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Introducción: La enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) se ha extendido entre la población de todo el país y ha tenido un gran impacto a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, existen diferencias geográficas importantes en la mortalidad de COVID-19 entre las diferentes regiones del mundo y en Costa Rica. Objetivo: Explorar el efecto de algunos de los factores sociodemográficos en la mortalidad de COVID-19 en pequeñas divisiones geográficas o cantones de Costa Rica. Métodos: Usamos registros oficiales y aplicamos un modelo de regresión clásica de Poisson y un modelo de regresión ponderada geográficamente. Resultados: Obtuvimos un criterio de información de Akaike (AIC) más bajo con la regresión ponderada (927.1 en la regresión de Poison versus 358.4 en la regresión ponderada). Los cantones con un mayor riesgo de mortalidad por COVID-19 tuvo una población más densa; bienestar material más alto; menor proporción de cobertura de salud y están ubicadas en el área del Pacífico de Costa Rica. Conclusiones: Una estrategia de intervención de COVID-19 específica debería concentrarse en áreas de la costa pacífica con poblaciones más densas, mayor bienestar material y menor población por unidad de salud.
Introduction: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread among the population of Costa Rica and has had a great global impact. However, there are important geographic differences in mortality from COVID-19 among world regions and within Costa Rica. Objective: To explore the effect of some sociodemographic factors on COVID-19 mortality in the small geographic divisions or cantons of Costa Rica. Methods: We used official records and applied a classical epidemiological Poisson regression model and a geographically weighted regression model. Results: We obtained a lower Akaike Information Criterion with the weighted regression (927.1 in Poisson regression versus 358.4 in weighted regression). The cantons with higher risk of mortality from COVID-19 had a denser population; higher material well-being; less population by health service units and are located near the Pacific coast. Conclusions: A specific COVID-19 intervention strategy should concentrate on Pacific coast areas with denser population, higher material well-being and less population by health service units.
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RESUMEN Objetivo. Estimar la brecha de mortalidad por violencia interpersonal (VI) en adolescentes y jóvenes en territorios sociales conformados por 17 países de América Latina (AL), según edad y sexo para los años 1990 y 2019, a partir de las estimaciones del Estudio de la carga global de enfermedades, lesiones y factores de riesgo (GBD, por su sigla en inglés) 2019. Métodos. Estudio epidemiológico ecológico de la mortalidad por VI. Los países se distribuyeron en tres estratos según el índice de desarrollo social. Para estimar las brechas se utilizó el modelo de regresión de Poisson, se calcularon los odds ratio y su respectivo intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados. La carga global de mortalidad por VI presentó un aumento significativo en los hombres de los estratos 1 y 2, y un descenso en el 3. Entre las mujeres del estrato 2, se observó un descenso significativo. Por grupo de edad, la carga de VI aumentó tanto en hombres como en mujeres a partir de los 20 años. Conclusiones. La VI es todavía un problema de salud pública importante en AL, que afecta sobre todo a los adolescentes y jóvenes de los países con menor desarrollo socioeconómico. Es urgente evaluar las políticas públicas implementadas para conocer las causas que impiden la reducción de las brechas actuales, y aplicar planes que actúen sobre los determinantes sociales de la VI y propongan una transformación positiva con equidad. El informe del GBD puede ser un insumo importante para el diseño, la implementación y el seguimiento de políticas públicas para la prevención de la violencia interpersonal en la Región.
ABSTRACT Objective. To estimate the mortality gap due to interpersonal violence in adolescents and young people in 'social territories' made up of 17 Latin American countries, by age and sex for the years 1990 and 2019, based on estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors (GBD) Study, 2019. Methods. Ecological epidemiological study of mortality due to interpersonal violence. Countries were divided into three strata according to the social development index (SDI). To estimate the gaps, the Poisson regression model was used, and the odds ratio and its respective 95% confidence interval were calculated. Results. The global burden of mortality due to interpersonal violence showed a significant increase in men in strata 1 and 2, and a decrease in stratum 3; a significant decrease was observed in women in stratum 2. By age group, the burden of interpersonal violence increased in both men and women aged 20 years and older. Conclusions. Interpersonal violence continues to be an important public health problem in Latin America, affecting mainly adolescents and young people in countries with lower socioeconomic development. It is urgent to evaluate the public policies that have been implemented in order to determine the causes that prevent the reduction of current gaps, and to implement plans that act on the social determinants of interpersonal violence and that promote a positive transformation with equity. The GBD report can serve as an important tool in the design, implementation, and monitoring of public policies aimed at preventing interpersonal violence in the Region.
RESUMO Objetivo. Estimar a disparidade de mortalidade por violência interpessoal (VI) entre adolescentes e jovens em territórios sociais compostos por 17 países da América Latina (AL), de acordo com a idade e o sexo, para os anos de 1990 e 2019, com base nas estimativas do estudo de Carga Global de Doenças, Lesões e Fatores de Risco (GBD, na sigla em inglês) 2019. Métodos. Estudo epidemiológico ecológico da mortalidade por VI. Os países foram distribuídos em três estratos de acordo com o índice de desenvolvimento social. O modelo de regressão de Poisson foi usado para estimar as disparidades, e calcularam-se as razões de chances com intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados. A carga global de mortalidade por VI revelou um aumento significativo entre os homens dos estratos 1 e 2, e uma diminuição nos do estrato 3. Entre as mulheres do estrato 2, foi observada uma diminuição significativa. Por faixa etária, a carga de VI aumentou tanto em homens quanto em mulheres a partir dos 20 anos de idade. Conclusões. A VI continua sendo um problema de saúde pública importante na América Latina que afeta principalmente os adolescentes e jovens dos países com menor desenvolvimento socioeconômico. É urgente avaliar as políticas públicas implementadas para entender as causas que impedem a redução das atuais disparidades e implementar planos que atuem sobre os determinantes sociais da VI e proponham uma transformação positiva com equidade. O relatório do GBD pode ser um importante insumo para a elaboração, implementação e monitoramento de políticas públicas para a prevenção da violência interpessoal na região.
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Indonesia ranks third with the most leprosy cases globally. East Java is the province that has the highest leprosy cases. The Provincial Government socialized the East Java Leprosy Eradication Program, which targets a maximum of one leprosy case per 10,000 residents. We propose spatially varying regression coefficients models to evaluate the effects of risk factors on of leprosy cases in East Java, use Geographically Weighted Generalized Poisson Regression and Geographically Weighted Negative Binomial Regression (GWNBR) models. The best models GWNBR categorize municipalities into six groups based on variables that have a significant impact on leprosy cases. The percentage of households with access to adequate sanitation is a significant factor in determining leprosy cases in all municipalities in East Java. We can conclude that clean and healthy living behavior, health facilities, and health workers significantly affect the number of leprosy cases in East Java.
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Background & objectives: Scrub typhus caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi presents as acute undifferentiated fever and can be confused with other infectious causes of fever. We studied scrub typhus as part of a study on hospital-based surveillance of zoonotic and vector-borne zoonotic diseases at a tertiary care hospital located in the Wardha district, Maharashtra, India. We report here descriptive epidemiology and climatic factors affecting scrub typhus. Methods: Patients of any age and sex with fever of ?5 days were enrolled for this study. Data on sociodemographic variables were collected by personal interviews. Blood samples were tested by IgM ELISA to diagnose scrub typhus. Confirmation of scrub typhus was done by indirect immunofluorescence assay for IgM (IgM IFA). The climatic determinants were determined using time-series Poisson regression analysis. Results: It was found that 15.9 per cent of the study participants were positive for scrub typhus by IgM ELISA and IgM IFA, both. Positivity was maximum (23.0%) in 41-60 yr of age and more females were affected than males (16.6 vs. 15.5%). Farmworkers were affected more (23.6%) than non-farm workers (12.9%). The disease positivity was found to be high in monsoon and post-monsoon seasons (22.9 and 19.4%) than in summer and winter. Interpretation & conclusions: There were three hot spots of scrub typhus in urban areas of Wardha district. Rainfall and relative humidity in the previous month were the significant determinants of the disease
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Background: Abortion in Uganda is illegal, only permitted when it places the pregnant mother at risk. This study aimed to apply the modified Poisson model in identifying factors associated with the prevalence of pregnancy termination among women of reproductive age in Uganda. Methods: The 2016 Uganda Demographic Health Survey (UDHS) data were used in this study. More than 18,000 women of the age of 15 49 years participated in this study. A modified Poisson model that incorporated sampling weights was used to establish the factors associated with pregnancy termination. Results: In Uganda, 18,506 (18.1%) had ever had a pregnancy terminated. The results revealed that, the woman's age [APR = 3.15, 95% CI: 2.72-3.63], being married [APR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.40-1.71], mass media exposure [APR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08-1.29], working status [APR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.09-1.35], and having visited a health facility [APR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.10-1.31] were positively significantly associated with likelihood of pregnancy termination. Conclusion: There exists a significant proportion of women who have had their pregnancies terminated in Uganda. It is observed that woman's age, marital status, mass media exposure, having visited a health facility in the last 12 months and working status were main predictors. Based on these results, researchers concluded that the emphasis should be put on improving access to post-abortion care, contraceptive use and media exposure
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Toxiques , Radio , Grossesse , Réduction embryonnaire de grossesse multifoetale , Contraception , Avortement , Ouganda , Mortalité maternelle , Alimentation pour Femmes Enceintes ou AllaitantesRésumé
Objective To propose a method for determing cell Poisson’s ratio based on micropipette aspiration technique. Methods Based on the assumption of deformation symmetry, the analytical expression between Poisson’s ratio and the amount of deformation was derived by extracting the extrusion deformation characteristics of the cells under micropipette aspiration according to the generalized Hooke’s law. The accurate determination of Poisson’s ratio of cells was realized according to position changes of markers on the surface of cell membrane. ResultsThe Poisson’s ratio of LNCaP cells in prostate cancer cells was measured. The result showed that the Poisson’s ratio of LNCaP cells was between 0.44 and 0.46, with an average value of 0.45. The influence of the location of the same cell feature points on calculation results of Poisson’s ratio was within the error range of 1.6%. Conclusions This method is simple and feasible, can improve the measurement accuracy of Poisson’s ratio of cells, and is helpful for cell detection and screening by using cell mechanical properties in clinic.
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ABSTRACT: What are the major factors affecting Nigeria's cocoa export flows? In answering this question, the authors suggest a commodity-specific gravity model with three different analytical approaches, (the Heckman Sample Selection Model, the Generalised Least Square, and the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood), based on a period of 24 years of panel data for Nigeria and it's 36 importing partners to estimate the models. The results showed that GDP, exchange rate policy, WTO, EU, and colonial link are positively associated with the Nigerian cocoa export flows. Further, the negative impact of the GDP per capita, landlocked, distance, AU, and ECOWAS are observed. The need for the expansion of exports to the trading partners, especially the EU members (Netherlands, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, etc.), Canada, Malaysia, and the USA is particularly highlighted. These results are important for the formulation of future trade policy that could boost up the Nigerian cocoa exports. This would eventually contribute to the diversification of the Nigerian exports and also enhance the country's foreign earnings.
RESUMO: Quais são os principais fatores que afetam os fluxos de exportação de cacau da Nigéria? Ao responder a esta pergunta, os autores sugerem um modelo de gravidade específica de mercadoria com três abordagens analíticas diferentes (o Modelo de Seleção de Amostras de Heckman, o Mínimo Quadrado Generalizado e a Pseudo Máxima Verossimilhança de Poisson), com base em um período de 24 anos de dados em painel para a Nigéria e seus parceiros importadores para estimar os modelos. Os resultados mostram que o PIB, a política cambial, a OMC, a UE e a ligação colonial estão positivamente associados aos fluxos de exportação de cacau da Nigéria. Além disso, é observado o impacto negativo do PIB per capita, sem litoral, distância, UA e CEDEAO. Destaca-se a necessidade de ampliação das exportações para os parceiros comerciais, especialmente os membros da UE (Holanda, Alemanha, França, Reino Unido, Bélgica, Espanha, etc.), Canadá, Malásia e Estados Unidos. Esses resultados são importantes para a formulação de uma política comercial futura que possa impulsionar as exportações de cacau nigeriano. Isso acabaria por contribuir para a diversificação das exportações nigerianas e também aumentar as receitas externas do país.
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Background:Covid-19 outbreak is the current pandemic confronting nations in the world. The virus had caused so much loss of lives, loss of jobs and serious damages to global economy. One major way of preventing the spread of the virus and guide against being infected is to avoid face touching with unwashed hand(s).Objective:The objective of this study is to investigate the association between sex, having handkerchief or staying indoor and number of time a person touches face (mouth, eyes or nose). Methodology:A sample size of n = 130 people were randomly selected and observed obliviously for 120 seconds. The number of times they touched their faces were recorded with other variables like sex, having handkerchief and staying indoor or outdoor. Since the response variable is count, appropriate models for such data were used. Results and Conclusion:The Poisson results shown that there exist overdispersion, hence, a model that can account for the dispersion parameter was used to obtain accurate results. The results of the analysis shown that there is no association between the number of time a person touches face and sex, having handkerchief or staying indoor. The expected number time people touch their faces within 120 seconds is twice while the minimum and maximum number of times are zero and eight respectively.Recommendation:It is recommended that there ought to be adequate public enlightenment and sensitization on the peril of the novel COVID-19 pandemic and the reason why individuals ought to stick carefully to the exhortation of abstaining from touching of faces (without washing with soap and water) so as to forestall its spread. If a person's hands are contaminated with the virus, he/she isn't infected until he/she touches the face (nose, eye or mouth) with thehands unwashed
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Context: Oral health means more than only good teeth. It is a state-of-being-free from mouth and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, oral infections, periodontal diseases, tooth decay or loss, and other diseases/disorders. The age distribution of the world's population is changing. With advances in medicine, the proportion of older people continues to increase worldwide. Aims, Setting, Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 158 elderly (>60 years) residing in a slum of Kolkata during the period from April 2017 to June 2017 to assess the impact of oral health on general health. Data were collected using a pretested predesigned schedule containing Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index. Data analysis was performed in R software. Poisson regression was used to find the associates of the impact of oral health. Results: Mean (standard deviation) age was 68.54 (5.9) years. A total of 104 (65.8%) participants reported; foul breath as a problem and 88 (55.7%) reported gum bleeding as a problem. All participants used to clean their teeth daily but only 36.1% used to clean their teeth at least twice daily. More than half the participants reported that they have limited the kind of food they eat due to dental/gum condition and trouble chewing. Conclusion: There is a need to provide sensitive oral health services that are accessible, affordable, appropriate, and acceptable. Knowledge regarding oral health and hygiene should be provided to all elderly, especially diabetics. Further research with the broader conceptual framework, in different age groups and in different settings are warranted.
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Abstract INTRODUCTION: Because the antibody neutralizing respiratory syncytial virus (anti-RSV) has a short period of immunization and high cost, the identification of regions and months of highest occurrence of bronchiolitis is very important. METHODS: An Autoregressive Conditional Poisson model was constructed for count data and compared to the standard time-series Poisson regression model. RESULTS: The metropolitan area of Paraná presented the highest average occurrence from May to July. CONCLUSIONS: The constructed model presented a better fit and allowed prediction of when and where the bronchiolitis hospitalizations are distributed.
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Humains , Femelle , Nourrisson , Bronchiolite/épidémiologie , Infections à virus respiratoire syncytial/épidémiologie , Hospitalisation/statistiques et données numériques , Saisons , Brésil/épidémiologie , Bronchiolite/thérapie , Bronchiolite/virologie , Loi de Poisson , Infections à virus respiratoire syncytial/thérapie , Cartographie géographiqueRésumé
ABSTRACT: Coffee crops play an important role in Brazilian agriculture, with a high level of social and economic participation resulting from the jobs created in the supply chain and from the income obtained by producers and the revenue generated for the country from coffee bean export. In coffee plant growth, leaves have a determinant role in higher production; therefore, the leaf count per plant provides relevant information to producers for adequate crop management, such as foliar fertilizer applications. To describe count data, the Poisson model is the most commonly employed model; when count data show overdispersion, the negative binomial model has been determined to be more adequate. The objective of this study was to compare the fitness of the Poisson and negative binomial models to data on the leaf count per plant in coffee seedlings. Data were collected from an experiment with a randomized block design with 30 treatments and three replicates and four plants per plot. Data from only one treatment, in which the number of leaves was counted over time, were employed. The first count was conducted on 8 April 2016, and the other counts were performed 18, 32, 47, 62, 76, 95, 116, 133, and 153 days after the first evaluation, for a total of ten measurements. The fitness of the models was assessed based on deviance values and simulated envelopes for residuals. Results of fitness assessment indicated that the Poisson model was inadequate for describing the data due to overdispersion. The negative binomial model adequately fitted the observations and was indicated to describe the number of leaves of coffee plants. Based on the negative binomial model, the expected relative increase in the number of leaves was 0.9768% per day.
RESUMO: A cultura do café desempenha papel relevante na agricultura do Brasil, com expressiva participação social e econômica tanto pelos empregos gerados na cadeia produtiva, bem como pela renda obtida pelos produtores e pelas divisas geradas para o país na exportação do grão. No crescimento das plantas de café, as folhas desempenham papel decisivo para que tenha maior produção, portanto a contagem do número de folhas por planta fornece informações importantes aos produtores para o manejo adequado da cultura como, por exemplo, a aplicação de adubações foliares. Em geral, na descrição de dados obtidos por contagem, o modelo mais utilizado é o Poisson, sendo que quando os dados apresentam superdispersão, o modelo Binomial Negativo tem se mostrado mais adequado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o ajuste dos modelos de Poisson e Binomial Negativo em dados de contagens do número de folhas por planta em mudas do cafeeiro. Os dados foram obtidos de um experimento usando o delineamento em blocos casualizados com trinta tratamentos e três repetições com quatro plantas por parcela. Foram utilizados os dados de apenas um tratamento no qual foi feita a contagem do número de folhas ao longo do tempo. A primeira avaliação foi feita em 8 de abril de 2016 e as demais aos 18, 32, 47, 62, 76, 95, 116, 133 e 153 dias após a primeira avaliação, totalizando dez medidas. A adequação dos mesmos foi verificada com base nos valores da Deviance e no envelope simulado para os resíduos. Os resultados do ajuste indicaram que o modelo Poisson foi inadequado para descrição dos dados devido a superdispersão. O modelo Binomial Negativo se ajustou adequadamente e foi indicado para descrever o número de folhas das plantas do cafeeiro. Com base no modelo Binomial Negativo o aumento relativo esperado para o número de folhas foi de 0,9768% para cada dia.
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Resumen OBJETIVO: Analizar el perfil epidemiológico y la tendencia de las muertes maternas tempranas de mujeres residentes en Bogotá durante los trienios 2010-2012 y 2013-2015. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, transversal y analítico efectuado con base en la vigilancia epidemiológica de casos centinela. Criterio de inclusión: mujeres residentes en Bogotá, Colombia, fallecidas por causas directas o indirectas. Criterio de exclusión: muertes tardías. Las muertes maternas se identificaron mediante la revisión de la base de nacimientos y defunciones del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística y de los reportes del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Se registraron las variables clínicas y sociodemográficas maternas, causas agrupadas y específicas de muerte. Se realizó estadística descriptiva para las variables analizadas y la significación estadística se evaluó con distribución de Poisson. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 225 muertes maternas tempranas y 630,017 nacidos vivos. La mortalidad materna temprana disminuyó de 39 a 32 por cada 100,000 nacidos vivos. La mayor reducción se registró en mujeres de 10 a 19 y en mayores de 40 años. La mortalidad materna por causas indirectas disminuyó y, en menor medida, para los trastornos hipertensivos, hemorragia y embarazo que termina en aborto. No obstante, aumentaron las infecciones relacionadas con el embarazo y los suicidios. CONCLUSIONES: Bogotá se encuentra en un periodo de transición obstétrica. Sobresale la reducción en la mortalidad materna temprana y la caída en las causas indirectas. Debe prestarse atención al ascenso en las muertes como consecuencia de lesiones autoinfligidas.
Abstract OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiological profile and trends of maternal deaths of women living in Bogotá during the 2010-2012 and 2013-2015 triennia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive observational study based on epidemiological surveillance of sentinel cases. Women residing in Bogotá who died of direct or indirect causes were included. Late deaths were excluded. Maternal deaths were identified through a review of the birth and death database of the National Administrative Department of Statistics and the reports of the National Health Institute. Clinical and sociodemographic maternal variables grouped, and specific causes of death were recorded. A descriptive statistic was performed for the variables analyzed and statistical significance of trends was evaluated using Poisson distribution. RESULTS: 225 early maternal deaths and 630,017 live births were included. Early maternal mortality decreased from 39 to 32 per 100,000 live births. For the most part, the reduction occurred in women between 10 and 19 years old and in those over 40 years old. Maternal mortality due to indirect causes decreased and to a lesser extent, for hypertensive disorders, hemorrhage and pregnancy that ends in abortion. However, it increased for infections related to pregnancy and suicides. CONCLUSIONS: Bogotá is in a period of obstetric transition. The reduction in early maternal mortality and the fall in indirect causes stand out. Attention should be paid to the rise in deaths as a consequence of self-inflicted injuries.
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Objective@#Using three models too estimate excess mortality associated with influenza of Shanxi Province during 2013-2017.@*Methods@#Mortality data and influenza surveillance data of 11 cities of Shanxi Province from the 2013-2014 through 2016-2017 were used to estimate influenza-associated all cause deaths, circulatory and respiratory deaths and respiratory deaths. Three models were used: (i) Serfling regression, (ii)Poisson regression, (iii)General line model.@*Results@#The total reported death cases of all cause were 157 733, annual death cases of all cause were 39 433, among these cases, male cases 93 831 (59.50%), cases above 65 years old 123 931 (78.57%). Annual influenza-associated excess mortality, for all causes, circulatory and respiratory deaths, respiratory deaths were 8.62 deaths per 100 000, 6.33 deaths per 100 000 and 0.68 deaths per 100 000 estimated by Serfling model, respectively; and 21.30 deaths per 100 000, 16.89 deaths per 100 000 and 2.14 deaths per 100 000 estimated by General line model, respectively; and 21.76 deaths per 100 000, 17.03 deaths per 100 000 and 2.05 deaths per 100 000, estimated by Poisson model, respectively. Influenza-related excess mortality was higher in people over 75 years old; influenza-associated excess mortalityfor all causes, circulatory and respiratory deaths, respiratory deaths were 259.67 deaths per 100 000, 229.90 deaths per 100 000 and 32.63 deaths per 100 000, estimated by GLM model, respectively; and 269.49 deaths per 100 000, 233.69 deaths per 100 000 and 31.27 deaths per 100 000, estimated by Poisson model,respectively.@*Conclusion@#Excess mortality associated with influenza mainly caused by A (H3N2), Influenza caused the most associated death amongold people.
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Siméon Denis Poisson (1781-1840) was a famous French mathematician, physicist and founder of statistical theory. He established the Poisson distribution model through the criminal trial cases and solved many random phenomena in natural science and social science. He also introduced birth statistics, Poisson's inference theory, Laplace's theorem and error theory, law of large numbers and judgment probability and other related theories. Poisson promoted the development of probability theory in the 19th century and opened up a new trend of physics from experimental research to theoretical research.
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Objective: To study the distribution of human leptospirosis cases across the different geographic regions in the Philippines in 2015-2017 and to determine the relationship between the frequency of typhoon occurrence and human leptospirosis cases. Methods: Information on the frequency of leptospirosis cases and typhoon occurrence across the different regions in the Philippines from 2015 to 2017 was retrieved from the databases of the Department of Health and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration, respectively. Descriptive measures on the prevalent cases and occurrence of typhoons across the different regions were summarized. Linear regression analysis was employed to establish the functional relationship between leptospirosis cases and typhoon occurrence. The distribution of human leptospirosis cases was assessed using the Poisson distribution. Results: The frequency of typhoon occurrence accounted for the significant linear variation in the geographic distribution of human leptospirosis cases in the Philippines (P<0.001). Moreover, the human leptospirosis cases obeyed a Poisson distribution (λ=6.89, P<0.001). Conclusions: The Philippines has frequently experienced severe weather perturbations such as typhoons resulting in flooding and subsequently increasing the risk of transmitting bacterial infections including leptospirosis. Information obtained regarding the determinants and distribution of human leptospirosis will provide better understanding of the disease propagation for subsequent design of optimal disease prevention measures, appropriate resource allocation, effective control strategies, and necessary public health programs.
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Objective: To study the distribution of human leptospirosis cases across the different geographic regions in the Philippines in 2015-2017 and to determine the relationship between the frequency of typhoon occurrence and human leptospirosis cases. Methods: Information on the frequency of leptospirosis cases and typhoon occurrence across the different regions in the Philippines from 2015 to 2017 was retrieved from the databases of the Department of Health and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration, respectively. Descriptive measures on the prevalent cases and occurrence of typhoons across the different regions were summarized. Linear regression analysis was employed to establish the functional relationship between leptospirosis cases and typhoon occurrence. The distribution of human leptospirosis cases was assessed using the Poisson distribution. Results: The frequency of typhoon occurrence accounted for the significant linear variation in the geographic distribution of human leptospirosis cases in the Philippines (P<0.001). Moreover, the human leptospirosis cases obeyed a Poisson distribution (λ=6.89, P<0.001). Conclusions: The Philippines has frequently experienced severe weather perturbations such as typhoons resulting in flooding and subsequently increasing the risk of transmitting bacterial infections including leptospirosis. Information obtained regarding the determinants and distribution of human leptospirosis will provide better understanding of the disease propagation for subsequent design of optimal disease prevention measures, appropriate resource allocation, effective control strategies, and necessary public health programs.
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Plant fiber is a renewable and biodegradable material that can be used effectively to reinforce various composites. Pineapple hybrids selected for their fiber quality are in the phase of agronomic validation in Brazil by the Embrapa Cassava and Fruits research unit. The selection of a hybrid for large-scale fiber production depends on obtaining a large number of seedlings. This study evaluated the morphogenetic response and propagation potential of eight hybrids of Ananas comosus var. erectifolius, for the purpose of producing high-quality seedlings on a large scale. Stem and crown buds were reduced and placed in MS nutritive medium supplemented with BAP at 0.5 mg L-1, NAA at 0.01 mg L-1 and Phytagel® at 2.5 g L-1. After 45 days, the number of oxidized, contaminated and surviving buds was determined. Swollen buds and plantlets were transferred to a multiplication medium containing MS sucrose, salts and vitamins. The propagation potential was evaluated based on the geometric growth rate among sub-cultures. The FIB-NEG hybrid presented the best results for the establishment phase (40.28%). The best propagative potential was obtained from crown buds with the highest values for FIB-EST (3.93), FIB-MIN (3.91) and FIB-BOY (3.91) hybrids.
A fibra vegetal é uma fonte renovável, biodegradável e de excelente desempenho como reforço em compósitos variados. Híbridos selecionados pela qualidade de suas fibras estão em fase de validação agronômica na Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura e sua adoção para produção de fibra em larga escala depende de um elevado número de mudas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a resposta morfogenética e o potencial propagativo de oito híbridos de Ananas comosus var. erectifolius, com a finalidade de produzir mudas de qualidade em larga escala. Gemas do caule e coroa foram reduzidas, introduzidas em meio nutritivo MS suplementado com BAP a 0,5 mg L-1, ANA a 0,01 mg L-1 e Phytagel® a 2,5 g L-1. Aos 45 dias foram avaliados o número de gemas oxidadas, contaminadas e sobreviventes. Gemas intumescidas e plantas formadas foram transferidas para o meio de multiplicação contendo sacarose, sais e vitaminas MS. Avaliou-se o potencial propagativo a partir de uma taxa de crescimento geométrico entre subcultivos. O híbrido FIB-NEG (40.28%) apresentou os melhores resultados em porcentagem para a fase de estabelecimento. O melhor potencial propagativo foi obtido a partir de gemas de coroa, com os valores mais elevados registrados para os híbridos FIB-EST (3.93), FIB-MIN (3.91) e FIB-BOY (3.91).
Sujets)
Ananas/croissance et développement , Hybridation génétique , Amélioration des plantes/statistiques et données numériques , Morphogenèse , Modèles linéairesRésumé
Background: Unintentional injuries have become a major noncommunicable disease burden, especially among the adolescents. Objective: The current study was conducted to estimate the effect of different aspects of daily activities of adolescence for sustaining serious unintentional injuries in the past 1 year. Methods: A cross-sectional survey with multistage sampling with validated pretested questionnaire was done among the school-going adolescent boys in Kolkata. Poisson regression was used to model the counts of serious injuries. To account for the excess of zero in the outcome, zero-inflated Poisson regression was performed. Results: Among the participants, 73.5% did not report any serious unintentional injury sustained in the past 1 year, 11.9% reported to have sustained serious unintentional injury once in the past 1 year, and rest had more than one count. Statistically significant higher chance of sustaining an episode of injury was found among frequent users of motorbike (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 1.183), frequently walking on roads (IRR: 1.910), and frequently crossing major roads on bicycle (IRR: 2.181) were observed. A statistically significant protective rate ratio was also obtained for those frequently obeying traffic signals while crossing roads (IRR: 0.493) and frequent users of bicycles (IRR: 0.384). Significantly lower rate ratio for sustaining a serious injury was observed with frequently getting into fight at home (IRR: 0.343) and getting beaten up at school (IRR: 0.595). Conclusions: The study revealed traveling in a car and obeying traffic rules were protective from sustaining serious injury. However, walking and participation in sports appeared to be risky, especially for sustaining another episode of serious injury.
Résumé
Resumo O estudo analisou a associação entre posição socioeconômica (renda), depressão materna e saúde da criança no Brasil, utilizando informações da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios 2008 (PNAD/IBGE). A análise considerou o delineamento amostral da pesquisa e incluiu 46.874 indivíduos com idade até 9 anos. Modelos Poisson foram estimados para três desfechos de saúde da criança: saúde reportada pelos pais ou responsáveis, restrição das atividades habituais por motivo de saúde e episódios de acamamento nas duas semanas anteriores à entrevista. Os resultados apontaram associação entre a depressão da mãe e os três desfechos, mesmo após o ajuste para posição socioeconômica, características maternas (saúde autorreferida, idade, escolaridade e tabagismo), idade, sexo e cor da pele da criança, além de região geográfica, situação censitária e número de moradores do domicílio. Constatou-se ainda que a associação entre depressão materna e saúde da criança independe da posição socioeconômica. Assim, políticas de saúde pública que objetivem atenuar os efeitos adversos da depressão materna sobre a saúde da criança, precisam considerar também os estratos mais elevados de renda da sociedade.
Abstract The study analyzed the association between socioeconomic position (income), maternal depression and the health of children in Brazil, using information from the 2008 National Household Survey (PNAD/IBGE). The analysis considered the sampling design for the research and included 46,874 individuals up to the age of nine. The Poisson models were estimated for three health outcomes for children: health as reported by the parents or the responsible person, restrictions on habitual activities for health reasons and periods when they were confined to bed two weeks before the interviews in the study. The results showed an association between the mothers' depression and the three health outcomes, even after taking into account the following: socioeconomic position, maternal characteristics (health self-referral, age, level of education and smoking), age, gender, the child's race, geographical region, the situation as noted in the census and the number of residents in a household. It was found that there still exists an association between maternal depression and children's health irrespective of socioeconomic position. Therefore public policies that aim to reduce the adverse effects of maternal depression on the health of children need to also take into account the higher income segments of society.
Sujets)
Humains , Mâle , Femelle , Nouveau-né , Nourrisson , Enfant d'âge préscolaire , Enfant , Adolescent , Adulte , Jeune adulte , Loi de Poisson , Enfant de personnes handicapées/statistiques et données numériques , Dépression/épidémiologie , Revenu , Politique publique , Facteurs socioéconomiques , Brésil/épidémiologie , État de santé , Enquêtes et questionnaires , Mères/psychologieRésumé
Objective@#To investigate the characteristics of hearing loss in occupational noise-exposed workers in automotive manufacturing industry.@*Methods@#According to Technical Specifications for Occupational Health Surveillance (GBZ188-2014) , 530 noise-exposed workers were examined for health and pure tone audiometry during January to June, 2017, and the data were collected for analysis. Poisson regression analysis was used to analysis the relationship between work age and hearing loss.@*Results@#After correction of age and gender, pure-tone threshold of 500, 1 000, 2 000, 3 000, 4 000, 6 000 of the noise-exposed workers in the <3 year-exposure group were 20.15±3.60, 18.80±3.43, 18.54±3.38, 19.10±4.03, 20.32±6.79, 23.48±8.92 dB (A) ; the values in the 3-10 year-exposure group were 20.96±5.38, 19.25±4.76, 19.22±5.29, 20.17±7.50, 21.36±8.88, 25.39±11.60 dB (A) ; the values in the >10 year-exposure group were 20.18±3.67, 18.34±3.60, 18.36±4.25, 18.49±4.41, 20.32±9.24, 22.50±9.57 dB (A) . Poisson regression analysis showed that the relative risk (RR) of hearing loss of the noise-exposed workers compared with the noise-free workers was 4.38 (P<0.05) .@*Conclusion@#The noise-exposed workers in automotive manufacturing industry revealed hearing loss, which was associated with their actual working age of noise exposure.