Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and rheumatoid arthritis in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by early-onset chronic recurrent mucocutaneous infections with Candida albicans. It is associated with several endocrinopathies such as hypoparathyroidism, hypoadrenalism, and hypogonadism with or without other autoimmune diseases such as vitiligo, alopecia areata, pernicious anemia, and hepatitis. Here, we describe a case of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with polyendocrinopathy with unusual presentations and rheumatoid arthritis.

Candidiasis mucocutánea crónica: una mirada al entendimiento genético / Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: a look at genetic understanding

RESUMEN La candidiasis mucocutánea crónica se caracteriza por infecciones recurrentes o persistentes en la piel, las uñas y las mucosas, producida por especies de Candida sp. Esta va a ser secundaria a cualquier alteración en la inmunidad antimicótica, en la cual no solo la producción de IL-17, sino cualquier defecto en la diferenciación de los linfocitos T hacia su perfil TH17, juegan un papel fundamental y van a desencadenar una susceptibilidad a esta infección, que dependiendo de la etiología genética, puede ser una manifestación sindrómica con otras características clínicas y endocrinológicas asociadas. Aquí revisamos de manera práctica, clara y concisa los defectos genéticos hasta ahora encontrados, implicados en la aparición de la candidiasis mucocutánea crónica.

SUMMARY Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is an infectious phenotype characterized by recurrent or persistent infections in the skin, nails and mucous membranes produced by Candida sp. This is secondary to any alteration in the antifungal immunity, in which not only the production of IL-17, but any defect in the differentiation of the T lymphocytes towards their TH17 profile, play a fundamental role and will unchain a susceptibility to this infection; that depending on the genetic etiology, can be a syndromic manifestation with other associated infectious and endocrinological clinical characteristics. Here, we review in a practical, clear and concise manner, the genetic defects so far found to be involved in the appearance of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.

Two case reports about immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome and literature review / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective To explore the clinical manifestation,laboratory findings,treatment and prog-nosis of immune dysregulation,polyendocrinopathy,enteropathy,X-linked ( IPEX) syndrome,and to improve pediatricians'knowledge of this disease. Methods Clinical data of two cases of IPEX were retrospectively analyzed,and related literatures were reviewed. Results One of the two male children showed severe and early-onset enteropathy,another showed insulin-dependent diabetes onset. Both of them complicated with sep-sis. DNA sequencing of whole-genome exon group showed a mutation in FOXP3 gene. Finally,one of the two IPEX children accepted allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation( HSCT) . Another one was waiting for the treatment of HSCT. Conclusion IPEX should be considered also in infants with typical symptoms including early-onset refractory diarrhea, multiple endocrine disease and severe recurring infections. Gene sequencing mayl help diagnose the disease. Early HSCT can improve the patients'outcomes.

Poliendocrinopatía autoinmune tipo I, Presentación de caso y revisión de la literatura / Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy type I, case presentation and review of the literature

El síndrome de poliendocrinopatía autoinmune tipo I, también conocido como poliendocrinopatía autoinmune-candidiasis-distrofia ectodérmica por sus siglas en inglés (APECED), es una enfermedad autosómica recesiva causada por mutaciones en el gen regulador autoinmune. El diagnóstico clínico requiere la presencia de al menos dos de los tres componentes principales: candidiasis mucocutánea crónica, hipoparatiroidismo, y/o enfermedad de Addison, o sólo uno si un hermano ya ha sido diagnosticado. Caso clínico: Escolar femenina de 12,25 años consulta por contracturas musculares, mialgias, parestesias sin factor desencadenante aparente. Talla baja sin déficit de peso, distrofia ungueal e hipoplasia de esmalte dental, lo que motivó el estudio endocrino evidenciando hipocalcemia, hiperfosfatemia, niveles bajos de PTH y niveles elevados TSH con T4 normal; se aisló Cándida albicans en raspado de uñas y secreción vaginal. Se orientó el diagnóstico hacia APECED. Conclusión: En pacientes que presentan cualquiera de los criterios mayores se debe considerar el diagnóstico de APECED. A pesar de ser una enfermedad poco frecuente, es importante reconocer y tratar temprano para así evitar la morbilidad y mortalidad significativas.

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type I, also known as autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator gene. Clinical diagnosis requires the presence of at least two of the three main components: chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, hypoparathyroidism, and/or Addison's disease, or only one if a sibling has already been diagnosed. Case report: We report the case of a 12 year old girl with muscle spasms, myalgia, paresthesia without apparent triggering conditions. Short stature with normal weight, nail dystrophy and dental enamel hypoplasia. Endocrinological evaluation showed hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, low PTH levels, and high TSH with normal T4. Candida albicans was isolated in nail scrapings and vaginal discharge. These findings lead to the diagnosis of APECED. Conclusion: In patients with any of the main criteria for APECED diagnosis should be considered. Despite being a rare disease, early diagnosis and treatment is important in order to avoid significant morbidity and mortality.

Progress in molecular genetics in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type Ⅰ / 国际儿科学杂志

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type Ⅰ( APS-Ⅰ) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in autoimmune regulator gene( AIRE) . A number of mutations have been described in the AIRE gene of patients with APS-Ⅰ, including nonsense mutation, missense mutation, silent mutation, splice site mutation, insertions and deletions mutation, et al. The mutation characteristics of the APS-Ⅰ pathogenic gene have been reviewed in the article.