. Supplementation should be part of a policy to improve gestational clinical care, ensure food security and improve public health conditions.

Perinatal Outcomes and Factors Associated with Ethnic Group in cases of Preterm Birth: the Multicenter Study on Preterm Birth in Brazil / Resultados perinatais e fatores associados à etnia em casos de parto pré-termo: Estudo multicêntrico de investigação de prematuridade no Brasil

Abstract Objective To investigate the characteristics of women who had preterm birth (PTB) and related outcomes according to ethnicity. Methods A secondary analysis of a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in Brazil. Women who had PTB were classified by self-report as white and non-white. Clinical, pregnancy, and maternal data were collected through postpartum interviews and reviews of medical charts. The sociodemographic, obstetric and clinical characteristics of the women, as well as the mode of delivery and the neonatal outcomes among different ethnic groups were compared through a bivariate analysis. Results Of the 4,150 women who had PTB, 2,317 (55.8%) were non-white, who were more likely: to be younger than 19 years of age (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.05; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.01-1.09); to be without a partner; to live on low income; to have lower levels of schooling; to have ≥ 2 children; to perform strenuous work; to be fromthe Northeastern region of Brazil rather than the from Southern region; to have a history of ≥ 3 deliveries; to have an interpregnancy interval<12 months; to have pregnancy complications such as abortion, PTB, preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM), and low birth weight; to initiate antenatal care (ANC) visits in the second or third trimesters; to have have an inadequate number of ANC visits; to be under continuous overexertion; to smoke in the first and second or third trimesters; and to have anemia and gestational hypertension. The maternal and neonatal outcomes did not differ between the groups, except for the higher rate of low birth weight (73.7% versus 69.0%) in infants born to non-white women, and the higher rate of seizures (4.05% versus 6.29%) in infants born to white women. Conclusion Unfavorable conditions weremore common in non-whites than inwhites. Proper policies are required to decrease inequalities, especially in the context of prematurity, when women and their neonates have specific needs.

Resumo Objetivo Investigar as características das mulheres com parto pré-termo e os respectivos resultados de acordo com a etnia. Métodos Uma análise secundária de umestudo de corte transversalmulticêntrico no Brasil. Mulheres com parto pré-termo foram classificadas por autodefinição como brancas ou não brancas. Dados maternos, clínicos, e da gestação foram coletados por entrevista pós-parto e revisão de prontuários. As características sociodemográficas, obstétricas e clínicas das mulheres, o tipo de parto, e os resultados neonatais dos grupos étnicos foram comparados por análise bivariada. Resultados Das 4.150 mulheres que tiveram parto pré-termo, 2.317 (55,8%) eram não brancas, que com mais frequência: eram menores de 19 anos de idade (razão de prevalência [RP]: 1,05; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 1,01-1,09); não tinham parceiro; eramde baixa renda; tinham baixa escolaridade; tinham ≥ 2 filhos; realizavam trabalho extenuante; provinhammais do Nordeste do que do Sul; tinham histórico de ≥ 3 partos; tinham intervalo interpartal<12 meses; e tiveram complicações gestacionais como aborto, parto pré-termo, rotura prematura de membranas pré-termo (RPM-PT) e baixo peso ao nascimento; iniciaram as consultas de pré-natal no segundo ou terceiro trimestres; comparecerama um número inadequado de consultas; viviam sob contínua exaustão; fumaram no primeiro e segundo ou terceiro trimestres; e tiveram anemia e hipertensão gestacional. Os resultados maternos e neonatais não diferiram entre os grupos, exceto pelamaior taxa de baixo peso ao nascimento (73,7% versus 69,0%) entre as crianças das mulheres não brancas, e e a maior taxa de convulsões (4,05% versus 6,29%) entre as das brancas. Conclusão Condições desfavoráveis foram mais comuns entre não brancas do que entre brancas. Políticas apropriadas são necessárias para diminuir as diferenças, especialmente no contexto da prematuridade, quando mulheres e seus neonatos têm necessidades específicas.

Risk Factors Associated with Uterine Rupture and Dehiscence: A Cross-Sectional Canadian Study / Fatores de risco associados à ruptura uterina e deiscência: Um estudo transversal canadense

Abstract Objective To compare maternal and perinatal risk factors associated with complete uterine rupture and uterine dehiscence. Methods Cross-sectional study of patients with uterine rupture/dehiscence from January 1998 to December 2017 (30 years) admitted at the Labor and Delivery Unit of a tertiary teaching hospital in Canada. Results There were 174 (0.1%) cases of uterine disruption (29 ruptures and 145 cases of dehiscence) out of 169,356 deliveries. There were associations between dehiscence and multiparity (odds ratio [OR]: 3.2; p=0.02), elevated maternal body mass index (BMI; OR: 3.4; p=0.02), attempt of vaginal birth after a cesarian section (OR: 2.9; p=0.05) and 5-minute low Apgar score (OR: 5.9; p<0.001). Uterine rupture was associated with preterm deliveries (36.5 ± 4.9 versus 38.2 ± 2.9; p=0.006), postpartum hemorrhage (OR: 13.9; p<0.001), hysterectomy (OR: 23.0; p=0.002), and stillbirth (OR: 8.2; p<0.001). There were no associations between uterine rupture and maternal age, gestational age, onset of labor, spontaneous or artificial rupture of membranes, use of oxytocin, type of uterine incision, and birthweight. Conclusion This large cohort demonstrated that there are different risk factors associated with either uterine rupture or dehiscence. Uterine rupture still represents a great threat to fetal-maternal health and, differently from the common belief, uterine dehiscence can also compromise perinatal outcomes.

Resumo Objetivo Comparar os fatores de risco maternos e perinatais associados à ruptura uterina completa e deiscência uterina. Métodos Estudo transversal de pacientes com ruptura/deiscência uterina no período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2017 (30 anos) internadas na Unidade de Parto de um hospital universitário terciário no Canadá. Resultados Ocorreram 174 (0,1%) casos de transtorno uterino (29 rupturas e 145 deiscências) em 169.356 partos. Houve associações entre deiscência e multiparidade (razão de chances [RC]: 3,2; p=0,02), índice demassa corporal (IMC)materno elevado (RC: 3,4; p=0,02), tentativa de parto vaginal após cesariana (RC: 2,9; p=0,05) e baixa pontuação Apgar em 5minutos (RC: 5,9; p<0,001). A ruptura uterina foi associada a partos prematuros (36,5 ± 4,9 versus 38,2 ± 2,9; p=0,006), hemorragia pós-parto (RC: 13,9; p<0,001), histerectomia (RC: 23,0; p=0,002) e natimorto (RC: 8,2; p<0,001). Não houve associação entre ruptura uterina e idade materna, idade gestacional, início do trabalho de parto, ruptura espontânea ou artificial de membranas, uso de ocitocina, tipo de incisão uterina e peso ao nascer. Conclusão Esta grande coorte demonstrou que existem diferentes fatores de risco associados à ruptura ou à deiscência uterina. A ruptura uterina ainda representa uma grande ameaça à saúde materno-fetal e, diferentemente da crença comum, a deiscência uterina também pode comprometer os desfechos perinatais.

Thyroid Function of Pregnant Women and Perinatal Outcomes in North Macedonia / Função tireoidiana de mulheres grávidas e resultados perinatais na Macedônia do Norte

Abstract Objective Thyroid diseases are the second most common endocrine disorders in the reproductive period of women. They can be associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm delivery, low Apgar score, low birthweight (LBW) or fetal death. The aim of the present study is to explore thyroid dysfunction and its relationship with some poor perinatal outcomes (Apgar Score, low birthweight, and preterm delivery). Methods Dried blood spot samples from 358 healthy pregnant women were analyzed for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (TT4), and thyroglobulin (Tg). Neonatal data were collected upon delivery. Four groups were formed based on thyroid function tests (TFTs). Results Of the 358 tested women, 218 (60.72%) were euthyroid. Isolated hypo thyroxinemia was present in 132 women (36.76%), subclinical hyperthyroidism in 7 women (1.94%), and overt hypothyroidism in 1 (0.28%). The perinatal outcomes IUGR (p = 0.028) and Apgar score 1 minute (p = 0.015) were significantly different between thyroid function test [TFT]-distinct groups. In the multiple regression analysis, TT4 showed a statistically significant inverse predictive impact on LBW (p < 0.0001), but a positive impact of Tg on LBW (p = 0.0351). Conclusion Thyroid hormones alone do not have a direct impact on neonatal outcomes, but the percentage of their participation in the total process cannot be neglected. Based on the regression analysis, we can conclude that TT4 and Tg can be used as predictors of neonatal outcome, expressed through birthweight and Apgar score. The present study aims to contribute to determine whether a test for thyroid status should become routine screening during pregnancy.

Resumo Objetivo As doenças da tireoide são as segundas doenças endócrinas mais comuns no período reprodutivo das mulheres. Elas podem estar associadas à restrição de crescimento intrauterino (RCIU), parto prematuro, baixo índice de Apgar, baixo peso ao nascer (BPN) ou morte fetal. O objetivo do presente estudo é explorar a disfunção tireoidiana e sua relação com alguns resultados perinatais insatisfatórios (índice de Apgar, baixo peso ao nascer e parto prematuro). Métodos Amostras secas de sangue em 358 gestantes saudáveis foram analisadas para hormônio estimulador da tireoide (TSH), tiroxina total (TT4) e tireoglobulina (Tg). Os dados neonatais foram coletados no momento do parto. Quatro grupos foram formados com base em testes de função tireoidiana (TFT). Resultados Das 358 mulheres testadas, 218 (60,72%) eram eutireoidianas. Hipotiroxinemia isolada estava presente em 132 mulheres (36,76%), hipertireoidismo subclínico em 7 mulheres (1,94%) e hipotireoidismo evidente em 1 (0,28%). Os resultados perinatais RCIU (p = 0,028) e índice de Apgar de 1 minuto (p = 0,015) foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos distintos de TFT. Na análise de regressão múltipla, TT4 mostrou impacto preditivo inverso estatisticamente significativo no BPN (p < 0,0001), mas impacto positivo da Tg no BPN (p = 0,0351). Conclusão Isoladamente, os hormônios tireoidianos não têm impacto direto no desfecho neonatal, mas o percentual de sua participação no processo total não pode ser desprezado. Com base na análise de regressão, podemos concluir que TT4 e Tg podem ser usados como preditores do resultado neonatal, expressos por meio do peso ao nascer e do índice de Apgar. O presente estudo tem como objetivo contribuir para que um teste para verificar o estado da tireoide deva se tornar um rastreamento de rotina durante a gravidez.

Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review / Transmissão vertical do SARS-CoV-2: Revisão sistemática

Abstract Objective The evaluation of the available evidence on vertical transmission by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV)-2. Data Sources An electronic search was performed on June 13, 2020 on the Embase, PubMed and Scopus databases using the following search terms: (Coronavirus OR COVID-19 OR COVID19 OR SARS-CoV-2 OR SARS-CoV2 OR SARSCoV2) AND (vertical OR pregnancy OR fetal). Selection of Studies The electronic search resulted in a total of 2,073 records. Titles and abstracts were reviewed by two authors (WPM, IDESB), who checked for duplicates using the pre-established criteria for screening (studies published in English without limitation regarding the date or the status of the publication). Data Collection Data extraction was performed in a standardized way, and the final eligibility was assessed by reading the full text of the articles. We retrieved data regarding the delivery of the potential cases of vertical transmission, as well as themain findings and conclusions of systematic reviews. Data Synthesis The 2,073 records were reviewed; 1,000 duplicates and 896 clearly not eligible records were excluded. We evaluated the full text of 177 records, and identified only 9 suspected cases of possible vertical transmission. The only case with sufficient evidence of vertical transmission was reported in France. Conclusion The risk of vertical transmission by SARS-CoV-2 is probably very low. Despite several thousands of affected pregnant women, we have identified only one case that has fulfilled sufficient criteria to be confirmed as a case of vertical transmission. Well-designed observational studies evaluating large samples are still necessary to determine the risk of vertical transmission depending on the gestational age at infection.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a evidência disponível acerca da transmissão vertical do coronavírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, em inglês). Fontes de Dados Foi realizada uma busca eletrônica em 13 de junho de 2020 nas plataformas Embase, PubMed e "Scopus utilizando os seguintes termos de busca: (Coronavirus OU COVID-19 OU COVID19 OU SARS-CoV-2 OU SARS-CoV2 OU SARSCoV2) E (vertical OU pregnancy OU fetal). Seleção dos Estudos A busca eletrônica resultou em um total de 2.073 registros. Títulos e resumos foram revisados por dois autores (WPM, IDESB), que verificaram a ocorrência de duplicidade e utilizaram critérios preestabelecidos para o rastreamento (estudos publicados em inglês sem limitações quanto à data ou à situação da publicação). Aquisição dos Dados A extração de dados foi realizada de forma padrão, e a eligibilidade final foi definida poir meio da leitura do artigo completo. Foram coletados dados dos partos de casos com potencial transmissão vertical, bem como os principais achados e conclusões de revisões sistemáticas. Síntese dos Dados Foram revisados os 2.073 registros; 1.000 duplicatas e 896 registros claramente não elegíveis foram excluídos. Avaliamos os artigos completos de 177 registros, e identificamos apenas 9 casos de potencial transmissão vertical. O único caso com evidência suficiente de transmissão vertical foi relatado na França. Conclusão O risco de transmissão vertical pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 é provavelmente muito baixo. Apesar de milhares de gestantes afetadas, identificamos apenas um caso que preencheu critérios suficientes para que fosse confirmado como um caso de transmissão vertical. Estudos observacionais bem desenhados que avaliem grandes amostras ainda são necessários para se determinar o risco de transmissão vertical, a depender da idade gestacional na infecção.